A Beginner's History of Philosophy, Vol. 1: Ancient and Mediæval Philosophy

INDEX

Abdera

107, 119.

See Atomists.

Abelard

life of, 363;

his conceptualism, 364;

his rationalism, 365–367.

Academy, the

what it was, 124;

after the death of Plato, 166;

and Aristotle, 169–171;

Older, Middle, and New, 220, 221;

the skepticism of, 266–268;

eclecticism in, 270.

Adams, G. B.

Civilization during the Middle Ages, 374 n.

Adamson, Robert

The Development of Greek Philosophy quoted, 255.

Ænesidemus

Skeptic, 268.

Agrippa

Skeptic, 268, 269.

Albertus Magnus

See Bollstaedt.

Alcidamus

Sophist, 68.

Alcuin

349, 350.

Alexander of Hales

379.

Alexandria

a centre of Hellenism, 215;

in the Middle Ages, 282.

Alexandrian School of neo-Platonism

290–298.

Ammonius Saccas

290, 314.

Anamnesis

147–149.

Anaxagoras

his life, 43;

his philosophy, 45–47.

Anaximander

24, 25.

Anaximenes

25.

Ancient Philosophy

length of, 1;

underlying character of, 2;

divisions of, 4, 5;

literary sources of, 6.

Animism

19.

Anselm

life and position in mediæval philosophy, 359–361;

his arguments for the existence of God, 361;

on reason and dogma, 365.

Anthropological period of Greek philosophy

12, 13;

discussion of, 55–97;

historical summary of, 55.

Anthropologists

103.

Anthropology

defined, 13.

Antiochus of Ascalon

270, 271.

Antisthenes

founder of the Cynic school, 93, 95.

Apathy

Stoic, 251.

Apollonius

neo-Pythagorean, 285.

Apologists, the

307–309.

Aquinas, Thomas

on the problem of reason and faith, 369, 377;

the predecessors of, 379, 380;

life of (founder of the Dominican tradition), 380, 381;

the central principle of his doctrine, 381–383;

the problem of individuality according to, 383–385;

on the will and the intellect, 385, 386.

Arabian

schools, 371, 372;

translations of Greek works, 372, 373.

Arcesilaus

267.

ἀρετή

meaning of, 84.

Aristippus

founder of the Cyrenaic school, 93, 96;

and Epicurus, 229, 230.

Aristophanes

opposed the Sophists, 74.

Aristotle

his place in Greek history, 98–100, 103;

conceptualist, 104;

advanced age at which he finished his education, 125;

in the Academy and Lyceum, 166–168;

chronological sketch of his life, 168, 169;

his biography in detail, 169–173;

the writings of, 173–176;

his starting-point, 176, 177;

the fundamental principle in his philosophy, 177–180;

his logic, 180–185;

his metaphysics, 185–194;

development is purposeful, 185–187;

his two different conceptions of purpose, 187–190;

his conception of God, 190, 191;

his conception of matter, 191, 192;

his conception of nature, 192–194;

his theory of physics, 194–196;

his psychology, 196–199;

his ethics, 199–202;

his political philosophy, 202, 203;

in the Middle Ages, 332, 363, 368, 369;

Arabic versions of his works, 372, 373;

works of, introduced into Western Europe, 375–378;

the strength and burden of, to the church, 378, 379;

and Thomas Aquinas, 380, 381.

Arnold, Matthew

43 n.

Astronomy

of the Pythagoreans, 49–52, 53;

Ptolemaic, 322–325.

Ataraxia

of Epicurus, 231, 233;

of the Skeptics, 266.

Athenian school of neo-Platonism

290, 299–301.

Athens

rise of, 57, 58;

and Socrates, 91;

and Abdera, 119;

a centre of Hellenism, 213–215.

Atomism of Epicurus, the

238–240.

Atomistic school, the

107.

Atomists, the

philosophy of, 47, 48.

Atoms of Democritus, the

109–114, 116, 117.

Augustine

the historical position of, 306, 318, 335–338;

the life of, 339, 340;

the two elements in his teaching, 340, 341;

the neo-Platonic element: the inner certainties of consciousness, 341–345;

the authority of the church according to, 345–347.

Aurelius, Marcus

243, 246.

