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A Canadian Manor and Its Seigneurs: The Story of a Hundred Years, 1761-1861 cover

A Canadian Manor and Its Seigneurs: The Story of a Hundred Years, 1761-1861

Chapter 40: APPENDIX E (p. 104)
By George McKinnon Wrong
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About This Book

The author reconstructs the century-long history of the Malbaie (Murray Bay) manor and its seigneurs, using family manuscripts and letters to follow an original British officer who established a seigneurie after the conquest, his children's military careers, campaigns in the American Revolution and the War of 1812, and the gradual decline and extinction of the family line. Interwoven with archival analysis are descriptions of the physical setting, seigneurial institutions, and French Canadian village life, supported by maps, illustrations, and documentary transcriptions that illuminate local social and political change between 1761 and 1861.

APPENDIX D (p. 98)

Memorandum For Ensign John Nairne, 5th April, 1795

1st. You ought to read the Articles of War.

2nd. To pay the greatest attention to all orders from your Superior Officers.

3rd. Take care to have your own Orders strictly obeyed by those who are under your Command but before you give any Order, be sure it is right and necessary.

4th. Attend the Parades, and learn without delay the different motions and words of Command and every part of the Duty of a Subaltern officer when upon guard; also when under Arms with the whole Battalion, or otherwise.

5th. Be always ready and willing to go upon every military duty that may be ordered. Never think you do too much in that way; the more the better and the more honourable.

6th. Be careful in doing the Company Duty, in such a manner, that the Soldiers may be kept in excellent Order and everything belonging to them; as their Arms, Accoutrements, Ammunition, Necessarys, Dress, Messing, etc., according as may be regulated by the standing Orders of the Regiment, or that may be most agreeable to your Captain or Lieutenant Commanding the Company; also not only to know every man of the Company by Name, but, as soon as possible, to know their several Characters and Dispositions that each may be encouraged, cherished, or punished, as he deserves. You ought every day, or very frequently to wait on your Captain, or Lieutenant Commanding the Company, in order to report to him upon these matters, and to know if he has any directions or Commands for you.

7th. Endeavour all you can to learn the Adjutant's Duty: To be able to Exercise the Company (or even the Battalion) in the Manual, their Manoeuvres and the firings.

8th. Make yourself fit for paying the Company, and to be exact in keeping Accounts, so that you may be capable of even being paymaster to a Regiment.

9th. You ought to practice writing Court-Martials, Returns, and Reports of all sorts, Acquittance Rolls, Muster Rolls, and Letter Writing; taking always great pains to have a good hand of writ and to spell well.

10th. It is also recommended to you to study Engineering and Drawing; To read Military Books, The occurrences and news of the time and History, etc.; Never to leave anything undone which you think ought to be done; in short, not to lose or misspend time, but constantly [to] endeavour to gain knowledge, and improvement, and to exert yourself in being always steady and diligent in the Execution of every part of your Duty.

11th. No doubt you will soon get Acquainted with all the officers of the Regiment, and to know the Companys the Subaltern Officers belong to, likewise to know the Names and Characters of all the non-Commissioned officers, and the Companys they belong to, even most of the private men and what Companys they are in. You ought to have a Book of Quarters (or List of the Army) and learn the Number, and any thing else Remarkable of each Regiment; also concerning the Generals, and Field Officers, and the Rules and Regulations of the Army.

N.B.—Never be ashamed to ask questions at any of your Brother Officers in order to gain information. The Sergeants of your Company will furnish you with any Rolls, Lists or Returns you may have occasion for respecting the Regt.

APPENDIX E (p. 104)

The "Porpoise" (Beluga or White Whale) Fishery on the St. Lawrence

The so-called "porpoise" of the St. Lawrence is in reality the French marsouin, the English beluga, a word of Russian origin, signifying white. The Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas), is a real whale with its most striking characteristic the white, or rather cream-coloured, skin described by some writers as very beautiful. Like the narwhal it has no dorsal fin. Though the smallest member of the whale family it is sometimes more than twenty feet long; but usually ranges from thirteen to sixteen feet. The young are bluish black in colour and may be seen swimming beside their mother who feeds them with a very thick milk. These young grow rapidly and become mottled and then white as they grow older. The beluga is peculiar to northern regions where the water is cold: when one is seen at the mouth of an English river it is a subject of special note. There are numbers in Hudson Bay and they have been found in the Yukon River, it is said, 700 miles from its mouth, whither they went no doubt after salmon or other fish.

