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A Concise Dictionary of Middle English from A.D. 1150 to 1580 cover

A Concise Dictionary of Middle English from A.D. 1150 to 1580

Chapter 12: A.
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About This Book

The volume is a concise alphabetical dictionary of Middle English vocabulary (c.1150–1580), compiled for students and readers. Entries present principal spellings and variants, brief definitions, etymologies, and abundant citations drawn from representative specimen texts and glossaries; references point readers to full contexts in the referenced editions. The editors prioritize forms typical of the Chaucer–Piers Plowman period and note French influence, with cross-references and additions enabling expansion of entries. Preface and explanatory notes outline sources, editorial principles, and conventions for abbreviations and underlining.

A.

A-, prefix (1), adding intensity to the notion of the verb.—AS. á for ar-, OHG. ar-, Goth. us-. For the quantity of the á see Sievers, 121. Cf. Or.

A-, prefix (2), standing for A, prep., and for Icel. á; see On- (1).

A-, prefix (3), standing for Of, prep.; see Of.

A-, prefix (4), standing for AS. and-, against, in return, toward.—AS. and-, ond-, on- (proclitic). Cf. On- (2.)

A-, prefix (5), standing for At, prep., and Icel. at, used with the infin. See At- (1).

A-, prefix (6), standing for AS. ge-; see Ȝe-.

A-, prefix (7), standing for OF. a- and Lat. ad-.

A-, prefix (8), standing for OF. a- and Lat. ab-.

A-, prefix (9), standing for AF. a, OF. e-, es- from Lat. ex-, e-.

A-, prefix (10), standing for AF. an-, OF. en- from Lat. in-. See In-.

A-, prefix (11), standing for Gr. α- privative.

A, interj. O! Ah! expressing surprise, pain, S, MD.

A, prep. on, in, PP, S, S2, C2; see On.

A, prep. of, S2, S3, PP; see Of.

A, adv. ever, S; aa, S; a buten, ever without, S; see O.

A-bac, adv. backwards, S, W2; abec, S; abak, C2, W; obak, S2.—AS. on-bæc. (A- 2.)

Abasshen, v. to abash, S3; abasshed, pp. abashed, ashamed, alarmed, C3, PP; abashed, S2; abasshid, S3; abasched, PP; abaisshed, PP; abaischid, W; abaischt, S2; abaissed, PP; abaist, S3; abayste, S2, C2.—OF. esbahiss- stem of pr. p. of esbahir, to astonish; Lat. ex + *badire for badare, to open the mouth. (A- 9.)

Abate, v. to beat down, bring down, calm down, P, NED.—AF. abatre (pr. p. abatant); Late Lat. *adbatere. (A- 7.)

Abaue, v. to put to confusion, to be confounded, NED, HD, JD; abawed, pp. HD; abaued, HD.—OF. *abavir: esbahir (with v in place of lost h, see Brachet, s.v. glaive). (A- 9). See Abasshen.

Abaye, sb. barking; phr. at þe abaie, at abaye, at bay, S2.—OF. abai, barking, from abaier; cp. F. aboi in phr.: être aux abois.

Abbay, sb. abbey, C2; abbeis, pl., S2.—AF. abbeie (abeie); Church Lat. abbādia, abbātia, from abbātem. See Abbod.

Abbesse, sb. abbess, PP.—OF. abbesse; Church Lat. abbatissa.

Abbod, sb. abbot, MD, S2; abbot, S, PP; abbodes, pl. S2.—Church Lat. abbātem (pronounced abbādem), nom. abbas; Gr. ἀββάς; Syriac, abba, father.

Abbodesse, sb. abbess, PP.

Abbot-rice, sb. abbacy, S.—AS. abbod-ríce, the rule of an abbot.

A-B-C, the alphabet, P; abcy, Cath.; abce, Cath. (n.), PP; abcee, Cotg.; abece, Cath. (n.); apece, Prompt.—Cp. OF. abece, the crosse rowe (Cotg.).