Bacon, Francis

Essay on Love, 153 n.

Bacon, Roger

387 n.

Bardesanes

Gnostic, 310.

Basilides

Gnostic, 310.

Becoming

word how used, 22;

in Heracleitus’s doctrine, 29;

according to Plato, 133, 136, 139.

Being

word how used, 22;

in Parmenides’ doctrine, 33–35;

Pythagorean conception of, 49–51;

aspects under which it was conceived of, in Greek philosophy, 103, 104;

according to Plato, 133, 136, 139.

Benedictine Age, the

350.

Berengar of Tours

359.

Boëthius

300.

Bollstaedt, Albert

377, 379.

Bologna

University of, 377.

Burnet, John

Early Greek Philosophers cited, 17 n.

Bury, J. B.

History of Greece cited, 12 n.;

quoted, 16.

Carneades

267.

Carpocrates

Gnostic, 310.

Carthage

15, 16.

Catechists

the School of, 314–318.

Catholic theologians

the old, 312–314.

Cause

teleological, final, mechanical, and efficient, 105 n.

See Final cause, Efficient cause.

Causes

Aristotle’s, 187.

Change

Heracleitus’s doctrine of, 28, 29;

has no existence in Parmenides’ philosophy, 34, 35;

as conceived by the Pluralists, 40.

Charlemagne

the revival of, 349, 350.

Christianity

and neo-Platonism, difference in their conception of inspiration, 276, 277;

rise of, 279, 280;

summary of its history, 281;

and neo-Platonism, 288–290;

the Hellenizing of, 302–318;

the early situation of, 302–305;

the philosophies influencing, 305, 306;

early, the periods of, 306, 307;

the Apologists, 307–309;

the Gnostics, 310–312;

the reaction against Gnosticism (the old Catholic theologians), 312–314;

Origen and the School of Catechists, 314–318;

and Mohammedanism, 371–375.

Chrysippus

242, 244, 245.

Church

authority of, according to Augustine, 345–347;

strength and burden of Aristotle to, 378, 379;

and state, Aquinas’s and Dante’s views of, 382.

Cicero

on Aristotle, 167;

his work, 271, 272.

Civilizations

Christian and Mohammedan, 369–372;

the first contact of, 372, 373;

the conflict between, 374, 375.

Classic Scholasticism

period of, 333, 368–394.

Cleanthes

242, 244–246.

Clement

314.

Conception

and perception, 83 n.;

importance of, to Socrates, 83;

according to Plato, 134, 135;

in Aristotle, 177–179.

Conceptualism

of Aristotle, 104;

in the Middle Ages, 358, 364, 365.

Consciousness

formulation of the psychological conception of, 294;

the inner certainties of, according to Augustine, 341–345.

Constantinople

an intellectual centre, 372 n.

Cosmas map, the

335.

Cosmological period of Greek philosophy

12, 13;

treated, 15–54.

Cosmologist

characteristics of the, 18–20;

table of, 20;

their philosophical question, 20, 21;

where they lived, 21;

results of their philosophy, 53, 54.

Cosmology

defined, 13.

Crates of Thebes

95.

Critical attitude of mind

among the Greeks, 61–64;

of Socrates, 80.

Crusades, the

374, 375.

Cusanus, Nicolas

394.

Cynic school, the

93–97.

Cynics and Stoics

246, 247.

Cyrenaic school, the

93–97.

Cyrenaics

their teaching, and Epicureanism, 229, 230.

Dante

on Aristotle, 167;

used Ptolemaic conception of the universe, 324, 325;

diagram of his poetic conception of the universe, 376;

his view of the state and the church, 382 n.;

placed the intellectual virtues above the practical, 383 n.

Dark Ages, the

347–349.

Deduction

182.

Definition

Socrates one of the first to use it correctly, 92.

Democritus

his place in Greek history, 98–100, 103;

and Plato, their similarities and differences, 104–106;

life of, 106–108;

comprehensiveness of his aim, 108;

the enriched physics of, 109–111;

the materialistic psychology of, 111–114;

his theory of knowledge, 114–116;

the ethical theory of, 116–118;

a wide traveler, 123;

advanced age at which he finished his education, 125.

Development

according to Aristotle, 178, 179, 185–187.