Jacques Cartier saw the beluga disporting itself off Malbaie nearly 400 years ago and in summer it is still to be seen there almost daily. It is never alone. One sees the creatures swimming rapidly in single file. They come to the surface with a prolonged sigh accompanied by the throwing of a small jet of water; the perfectly white bodies writhe into view as the small round heads disappear. Sometimes the beluga makes a noise like the half suppressed lowing of oxen and, since the aquatic world is so silent, sailors have christened the beluga, for this slender achievement, the "sea canary." It is a playful creature and is apparently attracted by man's presence. Before its confidence in him was shaken it used to linger about wharves and ships. But, in spite of the extremely small aperture of its ear, it is very sensitive to sound and modern man with his fire arms and clatter of machinery frightens it away. In 1752 the Intendant Bigot issued special instructions to check the use of firearms on the point at Rivière Ouelle, in order that the beluga might not be frightened, to the ruin of the extensive fishery that has existed there for more than two hundred years. Its sight, touch and taste are also well developed but it has no olfactory nerve and is apparently without the sense of smell. The creature has qualities that we should hardly expect. It has been tamed and almost domesticated. The enterprising Barnum exhibited in New York a beluga which drew a boat about in his aquarium. At Boston another beluga from the St. Lawrence drew about a floating car carrying a woman performer. It knew its keeper and at the proper time would appear and put its head from the water to be harnessed or to take food. This beluga would take in its mouth a sturgeon and a small shark confined in the same tank, play with them and allow them to go unharmed. It would also pick up and toss stones with its mouth.

The beluga is greedy. In the early spring, when he is thin and half starved, capelin and smelt in great numbers come to spawn along the north and south shores of the St. Lawrence. With high tide comes the beluga's chance to feed on the spawning fish and he will rush in quite near to shore for his favourite food. So voracious is he that with the fish he takes quantities of sand into his stomach. In eight or ten days he will eat enough to form from five to eight inches of fat over his whole body. "The facility with which he thus grows fat is explained," says the Abbé Casgrain, "by the easy assimilation of such food and by the considerable development of his digestive apparatus."

No doubt the beluga enjoys himself hugely. But Nemesis awaits him. His fish diet has a soporific effect; gorged with food he becomes stupid and is easily taken. Man's trap for him is simple and ingenious. A century and a half ago it was to be seen at Pointe au Pic and to-day it is in operation at Rivière Ouelle on the south side of the river. The weir or fishery for the beluga must be on a large scale and is expensive to keep up; it is for this reason that when the number of these creatures declined it was no longer possible to maintain the fishery at Pointe au Pic. At Rivière Ouelle annually more than 7000 stakes, from 18 to 20 feet long, are necessary to keep in repair the fishery which is almost entirely destroyed each year by ice. Beginning at the shore a line of stakes is carried out into the river placed perhaps a foot apart to form a rough semi-circle about a mile and a third long. The stakes curve back to the shore leaving however a passage of perhaps 1000 feet open between the farther end and the shore. This outer end of the weir is completed by a smaller circle of stakes, so arranged as to make entrance easy by following within the line of stakes, but exit difficult. The distance between high and low water mark at Rivière Ouelle is about a mile and a half and along this great stretch of beach the small fish come in great numbers to spawn. There is a considerable point at the mouth of the little Rivière Ouelle. The wide beach, bare at low water, and this point furnish an admirable combination for the beluga fishery. At high tide the beluga comes rushing in near to shore after his prey, sometimes in water so shallow that his whole body comes into view. In his progress along the shore he is checked by the stakes reaching out from the point, so close together that he cannot get through. The stakes sway with the current and sometimes strike together making considerable noise. Early whalers thought the beluga would try to pass by squeezing between the stakes and to prevent this they fastened the stakes together with ropes. But this was not necessary. Frightened by the noise the timid beluga's instinct leads him to make for the open water. He dashes across the semi-circle of the fishery only to be checked by the line of stakes on its outer edge. The line like a wall he follows, looking for an opening, and may be led insensibly into the labyrinthine circle at its end from which he will hardly escape. If he heads back towards shore where he came in, he is frightened by the shallow water which he disregarded only when in pursuit of his prey. Where was shallow water indeed he may now find dry land for the tide is running out. So the creature becomes bewildered. He swims about slowly, as it were feeling his way, or disappears at the bottom, to be stranded when the tide goes out and thus becomes the prey of his enemy, man.