Abeah, Abeh; see Abuȝen.

Abeggen, Abeien; see Abyen.

A-bernen, v. to burn; abernð, pr. s. S.—AS. á-beornan. (A- 1.)

Abhominacioun, sb. abomination, NED, C2.

Abhomynable, adj. abominable, S3, C3.—AF. abhominable; Lat. abominabilem.

A-biden, v. to abide, remain, await, endure, S, S2, W2; habide, S2; abyde, C2; abid, imp., S, S2; abid, pr. s., S; abit, S, S2, C3; abod, pt. s., S; abood, W2; abide, pt. pl., S2; abididen, W2; abide, pp., G.—AS. á-bídan. (A- 1.)

A-biding, sb. expectation, W2.

Abiggen; see Abyen.

Abil, adj. able, CM; able, C; hable, S3, MD.—OF. able, hable (mod. F. habile); Lat. habilem.

Abilite, sb. ability, NED; habilitie, S3.—OF. habilité.

Abilȝeit, pp. apparelled, S3.—OF. habiller.

Abilȝement, sb. clothing, S3.—OF. habillement.

Abit, sb. dress, a monk’s clothing, habit, PP, CM, HD; abite, W.—AF. abit (habit); Lat. habitum (acc.).

A-biten, v. to bite, S.—AS. á-bítan. (A- 1.)

Abject, pp. and adj. cast out, NED.

Abjecte, v. to cast aside, S3.

A-blawen, v. to blow, MD; ableow, pt. s., S.—AS. á-bláwan. (A- 1.)

A-blenden, v. to blind, MD; ablent, pr. s., S; pl., S; ablende, pt. s., MD; ablend, pp. MD.—AS. á-blendan. (A- 1.)

A-bouten, adv. and prep. about, C2, P, MD; abuten, S; abuuten, S; abuton, S; abute, S; aboute, S, G; oboute, MD; obout, S2.—AS. on-bútan (= on-be-útan). (A- 2.)

A-bouen, adv. and prep. above, C2, PP, MD; aboue, PP; abufen, S; abuuen, MD; abowen, MD; abone, S3, JD; oboven, MD; obowen, MD; oboune, MD. Phr.: at here aboue, S2.—AS. on + bufan (= be + ufan). (A- 2.)

Abregge, v. to abridge, shorten, C; abreggide, pp., W; breggid, W.—OF. abreger, abregier: Prov. abrevjar; Lat. abbreviare. (A- 8.)

A-breiden, v. to start up, to draw (sword), to thrust out, to blame, S; abreyden, NED; abraid, pt. s., S; abreyde, C2; abrayde, C; abroden, pp., S; abruden, S.—AS. á + bregdan. (A- 1.)

A-brode, adv. abroad, PP; abrood, C2; abrod, widely apart, PP. (A- 2.)

Abusioun, sb. deceit, S2, C3.—OF. abusion (Cotg.).

Abute, Abuton, Abuten; see A-bouten.

A-buȝen, v. to bow, MD; abuen, MD; abouwen, MD; abowe, NED; abeah, pt. s., MD; abeh, S.—AS. á-bugan. (A- 1.)

A-byen, Abye, v. to buy, to pay for, S3, C2, C3, PP; abygge, PP; abiggen, PP; abuggen, S, PP; abeggen, MD, G; abeien, S; abie, PP; abuiþ, pr. s., S; abugeð, pr. pl., S; abouhte, pt. s., S; aboughte, G; abought, pp. C3.—AS. ábycgan. (A- 1.)

Abyme, sb. abyss, S2, HD.—OF. abime, abisme; Low Lat. *abyssimum, superl. of Lat. abyssus; Gr. ἄβυσσος, bottomless. (A- 11.)

Ac, conj. but, S, S2, P; acc, S; ah, S, S2; ak, S2, PP; hac, S; ach, MD; auh, MD, S; auch, MD; oc, S; occ, S.—AS. ac.