De Wulf

History of Mediæval Philosophy, 336 n., 384.

Dialectic

defined, 60, 131.

Dill, Samuel

Roman Society cited, 274 n.

Diogenes

95.

Dionysiodorus

68.

Dogma

See Reason.

Dominican tradition

Thomas Aquinas the founder of, 380, 381;

intellectualism the central principle in, 385.

Doxography

6.

Drama

the Greek, 60, 61.

Dualism

defined, 51 n.;

the Pythagorean, 51, 52;

of the Systematic period of Greek philosophy, 102, 103.

Dynamic pantheism of Plotinus

293.

Eckhart

369, 386.

Eclectic Platonists, the

285.

Eclecticism

264, 265, 269–272.

Efficient cause

introduction of conception of, by the Pluralists, 41;

defined, 105 n.;

Aristotle’s conception of, 187.

Elean-Eretrian school, the

93.

Eleatic school

and Milesian school, Xenophanes the connecting link between, 26;

lives of Parmenides and Zeno, 32, 35;

teaching of, compared with that of the Milesians and Heracleitus, 22 f.;

the philosophy of, 33–37;

and Heracleitus, results of the conflict between, 37, 38.

Element, the

as conceived by the Pluralists, 40, 41.

Eleusinian

See Mysteries.

Emanations

the world of, according to Plotinus, 294–297.

Emerson, R. W.

Essay on Love, 153 n.;

Initial, Dæmonic, and Celestial Love, 153 n.

Emerton, Ephraim

Mediæval Europe, 374 n.

Empedocles

his conception of change, 40;

his conception of the element, 40;

his doctrine of the efficient cause, 41;

his life, 43;

the philosophy of, 44, 45.

Empiricism

104 n.

End

defined, 105 n.

Entelechy

186.

Epic, Greek

importance of the, 8–10.

Epictetus

243, 246.

Epicureanism

one of the New Schools, 222–225;

and Stoicism, summary of agreements and differences, 225, 226;

and the teaching of Aristippus, 229;

ideal of, 230–233;

the place of virtue in, 233;

the Wise Man of, 234–236.

See Epicurus.

Epicureans, the

228.

Epicurus

life of, 227, 228;

and Aristippus, 229;

his ideal, 230–233;

his conception of the physical world, 238–240.

See Epicureanism.

Epistemology

Democritus’ contribution to, 114–116.

Erigena, John Scotus

349, 350;

life and teaching of, 350–352;

the Greek principle which he formulated for the Middle Ages, 352, 353.

Eristic

defined, 60.

Ethical period of the Hellenic-Roman period

208;

general characteristics of, 215–218.

Ethics

tendency toward, among early Greeks, 11, 12;

of the Sophists, 71–73;

of Democritus, 116–118;

Plato’s theory of, 153–158;

of Aristotle, 199–202;

of Plotinus, 297, 298.

Eucken, Rudolf

Problem of Human Life, 336 n.

Euclid

founder of the school at Megara, 93.

Eudæmonism

87.

Euhemerism

96.

Eusebius

on Aristotle, 167.

Euthydemus

68.

Evil

the problem of, according to Stoicism, 260, 261.

Fairbanks, Arthur

First Philosophers of Greece, 6 n.

Falckenberg, Richard

History of Modern Philosophy, 3 n.

Final cause

defined, 105 n.;

according to Aristotle, 187.

Fire

Heracleitus’s doctrine of, 30–32.

Form and Matter

in Aristotle, 186–192, 197–199;

in Thomas Aquinas, 384.

Formal cause

187.

Franciscan tradition, the

385–387.

Freedom

the problem of, according to Epicurus, 240;

according to Stoicism, 260, 261;

according to Origen, 316, 317;

according to Augustine, 345;

according to Duns Scotus, 389.

Gerbert

350.

Glaber

quoted, 354.

Gnomic poets

Greek, 10–12.

Gnosticism

310–312;

the reaction against, 312–314.

God

Plato’s conception of, 141, 142;

Aristotle’s conception of, 190, 191;

His will and His intellect, 386, 388, 389.

Goethe

quoted, 129, 167.

Good

Plato’s Idea of the, 140–142, 144;

Plato’s theory of the, development of, 153, 154;

the, of the Stoics, 250, 251.