Some old belugas are very cunning; they are called by the French Canadian the savants, the knowing ones, and seem to understand the wiles of the fisherman. They warn off the others and so foil the design against them. But greediness proves often their destruction. From over-feeding year after year they become fat and stupid and they too are likely in time to be taken. The less knowing beluga has usually slight chance of escape when once he encounters the line of stakes stretching out from the point and, since they follow each other blindly, if one is taken a whole troop is likely to meet the same fate.

The Abbé Casgrain, who, since his childhood was spent at the Manor House at Rivière Ouelle, was long familiar with the "porpoise" fishery, describes the scene witnessed there by him on May 1st, 1873. It was a glorious day and the belugas appeared in greater numbers than for many years. They swarmed off the mouth of the Rivière Ouelle. At high tide they came in, skirting the rocks within a stone's throw of shore and devouring greedily the innumerable small fish. The surface of the shallow water in which they swam was white with their gleaming bodies. When they puffed they spurted jets of water into the air which fell in spray that sparkled in the sunlight. The Abbé then describes how the creatures became entrapped in the fishery. Instances of the mother's devotion are recorded. They have been known to wait outside the stakes for their young, caught within, and to allow themselves to be stranded and killed rather than leave their offspring.

When the tide is low the slaughter begins. In the season of the spring tide the water at Rivière Ouelle retreats so far that the entrapped "porpoises" are left high and dry in the fishery and are readily killed. But in the season of neap tides enough water is left for them to swim about within the semi-circle of stakes. Boats are taken into the fishery through the outer line of stakes and then begins a regular whale hunt within a very circumscribed area. If the belugas are numerous their captors have not a moment to lose for the creatures may escape with the next tide. And numerous they sometimes are; 500 have been taken in a single tide; at Rivière Ouelle, about 1870, 101 were killed in one night by only four men. They had not expected such a host and had no time to send for help before the tide should rise again.

The captors are armed with barbed harpoons and with spears. The harpoon is sometimes thrown at the beluga from a considerable distance. When struck the creature rushes to the surface, plunges and rolls to get free. He never defends himself but thinks only of flight. It is an accident if a boat is upset by the stroke of its tail; such accidents sometimes happen but the victim gets little more than a soaking, much to the merriment of his companions. The harpooned beluga will make off at full speed dragging in his wake the assailant's boat which flies over the face of the water, boiling with the mighty strokes of the monster's tail. Soon the water is red for each beluga sheds eight or ten gallons of blood. When he is tired the boat is drawn in closer by the rope fastened to the animal. As opportunity offers the spear is used and, driven home by a strong hand, it sometimes goes clear through the body. A skilful man will quickly strike some vital spot; otherwise the beluga struggles long.

"Picture if possible," says the Abbé, "the animation of the beluga hunt when a hundred of them are in the weir, when twenty-five or thirty men are pursuing them, when five or six boats dragged by the creatures are ploughing the enclosed waters in every direction, when the spears are hurled from all sides and the men are covered with the blood which gushes out in streams. Some years ago the passengers of a passing steamer from Europe were witnesses of such a scene and showed their keen interest by firing a salvo of cannon."

When the belugas have been killed the next task is to get them to shore. The work must be done quickly for the next tide will stop all work and may sweep the animals away. Horses are brought and the bodies are dragged ashore or partly floated with the aid of the rising tide. The task of cutting up and boiling follows immediately. Workmen with long knives take off the skin and separate the blubber from the flesh. The Abbé Casgrain describes the process in detail. In the end the blubber is cut up into small pieces and boiled in huge caldrons. The poor never fail to come for their share of the catch and, with proverbial charity, the Company carrying on the operations never send them away empty. "The share-holders" says the Abbé Casgrain, "are convinced that the success of their labours depends upon the gifts which they make to God, and their generosity merits His benediction," Many a habitant goes home with a mass of blubber in his pot or hooked to the end of a stout branch.