Acc-; see Ac-.

Accident, sb. accident (a term of the schoolmen), C3.—Lat. accidentem.

Accidie, sb. sloth, indolence, S, CM, PP.—AF. accidie (NED); Low Lat. accidia, acedia; Gr. ἀκηδία, heedlessness, torpor. (A- 11.)

Accompt, sb. account, S3; see Acounte.

Accompted, pp. accounted, S3; see Acounte.

Ace, sb. a jot, S3; see As.

A-cennen, v. to bring forth, to beget, MD; acenned, pp. MD; accenned, S; akenned, MD; akennet, S; acende (for acend), S.—AS. á-cennan. (A- 1.)

A-cennende, sb. begetting, birth, S.

A-cenneng, sb. birth, S.

A-chape, v. to escape, NED; achaped, pt. s., S2.—OF. achaper; cf. AF. ascaper. (A- 9.) Cf. Eschapen, Ascapie.

Achate, v. to purchase, NED.—OF. achater (F. acheter, acater; Late Lat., accaptare.

Achate, sb. purchase, provisions purchased, NED, C; achat, HD; acate, NED; acates, pl., HD.—OF. achat, AF. acate. See above.

Achatour, sb. a purchaser of provisions, purveyor, C, NED, HD; acatour, NED.—AF. achatour, acatour; Late Lat. accaptatorem.

Ache, sb. pain, Prompt.; eche, MD; hache, HD.—AS. æce (ece). See Aken.

Ache, sb. wild celery, parsley, NED, Voc.—OF. ache; Lat. apium; Gr. ἄπιον.

Achesoun, sb. occasion, motive, HD, MD, NED.—OF. achoison, ocoison; Lat. occasionem. Cf. Anchesoun, Enchesoun, Chesoun.

Achtande, ord. eighth, S2, NED.—Icel. áttandi; cp. OHG. ahtande. Cf. Eighte (ord.).

A-colien, v. to wax cold; acolede, pt. s., S; acoled, pp., S.—AS. á-cólian. (A- 1.)

Acombren, v. to encumber, PP; acumbrid, pp., S2.—OF. encombrer. (A- 10.)

Acomplesshen, v. to accomplish, NED; accomplice, C; accompliced, pp. NED.—AF. acomplir (acomplice, pr. s. subj.); Late Lat. accomplere; see Brachet. (A- 7.)

Acord, sb. accord, agreement, MD; accord, S2; acorde, S.—AF. acord.

Acordaunce, sb. agreement, PP.

Acorden, v. to reconcile, to agree, MD, S2, P; accordyng, pr. p., S3; accorded, pp., S2; pt. s., S3.—OF. acorder; Late Lat. accordare, from Lat. ad + cord-, stem of cor, heart. (A- 7.)

Acorse; see Acursien.

Acounte, v. to count, to calculate, NED, C2, PP; acompte, NED, PP; accompted, pp., S3.—AF. acounter, OF. acunter, aconter; Late Lat. accomptare; Lat. ad + computare. (A- 7.)

Acounte, sb. account, reckoning, PP; acompte, PP; accompt, S3; accomptes, pl., S3.—AF. acounte, acunte.

Acoupen, v. to accuse, NED, HD; acoupede, pt. s., NED, PP; acopede, NED; acoulped, NED; acouped, pp., S2.—OF. acouper, acolper, for encouper, encolper; Lat. inculpare. (A- 10.)

Acoyen, v. to quiet, coax, tame, NED, Palsg.; acoyed, pt. s., S2.—OF. acoyer, to calm; Lat. ad + quietare. (A- 7.)

Acumbrid; see Acombren.

A-cursien, v. to curse, NED; acursi, S, NED; acorse, PP; acorsed, pp. MD. (A- 1.)

Acustumaunce, sb. customary use, NED, C2.—OF. acostumance. (A- 7.)