Gorgias

66, 67;

the nihilism of, 70, 71.

Gospel

the Hellenizing of, 302–318.

See Christianity.

Greece

after the Persian Wars, 57–64.

Greek Enlightenment, the

58–64, 82.

Greek-Jewish philosophy of Philo

281–284;

and neo-Platonism, 288.

Greek nation

the fall of, and the persistence of its civilization, 204–208.

Greek national spirit

waning of, 98.

Greek philosophy

three periods of, 12–14;

summary of, 102, 103.

Greek thought

was objective, 2, 100, 101.

Greeks, early

geographical environment of, 7;

political environment of, 8, 9, 15, 16;

native tendencies of, 9–12;

perils to, in the new religion, 16–18;

monistic philosophies, 22 f.

Grote, George

History of Greece, 61 n.;

Plato, 267 n.

Happiness

according to Socrates, 86;

according to the Cynics and the Cyrenaics, 94–97;

according to Democritus, 117, 118;

according to Aristotle, 200;

according to Epicurus, 233–238.

Harnack, Adolf

Outlines of the History of Dogma quoted, 308, 336, 344, 354;

cited, 315 n., 345 n.

Hatch, Edwin

Hibbert Lectures quoted, 305.

Hedonism

and eudæmonism, 87;

some types of, 228, 229.

Hellenic-Roman period

204–318;

its time length, 204;

the fall of the Greek nation and the persistence of its civilization, 204–208;

the two parts of, 208, 209;

the undercurrent of skepticism in, 209–211;

the fundamental problem of, 211–213.

Hellenism

205–208;

the centres of, 213–215.

Hellenizing of the Gospel

302–318.

Heracleitus

life, 28;

his teaching compared with that of the Milesians and Eleatics, 22, 23;

his philosophy, 28–31;

and Parmenides, results of the conflict between, 37, 38;

practical philosophy of, 31.

Hesiod

11.

Hicks, R. D.

Stoic and Epicurean, 227 n.;

cited, 267 n.

Hipparchia

95.

Hippias

66, 68.

Hippodamus

68.

Hippolytus

313.

Homoiomeriai

46.

Human nature

value set upon, by Socrates, 81.

Hylozoism

defined, 19;

and Pluralism, 41;

the breaking up of pre-Socratic, 47;

becomes materialism with Democritus, 109–111.

Hylozoists

the Cosmologists were, 19.

Hypatia

298.

Idea

development of the meaning of (Democritus and Plato), 105.

Ideal of Socrates, the

83–85;

what it involves, 85–88.

Idealism

of the Greeks, 100;

objective, 104.

Ideas

of Plato, 133, 135;

the development of, in the two drafts, 136, 137;

brief comparison of the two drafts of 137;

fuller comparison of the two drafts of, 137–141;

in the doctrine of anamnesis, 147, 148.

Immortality

Plato’s doctrine of, 146–150.

Individuality

the problem of, according to Thomas Aquinas, 383–385;

the problem of, in Duns Scotus, 389, 390.

Induction

92, 183.

Intellect or will

the question of the primacy of, 385, 386, 388, 389.

Ionic School

See Milesian school.

Irenæus

313.

Irish learning, the

349.

Irony

Socratic, 90.

Jackson, H.

article “Sophists,” in Encyclopædia Britannica, 68 n.

Jamblichus

298, 299.

Jewish (Greek-) philosophy of Philo

281–284;

and neo-Platonism, 288.

Julian, Emperor

298.

Justin Martyr

308.

Kingsley, Charles

Hypatia, 298 n.

Knight, William A.

Life and Teaching of Hume, 3 n.

Knowledge

in Socrates’ ideal, 83–86, 88;

according to the Cynics, 95;

Democritus’ theory of, 114–116.

Lanfranc

359.

Law

positive and natural, 72.

Learning

the impulse for, among the Greeks, 58, 59;

the Revival of, 375–378.

Leucippus

his life, 43, 44;

his philosophy, 47, 48, 109, 110;

founder of the Atomistic school, 107.

Logic

Aristotle’s, 180–185.

Love

Platonic, 151–153.

Love and Hate

Empedocles’ doctrine of, 44.

Lucretius

228.