The fishery is old and has been very profitable. La Potherie describes the industry as it existed at Kamouraska in 1701: that at Rivière Ouelle is found in 1707 and it remained in the hands of the heirs of the original promoters until, in 1870, it was found necessary to form them into an incorporated company. The oil is highly valued. It is very clear and has good lubricating qualities. Before the universal sway of petroleum it was much used for lighting purposes; an ordinary lamp would burn for 72 hours without going out. The Abbé Casgrain says that a barrel of the oil is worth from 100 to 200 dollars and since each beluga would yield not less than a barrel the value of the fishery in a good season is evident. The skin is very thick and of extraordinary strength. It has no grain and will take a beautiful polish.

[Beddard, "A Book of Whales" (London, 1900), pp. 244 sqq.

Sir Harry Johnston, "British Mammals," (London, 1903), pp. 22 sqq.

La Potherie, "Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale," (Paris, 1703), Vol. 1, Lettre X., pp. 273 sqq.

Casgrain, "Une Paroisse Canadienne au XVIIe Siècle," Œuvres, Vol. 1, pp. 530 sqq.

Casgrain, "Eclaircissements sur La Pêche aux Marsouins," Ib. p. 563 sqq.]

APPENDIX F (p. 122)

The Prayer of Colonel Nairne

(There are several versions of parts of the Prayer. It is, I think, partly copied from some other source, partly Nairne's own composition.)

We believe in Thee our God; do thou strengthen our faith; We hope in thee; confirm our hope; we repent of all our Sins; but do thou increase our repentance. As our first beginning we worship thee; as our benefactor we praise thee; and as our supreme protector we pray unto thee that it may please thee, O God, to guide and lead us by thy Providence, to keep us in obedience to thy justice, to comfort us by thy mercie, and to protect us by thy Almighty power. We submit to thee all our thoughts, words, and deeds, as well as our afflictions, pains, and sufferings, and in thy name and for thy sake [we desire] to bear all adversity with patience. We will nothing but what thou Willest, because it is agreeable to thee. Give us grace that we may be attentive in prayer, vigilant in our Conduct, and immovable in all good purposes. Grant, most merciful Lord, that we may be true and just to those who put their trust in us, that we may be Courteous and kind to all men, and that in both our words and actions we may show them a good example. Dispose our hearts to admire and adore thy goodness, to hate all errours and evil ways. Assist us, most gracious God, in subduing our passions, covetousness by liberality, anger by mildness, and lukewarmness by zeal and fervency. Enable us to Conduct ourselves with prudence in all transactions, to show courage in danger, patience in adversity, in prosperity an humble will. Let thy Grace illuminate our understanding. Direct our will and bless our souls. Make us diligent in curbing all irregular affections and Zealous in imploring thy Grace, careful in keeping thy Commandments and constant in working out our own salvation.

We humbly beseech thee, O Lord, to assist us in keeping our temper and passions under due restraint to reason and to virtue, so as not only to contribute to our internal peace of mind, honour, and reputation in this life, but also to our eternal Comfort and happiness in the life to come; and to defend us, O Lord, from the arts and subtilties which designing men may work against us in order to lead us into evil or idle purposes. Finally, O God, make us sensible how little is this world, how great thy Heavens and how long will be thy blessed eternity. O! that we may well prepare ourselves for Death and obtain of thee, O God, eternal life through the merits of Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

APPENDIX G (p. 144)

The Curés of Malbaie

Of the early missionaries I have found no record, though no doubt one could be compiled from the episcopal archives. The registers at Malbaie do not begin until 1790 but I find a note that in 1784 there were sixty-five communicants. Isle aux Coudres, Les Eboulements and Malbaie were then united under one curé, M. Compain, who lived at Isle aux Coudres. He served Malbaie from 1775 to 1788. This curé has a share in the legend of Père de La Brosse, which, since it is characteristic of the region, is worth repeating.

Père de La Brosse was a much loved and saintly missionary priest, dwelling in his later years at Tadousac. On the evening of April 11th, 1872, he played cards at Tadousac at the house of one of the officers of the post. Rising to go at about nine o'clock he said to the company:

"I wish you good night, my dear friends, for the last time; for at midnight I shall be a dead man. At that hour you will hear the bell of my chapel ring. I beg you not to touch my body. To-morrow you will send for M. Compain at Isle aux Coudres. He will be waiting for you at the lower end of the island. Do not be afraid if a storm comes. I will answer for those whom you shall send."

At first the company thought the good father was joking. None the less did they become anxious to see what should happen. Watch in hand they waited for the hour named. Exactly at midnight the bell of the chapel rang three times. They ran to the chapel and there found Père de La Brosse upon his prie-dieu dead.