Acwenchen; see Aquenchen.

Adamant, sb. adamant, very hard metal, a fabulous rock or mineral, the diamond, the loadstone or magnet, NED; precious stone, Prompt.; ademaunt, C; adamounde, Prompt. (n.); admont, NED; athamant, NED; athamaunte, C; attemant, NED; aymont, NED.—AF. adamant (aimant); Lat. adamantem; Gr. ἀδάμας (-αντα), lit. invincible, untamable, from ἀ- + δαμάω, I tame. (A- 11.)

Adaunten, v. to subdue, NED; adauntede, pt. s., S2.—OF. adanter, adonter; Lat. ad + domitare, to tame. (A- 7.)

A-dawe, out of life, NED, HD.—AS. of dagum, from days. (A- 3.)

A-dawen, v. to rise from sleep, also, to arouse, NED; adawed, pp. S3.—Cp. MHG. er-tagen, to dawn. (A- 1.)

A-day, adv. at morn, by day, S2, P; adai, S. (A- 2.)

Addledd, pp. earned, S; see Adlen.

A-diliȝen, v. to be lost, to perish, S; adiliȝede, pt. s., S; adiligde, S.—AS. á-diligan, to destroy. (A- 1.)

A-diȝten, v. to appoint, order, prepare, compose, clothe, treat, MD, S; adyȝt, pp., MD; adight, G; adyght, MD, HD. (A- 1.)

Adlen, v. to earn, MD; addle, Manip., MED; addledd, pp., S.—Icel. öðla, refl. öðla-sk, to acquire for oneself property, from óðal, property, patrimony, from *aþal, race, see Fick, 7. 14; cp. OHG. uodil, ‘praedium’ (Tatian). See Athel.

Admirald, sb. a Saracen commander, S; see Amirail.

Admod, adj. humble, gentle, S; ædmod, MD; edmod, MD.—AS. éadmód, éaðmód. See Eth.

Admoded, pp. as adj. lowly; see Eadmodien.

Admodie, adj. pl. humble, MD; edmodi, MD.

Admodliche, adv. humbly, gently, MD; ædmodliȝ, S.—AS. éadmódlice.

Admodnesse, sb. humility, gentleness, MD, S; edmodnesse, S; æddmodnesse, S.—AS. éadmódnes.

A-do, sb. fuss, trouble, difficulty, S3, Prompt., WW; = to do, PP, WW; adoe, ND, (A- 5.)

A-doun, adv. down, S, S2, C2, C3, G; adun, S; adune, S.—AS. of dúne, off the hill. (A- 3.)

A-drad, pp. frightened, put in dread, NED, S2, G, C, PP; adred, S; adrede, NED.—AS. of-drad (A- 3). Cf. Of-dreden.

A-drawen, v. to draw out, S2; adroh, pt. s., NED; adrou, NED; adraȝe, pp. NED. (A- 1.)

A-dreden, v. to fear greatly, S, NED; adrade, reflex., S.—OMerc. and-drǽdan (Rushw.); see NED. (A- 4.)

A-drenchen, v. to drown, to be drowned, MD, S, PP; adreynten, pt. pl., PP; adreynt, pp. drenched, PP; adreint, MD; adrent, S, PP; adreynched, PP.—AS. á-drencan. (A- 1.)

Adressen, v. to make straight, to direct, NED, H.—OF. adressier, adrecier Late Lat. addrictiare, from Lat. directum, straight. (A- 7.)

A-drinken, v. to be drowned, MD, S; adronc, pt. s., MD; adronken, pl., MD; adrunken, pp., MD.—AS. á-drincan. (A- 1.)

A-drye, v. to endure, bear, HD; adriȝen, S (19. 1047), MD.—AS. á-dréogan. (A- 1.)

A-dun, adv. down, S; see Adoun.

A-dunien, v. to din; adunest, 2 pr. s., adenyd, pp. MD. (A- 1.)