Lyceum, the

Aristotle in, 166, 167, 172, 173;

after Aristotle, 220–222;

eclecticism in, 270.

Lycophron

68.

Maine, Sir Henry

cited, 72.

Man

the philosophy of, 13, 55–97;

Plato’s conception of, 144–146.

Material cause

187.

Materialism

hylozoism becomes, with Democritus, 103, 109–111;

Stoic, 254, 255.

Materialistic psychology of Democritus

111–114.

Matter

and Form, in Aristotle, 186–192, 197–199, 384;

of Plotinus, 295, 296.

Mean, the

Aristotle’s doctrine of, 201, 202.

Mechanical series of Aristotle

194–196.

Mediæval geography

335.

Mediæval library, a

326–328.

Mediæval Man, the

320, 321;

how the universe appeared to, 322–325;

at school, 325, 326;

summary of the political and educational worlds of, 330–333.

Mediæval philosophy

length of, 1;

underlying character of, 3;

divisions of, 4;

treated, 319–394.

Megarian school

93.

Mendicants, the

368.

Metaphysical problem, the

early formulation of, 22, 23.

Metaphysics

Plato’s, the formation of, 132–136;

Plato’s, the development of, 136–141;

Aristotle’s, 185–194;

abandonment of, in Hellenic-Roman period, 216;

of Plotinus, 294–297.

Metrocles

95.

Middle Ages

characteristics and conditions of, 319–333;

and the Hellenic-Roman period, comparison of, 319, 320;

the mediæval man, 320, 321;

how the universe appeared to the mediæval man, 322–325;

the mediæval man at school, 325, 326;

a mediæval library, 326–328;

the three periods of, 328–330;

summary of the political and educational worlds of the mediæval man, 330–333;

the early period of, 330–332, 334–353;

the transitional period of, 332, 354–367;

the period of classic scholasticism, 333, 368–394.

Milesian school

24;

the members of, 24, 25;

the philosophy of, 25, 26

the teaching of, compared with that of Heracleitus and the Eleatics, 22, 23.

Milton, John

325.

Modern philosophy

length of, 1;

underlying character of, 3;

divisions of, 4.

Mohammedanism

growth of, during the Middle Ages, 370–372;

first contact with Christianity, 372, 373;

conflict with Christianity, 374, 375.

Monism

defined, 10 n.;

of the early Greeks, 10;

displaced by pluralism in Greek philosophy, 39.

Monists

list of early Cosmologists who were, 20;

discussion of the, 22–38.

Monotheism

defined, 10 n.;

for the first time conceptually framed, 191.

Monte Cassino

founding of the monastic school at, 348.

Moral postulate

philosophy for the first time founded upon, 85;

of Socrates, 85–88.

Motion

according to Aristotle, 195, 196.

Mysteries

Orphic and Eleusinian, 16–18, 38;

Orphic, dangers of, averted by Cosmologists, 54.

Mysticism

in neo-Platonism, 287.

Natural Science

See Physics.

Nature

the philosophy of, 15–38;

the word as used by the Sophists, 72, 73;

a logical, Socrates’ attempt to find, 92;

physical, Plato’s conception of, 142–144;

Aristotle’s conception of, 192–194;

Stoic conception of, 251–257.

Neo-Platonism

and Christianity, difference in their conception of inspiration, 276, 277;

rise of, 279, 280;

summary of its history, 281;

and Platonism, 287, 288;

and the philosophies of Philo and the neo-Pythagoreans, 288;

and Christianity, 288–290;

the periods of, 290;

the Alexandrian school (scientific theory of neo-Platonism, life and writings of Plotinus), 290–298;

the Syrian school (the systematizing of polytheism, Jamblichus), 290, 298, 299;

the Athenian school (Proclus), 290, 299–301;

its influence on Christianity, 306.

Neo-Pythagoreanism

281, 285–287;

and neo-Platonism, 288.

Nominalism

103, 358, 362–365, 391, 392.

Norton, Arthur O.

Readings in the History of Education, 377 n.

Nous

Anaxagoras’ conception of, 47;

of Plotinus, 294.

Numbers

Pythagorean conception of, 49–51.

Objective character of Greek philosophy

2, 100, 101.

Objective Idealism

104.