The next day, Sunday, a south-east wind blew with violence. Huge white-capped waves made the great river so dangerous that the employés of the post refused to undertake the journey to Isle aux Coudres of forty or fifty miles in a canoe over a raging sea. But the chief clerk at the post said to them: "You know well that the Father never deceived you. You ought to have confidence in his word. Is there no one among you who will carry out his last wish?"

Then three or four men agreed to go. When they put their canoe in the water, behold a wonder! To the great surprise of every one the sea subsided so that before them lay a pathway of calm water. To their further amazement, they made the journey to Isle aux Coudres with incredible rapidity. As they neared the shore they could see M. Compain walking up and down, a book in his hand. When they were within hearing distance he called out "Père de La Brosse is dead. You come to get me to bury him. I have been waiting an hour for you." When the canoe touched the shore M. Compain embarked and they carried him to Tadousac. At Isle aux Coudres the bell of the chapel had distinctly sounded three times at midnight as at Tadousac. M. Compain knew what it meant for Père de La Brosse had told him what he told his friends at Tadousac. Other church bells in the neighbourhood also rang miraculously on that night. Père de La Brosse had said while curé at Isle Verte, "If I die elsewhere than here, you will have certain knowledge of the fact at the moment of my death."

The legend, the rather obscure motive of which is to emphasize the saintly virtues of Père de La Brosse, is believed even to this day by many simple people, hundreds of whom know it by heart. But some are skeptical. "I should have been able to give more certainty to this tradition," says M. Mailloux, the historian of Isle aux Coudres and also its curé, "had I been able to make more extended investigation. Meanwhile," he adds naïvely, "my investigations suffice to give a high idea of the virtues of this admirable missionary."

There is little to record of the careers of curés at Malbaie subsequent to M. Compain. Often the annals of the good are not exciting and this is eminently true of these virtuous teachers. M. Charles Duchouquet was curé of Isle aux Coudres and served Malbaie in 1790. In 1791 he was succeeded by M. Raphael Paquet who lived at Les Eboulements. The first curé resident at Malbaie was M. Keller who came in 1797. When he went away in 1799 M. J.-B.-A. Marcheteau who was curé of Les Eboulements and lived there, served Malbaie. In 1807 M. Marcheteau was succeeded by M. Le Courtois, the second resident curé, a French émigré who remained at Malbaie until 1822 and was, as we have seen, an intimate friend of the Nairne family. For a long time M. Le Courtois carried on missionary work among the Indians. In 1822 M. Duguay became curé; he went to Malbaie after being curé at Isle aux Coudres. In 1832 he was succeeded by M. Zephérin Lévêque who, in 1840, was followed by M. Alexis Bourret. This curé was something of a scholar. He read the Greek fathers in the original which is, I fancy, very unusual among the priests of Canada. In 1847 M. Beaudry became curé and in 1862 he was followed by M. Narcisse Doucet. It was under M. Doucet that the great influx of summer visitors began. Naturally they desired to have their own Protestant service on Sunday and M. Doucet did all he could to prevent their getting a place of worship. Protestantism having disappeared from Malbaie the curé was not anxious to see it revived. But the last Mrs. Nairne, a Protestant, then ruled at the Manor House, and she gave for the purpose of Protestant worship the admirable site of the present Union Church. M. Doucet was a man of considerable culture. The parish church, first built in 1806, was remodelled in his time as also was the presbytère; he built, too, the convent for girls. In 1891 M. B.-E. Leclercq became curé—a good man of the peasant type, who retired in 1906 and died at Malbaie in the following year. The present energetic curé is M. Hudon.

[For Père de La Brosse, see Casgrain, Œuvres, Vol. 1, "Une Excursion a L'Ile aux Coudres"; Mailloux, "Histoire de L'Isle aux Coudres" (Montreal, 1879). M. Mailloux has particulars about some of the curés named above. The dates for the successive curés are found in the registers at Malbaie.]