Adun-ward, adv. downward, NED; adonward, S2.

Adversarie, sb. adversary, C3.—OF. adversarie; Lat. aduersarius.

Advertence, sb. mental attention, C3.—Late Lat. advertentia.

Advocat, sb. advocate, intercessor, C3; vokate, PP; vokyte, causidicus, Voc.; vokettus, pl. PP.—OF. advocat; Lat. aduocatum (acc.).

Æ, sb. law, MD.—AS. ǽw (ǽ), law, divine law, the Mosaic law, marriage; Goth. aiws, an age, eternity; cp. OHG. éwa, the law of God, eternity (Otfrid). Cf. Æ-uez, Eu-bruche, Eche.

Ædmod, adj. humble, gentle, MD; see Admod.

Ædmodliȝ, adv. humbly, S; see Admodliche.

Ædmodnisse, sb. humility, MD; æddmodnesse, S; see Admodnesse.

Æhte, num. eight, MD; see Eighte.

Æhtene, num. eighteen, S; see Eightene.

Æn, num. and indef. art. one, S; ænne, S; see Oon.

Æness, adv. once, S; see Oones.

Æoure, pron. your, S; see Ȝoure.

Ærd, sb. native land, home, S; see Erd.

Ærfeð-telle, adj. difficult to count, S. See Arfeð.

Ærnde, sb. errand, MD; see Erende.

Ærnd-race, sb. messenger, S; Ærnd-raches, pl., S.—AS. ǽrend-raca.

Ærnen, v. to run, S; see Rennen.

Æ-uez, adj. pious, fast in the law, S.—AS. ǽ-fest. See Æ.

Afaiten, v. to affect, to prepare, array, dress, to train, tame, subdue, NED, PP; affaiten, P; fayten, S2, PP; faiten, PP.—OF. afaiter, afeiter; Lat. affectare, freq. of afficere; ad + facere. (A- 7.)

A-fallen, v. to fall, MD; auallen, MD; afeol, pt. s., MD; afallen, pp., MD.—AS. á-feallan. (A- 1.)

A-fallen, v. to fell, NED; afal, imp., S; aual, S.

A-felde, adv. a-field, to the field, PP. (A- 2).

A-fellen, v. to fell, NED; auellen, MD.—AS. á-fellan, á-fyllan. (A- 1.)

A-fer, adv. afar, W, W2; afeer, NED; of feor, S (s.v. feor). (A- 3.) Cf. A-ferre.

Afere, sb., affair, bustle, appearance, demeanour, S2, NED; effere, S2; effeir, S2, S3; effer, S2; afferes, pl., PP.—OF. afere = a + fere; Lat. facere, to do. (A- 7.)

A-feren, v. to frighten, terrify, S, PP; afferen, MD; affeare, 2 pr. s. subj., S; afered, pp. afraid, S, C, P; aferd, S, C, P, W2; afeerd, W; afert, PP; aferde, S3, P, W; afferde, S3.—AS. á-fǽran. (A- 1.)

A-ferre, adv. afar, Prompt.; oferrum, S2; onferrum, S2; onferre, NED; onferr, NED. (A- 2). Cf. Afer.

Aff-; see Af-.

Affamysit, pp. famished, S3, NED. Cp. OF. afamer; Late Lat. affamare.

Affectuosly, adv. passionately, HD, NED.

Affectuouse, adj. hearty, affectionate, NED, H; affectuse, NED.—Lat. affectuosus.

Affray, sb. terror, S3, C2, C3. Cf. Effray.

Affrayen, v. to frighten, C2; affrayed, pp. S2, C, C3, W; see Afrayen.

Afile, v. to file down, NED; affyle, C.—OF. afiler.

Afingret, pp. an-hungered, NED, HD; see Of-hungred.

A-flemen, v. to drive away, MD; aulem, imp. s., S.—AS. á-fléman (á-flýman). (A- 1.)