Objective Realism

104.

Ockam, William of

387 n., 390;

the course of philosophy after, 393, 394.

Order

thought of, developed into clearness by Cosmologists, 54.

Origen

280, 281, 314–318.

Orphic

See Mysteries.

Oxford, University of

377.

Palmer, G. H.

on Socrates, 79.

Panætius

270, 271.

Pantheism

defined, 10 n.;

dynamic, of Plotinus, 293;

of Erigena, 351–353;

of the realists, 363.

Paris, University of

377.

Parker, C. P.

cited, 258 n.

Parmenides

life, 32;

develops the doctrine of Xenophanes, 32 f.;

his philosophy, 33–35;

and Heracleitus, results of the conflict between, 37, 38.

See Eleatic School.

Particulars and Universals

according to Thomas Aquinas, 383–385.

Pater, Walter

Marius the Epicurean, 227 n.

Patmore, Coventry

Angel in the House, 153 n.

Patristics

302–318.

Perception

and conception, 83 n.;

according to Plato, 134;

in Aristotle, 177–179.

Pericles

58.

Periods

of philosophy, the three general, 1–4;

of Greek philosophy, 12–14.

Peripatetics

See Lyceum.

Persia

15, 16.

Persian Wars

their importance, 55–57, 62.

Personality

spiritual, increased importance of, in history, 277–279.

Pessimism

result of theory of Cyrenaics, 97.

Peter the Lombard

379, 380.

Phædo

founder of the Elean-Eretrian school, 93.

Philo

Greek-Jewish philosophy of, 281–284;

and neo-Platonism, 288.

Philoponus

299.

Philosophic skepticism

See Skepticism.

Physical universe

early Greek tendency toward scientific explanation of, 10, 11.

Physics

Socrates’ view of, 80;

enrichment of, under Democritus, 109–111;

Plato’s conception of, 142–144;

Aristotle’s theory of, 194–196;

of Epicurus, 238–240.

Plato

104;

parts of works to be read, 75 n.;

his place in Greek history, 93, 98–100, 103, 104;

and Democritus, their similarities and differences, 104–106;

the period of his life, 119, 120;

the difficulties in understanding the teaching of, 120, 121;

the chronology of his dialogues, 119, 120;

the life and writings of, 121, 126;

his student life, 121, 122;

as traveler, 122–124;

as teacher of the Academy, 124–126;

concerning his dialogues, 126–128;

the factors in the construction of his doctrine, 128–131;

his inherited tendencies, 128–130;

his philosophical sources, 130, 131;

the divisions of his philosophy, 131, 132;

summary of his doctrine, 132;

the formation of his metaphysics, 132–136;

the development of his metaphysics (the development of his ideas in the two drafts), 136–141;

his conception of God, 141, 142;

his conception of physical nature, 142–144;

his conception of man, 144–146;

his doctrine of immortality, 146–150;

the two tendencies in, 150, 151;

Platonic love, 151–153;

his theory of ethics, 153–158;

development of his theory of the Good, 153, 154;

the four cardinal virtues, 154, 155;

his theory of political society, 155–158;

a selection of passages from, for English readers, 158–165;

in the Middle Ages, 331, 337, 338, 360, 363.

Platonism

the revival of, 279;

and neo-Platonism, 287, 288.

Platonists

Eclectic, 285.

Pleasure

of Epicurus, 230–233.

See Happiness.

Plotinus

280, 287, 288;

life and writings of, 290, 291;

general character of his teaching, 291, 292;

the mystic God of, 292, 293;

the two problems of, 293;

the metaphysical problem of, 294–297;

the ethical problem of, 297, 298.

Pluralism

tried to reconcile extremes of Milesian school, 39, 40;

and hylozoism, 41.

Pluralists

list of later Cosmologists who were, 20;

their new conception of change, 40;

their new conception of the unchanging, 40, 41;

introduction of conception of efficient cause by, 41;

summary of similarities and differences in theories of, 41, 42;

their lives span the fifth century, 42.

See Empedocles, etc.

Plutarch

neo-Platonist, 299.

Political philosophy of Aristotle

202, 203.

Political society

Plato’s theory of, 155–158.

Polytheism

Homeric, 19.

Polytheisms

the systematizing of, 298, 299.