INDEX

  • Baie St. Paul, 2, 9, 16, 20, 64, 89, 183, 255.
  • Barnum, P.T., 280.
  • Baxter, J.P., 243.
  • Bazire, Marie, 11.
  • Beaudry, Père, 290.
  • Beauport, 252.
  • Beaupré, 16.
  • Beaver Dam, 156.
  • Beck, Miss, 170.
  • Bedard, Pierre, 150.
  • Begin, Mgr., 198.
  • Begon, M., Intendant, 14.
  • Belairs, 109.
  • Belmont Seigniory, 36.
  • Beluga Fishery on the St. Lawrence, 279-285.
  • Bencoolen, India, 59.
  • Berthier, 9, 69.
  • Bic, 250.
  • Bigot F., Intendant, 18, 280.
  • Blackburn, Hugh, 54, 55.
  • Bleakley, Mrs., 106.
  • Bonaparte, Napoleon, 112, 129, 133, 155, 169.
  • Bonneau, 10, 11, 109.
  • Bonner, G.T., 219.
  • Boucher, Pierre, 9.
  • Bouchette, Mr., 141.
  • Bougainville, Col., 29, 51, 259.
  • Boulogne, 129.
  • Bourdon, Jean, 8, 243.
  • Bourret, Père Alexis, 290.
  • Bowen, Judge E., 149, 150, 163-7.
  • Bowen, Mrs. E., 151.
  • Boyd, General, 162.
  • Brassard, 54.
  • Brébœuf, 198.
  • Brock, Gen. Sir I., 151, 153.
  • Brosse, Père de la, 287-9.
  • Buchanan. Mr., 166.
  • Burlington Heights, 156, 158, 161.
  • Burlington Bay, 158, 159.
  • Butler, Captain, 86.
  • Cacouna, 88.
  • Caldwell, Colonel, 84, 85, 87, 148.
  • Cameron, Captain, 269.
  • Campbell, Lieut. Alex., 261.
  • Campbell, Lieut. Archibald, 261.
  • Campbell, Capt John, 261.
  • Cap à l'Aigle, 2, 11, 21, 238.
  • Cap aux Oies, 2, 11.
  • Cap Rouge, 259, 264.
  • Cap Tourmente, 2, 87, 108, 109, 253, 255.
  • Cape Diamond, 73-78, 270.
  • Carignan Regiment, 9, 34, 243.
  • Carleton, Sir Guy (Lord Dorchester) 22, 59, 64, 65, 69-78, 83, 206, 276.
  • Carleton Island, 84-7, 148.
  • Cartier, Jacques, 56, 244, 250, 279.
  • Casgrain, Abbé H.R., 245, 281-285.
  • Castle Dounie, 24.
  • Chambly, 9.
  • Champlain, Samuel de, 6, 7, 243.
  • Chandler, General, 156.
  • Chaperon, M., 224, 225.
  • Château, Richer, 254-5.
  • Chateauguay, Battle of, 161.
  • Chaudière River, 66.
  • Chauncey, Commodore, 158.
  • Chelmsford, 134.
  • Cherry Valley, 86.
  • Chicoutimi, 15.
  • Chippewa, 155.
  • Cimon family, 219.
  • Clark, John, 102.
  • Clive, Lord, 57.
  • Colbert, 8.
  • Columbo, India, 100, 101.
  • Compain, Père, 287-9.
  • Company of New France, 7, 8.
  • Comporté, Philippe Gaultier, Sieur de, 9-14, 223, 243.
  • Comporté, La, 15, 16.
  • Comporté, Lac à, 12, 229.
  • Continental Congress, 60, 63.
  • Contrecœur, 89.
  • Cook, Captain, 22.
  • Coquart, Father Claude Godefroi, 16-18.
  • Cornwallis, General, 91.
  • Cox, Major, 276.
  • Craig, Sir James, 135, 142, 150.
  • Crysler's Farm, Battle of, 162.
  • Culloden, Battle of, 23, 33, 48.
  • Dalrymple, Col., 100.
  • Dambourges, M., 77.
  • D'Avezac, Editor of Cartier's Works, 243.
  • Dean, Captain, 269.
  • De Lass, 138.
  • Detroit, 151, 155.
  • Diana, the, 270.
  • Dobie, Richard, 106.
  • Dorchester, Lord, (See Carleton, Sir Guy).
  • Doucet, Père Narcisse, 290.
  • Douglas, Lieut., 261.
  • Douglass, Commodore, 276.
  • Duchouquet, Père C., 289.
  • Dufour, Joseph, 16-18, 20, 56, 109.
  • Duggan, E.J., 219.
  • Duggan, W.E., 219.
  • Duguay, Père, 289.
  • Dundass, 118.
  • Durham, 127.
  • Haldimand, General, 46, 83, 85, 87, 92.
  • Hale, Mr. and Mrs., 149.
  • Halifax, 150.
  • Harrison, General, 155.
  • Hazen, Captain, 265.
  • Hazeur, François, 12, 13, 14.
  • Hazeur, J.T., 15.
  • Hazeur, P. de l'Orme, 15.
  • Henry, Dr., 201, 223-227, 245.
  • Hepburn, 42, 59, 114, 118, 121.
  • Higham, Mrs., 219.
  • Holmes, Admiral, 249.
  • Hubert, Bishop of Quebec, 46
  • Hudon, M., Jesuit, 198.
  • Hudon, Père, 290.
  • Hudson Bay, 14, 279.
  • Hull, General, 151.
  • Jena, Battle of, 129.
  • Jervis, John, Lord St. Vincent, 22.
  • Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 35.
  • Johnston, Sir John, 85.
  • Johnston, Sir William, 138.
  • Julia, the, 160.
  • La Fouille, 10.
  • La Grange, 56.
  • La Motte-Saint-Heray, 10.
  • La Potherie, 285.
  • La Terrière, Dr., 141.
  • Lake Champlain, 36, 82, 161.
  • Lake Ontario, 9, 84, 148, 156, 161.
  • Lake St. John, 15.
  • Langan, Mrs., 106.
  • Lanoraye, 10.
  • Lauderdale, Earl of, 133.
  • Lauzon, Seigniory of, 36, 210.
  • Laverdière, Editor of Champlain's Works, 243.
  • Le Courtois, Père, 143, 164, 166, 172, 193, 289.
  • Leclercq, Père, B.-E, 290.
  • Le Maistre, Major, 244.
  • Le Moine, Sir J.M., 243.
  • Les Eboulements, 2, 14, 37, 46, 64, 109, 141, 287, 289.
  • Leo, the, 159.
  • Leostoff, the, 269, 270.
  • Leslie, Miss C., 173, 221.
  • Lévêque, Père, 289.
  • Levis, 36.
  • Lévis, Marquis de, 32, 220, 264.
  • Longueuil, 9.
  • Lorette, 262.
  • Lotbinière, Père de, 71.
  • Louisbourg, 29, 42, 119, 129, 221, 250.
  • Lovat, Baroness, 24.
  • Lovat, Lord, (See Fraser, Simon).
  • Lyman, Mr., 171.
  • Mabane, Miss, 108.
  • McCord, Mr., 141.
  • McDonald, Capt. Donald, 265, 267.
  • McDonald, Lieut. Hector, 267.
  • McDonnell, Alex., 259.
  • MacDonnell, Capt. John, 86, 259, 261.
  • MacDonnell, Lieut. Ronald, 261.
  • McGregor, Lieut., 271.
  • MacKenzie, Sir Alex., 111.
  • MacKenzie, Alex., author, 243.
  • MacKenzie, Ensign, 261.
  • MacKinnon, Lieut., 82-4.
  • McLean, Col. Allan, 65, 275, 276.
  • McNicol, John, (See Nairne, John McNicol).
  • McNicol, Peter, 172, 173.
  • McNicol, Mrs. Peter, 93, 107, 114, 130, 169, 172, 173, 219, 221, 290.
  • McNicol, Thomas, 172.
  • McPherson, Capt., 252, 259, 261.
  • Madawaska, Seigniory of, 36.
  • Madison, President, 150.
  • Mailloux, Père, 289.
  • Maldon, 128.
  • Malteste, notary, 52.
  • Marchand, Louis, 12.
  • Marcheteau, Père, 289.
  • Marie, Catherine de St. Augustin, 198, 199.
  • Marlboro', India, 57.
  • Masson, Mr., 106.
  • Matthews, Captain, 85, 92, 244.
  • Micmac Indians, 55.
  • Mingan seigniory, 14.
  • Mississaga Indians, 85.
  • Mistassini, 15.
  • Mohawk Valley, 85.
  • Montcalm, Marquis de, 19, 241, 251, 252, 260.
  • Montgomery, General R., 69-78, 273.
  • Montgomery, Capt., 253, 254.
  • Montmorency, 251, 253, 255.
  • Morel, Abbé, 183.
  • Morgan, 76.
  • Morrison, Colonel, 162, 165.
  • Mount Hermon Cemetery, 122, 123, 220.
  • Mount Murray Seigniory, 21, 38.
  • Mount Ventoux, 236.