Porphyry

291, 298, 357.

Posidonius

270, 271.

Primary and secondary qualities

116.

Probabilism in Stoicism

262.

Proclus

299–301.

Prodicus

66, 68.

Protagoras

66, 67;

the relativism of, 69, 70;

his point of view compared with that of Socrates, 81.

Psychology

materialistic, of Democritus, 111–114;

Plato’s, 144–146;

of Aristotle, 196–199;

the Stoic, 248–250.

Ptolemy

his cosmography, 322–325.

Purpose

Aristotle’s conceptions of, 186–190.

Pyrrho

266.

Pyrrhonism

265, 266.

Pythagoras

17.

Pythagoreanism

neo-, 281, 285–287;

and neo-Platonism, 288.

Pythagoreans

the early, 17;

the later, 44, 48, 49;

their conception of Being, 49–51;

their astronomy, 49, 52, 53;

their dualism, 51, 52.

Qualitative changes of phenomena

196–202.

Rationalism

defined, 104 n.;

of Plato and Democritus, 104;

of Abelard, 365–367.

Realism

100, 104, 358, 362–365;

objective, 104.

Reason and dogma

the relation between, 355, 356, 360–362, 365–367.

Reconcilers

See Pluralists.

Relativism

of Protagoras, 69, 70;

represented by the anthropologists, 103.

Religion

of the Greeks, organization of, 8, 9, 10;

the new, perils of, 16–18;

in Epicurus’s system, 236, 237;

and science, the separation of, under Duns Scotus, 387, 388.

Religious feeling

two causes of the rise of, 272–274.

Religious period of the Hellenic-Roman period

208, 209;

treated, 273–301;

the divisions of, 280, 281.

Religious philosophies

Hellenic, rise of, 280, 282;

summary of history of, 281;

introductory period of, 281–287;

development period of, 281, 287, 288.

Revival of Learning, the

375–378.

Rhabanus Maurus

350.

Rhetoric among the Greeks

60.

Romans

their conquest of Greece, 205–208.

Roscellinus

life and teaching, 361, 362.

Rossetti, Christina

Shadow of Dante cited, 325 n.

Rousseau and Epicurus

229.

St. Ambrose

306.

Salerno, University of

377.

Scholasticism

what it is, 355–359;

of Anselm, 359–361;

of Roscellinus, 361, 362;

of Abelard, 363–367;

classic, period of, 333, 368–394.

School

in early Greek philosophy, meaning of, 19.

Schools, the

214, 218–226;

fusion of doctrines in, 269;

after 150 B. C., notable names in, 271.

See Academy, Lyceum, etc.

Science

early tendencies toward, among the Greeks, 10, 11;

growth of, in Hellenic-Roman period, 216, 217;

secular, of the age of Augustine, 339;

and religion, the separation of, under Duns Scotus, 387, 388.

Scotus, Duns

gave a new direction to philosophy, 369;

upheld the primacy of the Will, 385, 386;

the founder of the Franciscan tradition (life and philosophical position of), 386, 387;

his conception of the twofold truth, 387;

the inscrutable will of God, according to, 388, 389;

the problem of individuality, according to, 389, 390;

the course of philosophy after, 390, 391.

Secondary and primary qualities

116.

Secular science of the age of Augustine

339.

Seignobos, Charles

History of Mediæval Civilization, 373 n.

Seneca

quoted, 234.

Sensationalism

defined, 104 n.

Sensationalistic skepticism

268, 269.

Sextus Empiricus

268.

Sill

The Two Aphrodites, 153 n.

Simplicius

299.

Skepticism

what it is, 69;

the undercurrent of, in the Hellenic-Roman period, 209–211;

philosophic, the appearances of, 264, 265;

the three phases of, 265–269;

of the Academy, 266–268;

sensationalistic, 268, 269.

Socrates, and Aristophanes

opposed the Sophists, 74;

works on, for reading, 75;

personality and life of, 75–80;

his dæmon, 77, 83;

and the Sophists, 80–82;

unsystematic character of his philosophy, 82, 83;

the ideal of, 83–85;

what his ideal involves, 85–88;

the two steps of his method, 88–91;

and Athens, 91;

the logical expedients of, 92, 93;

and the Lesser Socratics, 93–95.