  • Mountain, Salter, 152.
  • Munro, W. Bennett, 245.
  • Murray, Alex., 35.
  • Murray, Admiral George, 35.
  • Murray, General James, 30-38, 42, 43, 51, 178, 207, 243, 254, 255, 258, 262, 272.
  • Oneida, the, 153.
  • Orleans, Island of, 1, 253, 255.
  • Panet, Louis, 225.
  • Papineau, L.J., 205, 218.
  • Paquet, Père Raphael, 289.
  • Parker, Sir Hyde, 114, 153.
  • Parsons' House, 82.
  • Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 23, 26, 34.
  • Pitt, William, 112, 118.
  • Pius VIII., Pope, 172.
  • Plassey, Battle of, 57.
  • Plenderleath, Colonel, 163, 166.
  • Point Levi, 80, 250, 251, 253, 255, 256, 261, 263.
  • Pointe au Fer, 82, 83.
  • Pointe au Pic, 47, 104, 228, 236, 281.
  • Pointe aux Trembles, 15.
  • "Porpoise" Fishery (See Beluga).
  • Prés de Ville Barrier, 75.
  • Prescott, 152, 153.
  • Prevost, Sir George, 150.
  • Procter, General, 154, 171.
  • Quebec Act, 59-61.
  • Quebec, Protestant Bishop of, 48, 50, 165.
  • Quebec, Roman Catholic Bishop of, 45, 51.
  • Queenston Heights, 151, 153.
  • Reeve, Colonel, 219.
  • Reeve, John Fraser, 219.
  • Reeve, Mrs., 219.
  • Richelieu, Robert, 70.
  • Riedesel, General, 89, 91.
  • Riverin, 13.
  • Rivière du Loup, 36, 39.
  • Rivière Noire, 37, 226.
  • Rivière Ouelle, 183, 280, 281, 283, 285.
  • Roderick, Lieut., 259.
  • Ross, Mr., 43.
  • Ross, Captain, 254, 259.
  • Roy, J.E., 244.
  • Royal George, the, 148, 151.
  • Sackett's Harbour, 161.
  • Saguenay River, 5, 183, 228, 255.
  • Saguenay County, 172.
  • Saint Anne de Beaupré, 64, 254.
  • Saint Charles River, 257, 258, 259, 260.
  • Sainte Foy, 73, 259, 262, 264.
  • Sainte Irénée, 233.
  • Saint Jean Seigniory, 36.
  • Saint Joachim, 253.
  • Saint Matthew's Church, Quebec, 219.
  • St. Roch's, Quebec, 76, 88.
  • St. Roch, 88.
  • Sans Bruit Seigniory, 36.
  • Sault au Matelot, 76, 77.
  • Schomberg, Capt., 270.
  • Scott, Sir Walter, 27, 170.
  • Sewell, Mr., 166.
  • Sicily, 137, 138.
  • Siegfried, André, 245.
  • Sillery, 264.
  • Smith, Justin H., 244.
  • Sorel, 9, 90, 91.
  • Soumande, Pierre, 12.
  • Stadacona, 5.
  • Sterling, 56.
  • Stevenson, James, 119.
  • Stewart, Andrew, 172.
  • Stewart, Lieut Chas., 33.
  • Stewart, Mr., 107.
  • Stoney Creek, 156.
  • Stuart, Prince Charles, 22, 27.
  • Sulte, B., 243.
  • Swanton, Capt, 270.
  • Syracuse, 137, 138.
  • Usburn, Mr., 106.
  • Vanguard, the, 270.
  • Vaudreuil, Marquis de, 34.
  • Verchères, 9, 89.
  • Villeneuve, Joseph, 53.
  • Wall, Captain, 152.
  • Walpole, Sir R., 23.
  • Warren, John, 119.
  • Washington, 155.
  • Washington, George, 65.
  • Waterloo, Battle of, 205.
  • Wauchope, Mr., 277.
  • Wellington, Duke of, 205.
  • West Indies, 95.
  • Wilkes, John, 35.
  • Wilkinson, General, 156.
  • Winchester, General, 154.
  • Winder, General, 156.
  • Wingfield, Major, 223.
  • Wolfe, General James, 19, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29, 31, 66, 241, 252, 260.
  • Wolfe's Cove, 29, 68, 75, 256.
  • Wooster, General, 81.
  • Würtele, F.C., 244.