Socratics

the Lesser, and Socrates, 93–95.

Sophists

significance of, 64–67;

the prominent, 67, 68;

the philosophy of, 68–71;

the ethics of, 71–73;

summary of their work, 73;

met in two ways by Socrates and Aristophanes, 74;

and Socrates, 80–82.

Soul

Plato’s doctrine of, 145–150;

according to Aristotle, 196, 197;

of Plotinus, 295, 297, 298.

Spenser, Edmund

Hymn in Honor of Beauty, 153 n.

Spiritual authority

the need of, 275–277;

the turning to the present for, 287, 288.

Spirituality

rise of the conception of, 277–279.

State

Plato’s doctrine of, 155–158;

and church, Aquinas’s and Dante’s views of, 382.

Stoic school, the

222–225;

inclines to eclecticism, 269, 270.

Stoicism

and Epicureanism, summary of agreements and differences, 225, 226;

position of, in antiquity, 241, 242;

the three periods of, 242, 243;

leaders of, 243–246;

writings of, 246;

the two prominent conceptions of, 247, 248;

the conception of personality, 248;

the psychology of, 248–250;

the highest good, 250, 251;

the conception of nature, 251–256;

conceptions of nature and personality supplement each other, 256, 257;

and society, 257–259;

duty and responsibility, 259, 260;

the problem of evil and the problem of freedom, 260, 261;

modifications of, after the first period, 261–263;

its influence on Christianity, 305.

Stoics and Cynics

246, 247.

Storm and Stress

362, 363.

Sums

of Peter the Lombard, 379, 380.

Syllogism, the

182.

Syrian school of neo-Platonism

290, 298, 299.

Syrianus

299.

Systematic period of Greek philosophy

12–14;

treated, 98–203;

the three philosophers of, their place in Greek history, 98–100;

the fundamental principle of, 100–102.

Tatian

313.

Teleology

defined, 105 n.

Terminism

392.

Tertullian

313.

Teuffel, W. S.

History of Roman Literature, 227 n.

Thales

24, 25.

Theological series of Aristotle

196–202.

Thrasymachus

68.

Timon

266.

Transitional period of Middle Ages

332, 354–357.

Turner, William

History of Philosophy, 336 n.

Twofold reality

world of, Democritus’ theory of, 114–116.

Ueberweg

History of Philosophy, quoted, 6;

cited, 269 n.

Unchanging, the

as conceived by the Pluralists, 40, 41.

Universalia ante rem

104, 358, 362–365, 384.

Universalia in re

104, 358, 364, 365, 384.

Universalia post rem

103, 358, 362–365, 384.

Universals and particulars

according to Thomas Aquinas, 383–385.

Universe

diagram of Dante’s conception of, 376.

Universities

the establishment of, 377.

Useful, the

according to Socrates, 87, 88.

Valentinus

Gnostic, 310.

Vincent of Beauvais

379.

Virtue

meaning of, 84;

according to Socrates, 84–88;

according to the Cynics, 95;

according to Aristotle, 199–202;

place of, in Epicureanism, 233.

Virtues

the four cardinal, in Plato, 154, 155.

Weber

History of Philosophy cited, 269 n.

Wheeler, B. I.

Life of Alexander the Great, cited, 56 n.;

quoted, 172.

Will

freedom of. See Freedom.

Will or intellect

the question of the primacy of, 385, 386, 388, 389.

William of Aubergne

379.

William of Champeaux

363.

Windelband

History of Ancient Philosophy, 37 n.;

cited, 121 n., 311 n.;

quoted, 254.

Witte, Karl

Essays on Dante, 325 n.

Wordsworth, William

Dion, 123 n.;

Ode on Intimations of Immortality quoted, 148.

Xenophanes

religious philosopher, 26 f.;

philosophy of, 27 f.

Xenophon

parts of works to be read, 75 n.;

on Socrates, 76, 93.

Zeller, Edward

Pre-Socratic Philosophy, 3 n., 100 n.;

quoted, 101, 102;

Greek Philosophy, 37 n.

Zeno

Eleatic, his life, 35 f.;

his philosophy, 36, 37.

See Eleatic school.

Zeno

Stoic, 242, 244, 245.