Afolen, v. to befool; afoled, pp., S; afoild, NED, HD.—OF. afoler (Bartsch); Low Lat. *adfolare, to make foolish. (A- 7.)

A-fon, v. to receive, S; afeoh, imp., S; avoþ, pr. pl., S; auenge, pt. pl., S2.—AS. á-fón, on-fón (for ond-fón), see Sievers, 198, 5. 1. (A- 4.) Cf. Onfon.

Aforce, v. to force, constrain, NED, H; afforce, H; aforsed, pt. pl., H.—OF. aforcer, efforcer, esforcier; Late Lat. exfortiare, from Lat. fortis, strong. (A- 9.)

A-fore, adv. prep., before, PP, WW; affore, PP; afor, PP; affor, PP; aforn, NED.—AS. on-foran. (A- 2.)

A-forthen, v. to further, promote, to achieve, to manage to do, to manage to give, to afford; P, NED, SkD, HD; aforde, NED.—AS. ge + forðian. (A- 6.)

A-fote, adv. on foot, PP; afoote, S3, W; auote, S2. (A- 2.)

Afrayen, v. to disturb from peace and quiet, to frighten, NED; affraye, C2 (E. 455); afreyd, pp. alarmed, afraid, NED; affrayed, W, S2, C, C3; affrayd, S3; affrayt, S3; frayd, S3, fraid, S3.—AF. afrayer, effrayer, OF. esfreer: Prov. esfredar; Low Lat. ex-fridare, from fridum; cp. OS. friðu, peace. (A- 9.) See Affrayen.

A-fright, pp. terrified, C; afriȝt, NED, HD; afryȝte, HD.—AS. á-fyrht, á-fyrhted. (A- 1.)

After, prep. and adv. after, according to, S, HD, S2, C3; efter, S, S2; eftir, S3; eafter, MD; aftir, S2.—Æf-ter is a comp. form, see SkD.

After-clap, sb. an evil consequence or result, HD; after-clappys, pl., MD.

After-del, sb. disadvantage, MD; after-dele, HD.

A-fure, adv. on fire, S2; auere, S2; afiere, W2. (A- 2.)

Afyngred; see Ahungerd.

Afyrst, pp. athirst, PP; afurst, PP; afrust, PP; see Of-þurst.

A-gasten, v. to terrify, MD, PP; agesten, S; agaste, pt. s., C2, C; agast, pp., PP, S2, S3, C2, C3, G; agazed, S3; agaste, pl., S2, W.—AS. á + gǽstan, to frighten. (A- 1.)

A-gen, prep. and adv. towards, back, again, S; see A-ȝein.

Agenes, prep. against, S; see Aȝeines.

Agenst, prep. against, NED; see A-ȝeinst.

Agenst-Christ, sb. Antichrist, S3.

A-gessen, v. to reckon, calculate, S. (A- 1.)

Aghe, sb. awe, H; agh, NED; see Awe.

Aghe-ful, adj. awful, H; aghful, H.

A-gon, v. to obtain, PP.—AS. of-gangan, to require. (A- 3.)

A-gon, pp. and adv. gone away, ago, S2, C3; agoon, C2, C3; agone, S3; agoo, PP; ago, C2.—AS. a-gán, pp. of á-gán, to go forth. (A- 1.)

A-graythen, v. to make ready, to dress, NED; agreþed, pp., S2; agrayþed, NED.—From Icel. greiða: Goth. ga-raidjan. (A- 1.)

A-graythinge, sb. apparel, S2, NED.

Agreable, adj. pleasant, NED; aggreable, favourable, S3.—AF. agreable. (A- 7.)

A-gref, in grief, NED; agrief, C; ogrefe, NED. Phr.: takes not agreve, takes it not unkindly, NED. (A- 2.)

Agreggen, v. to make heavy, to be heavy, to aggravate, HD; agreggid, pp., W2.—OF. agregier: Prov. agreujar; Late Lat. aggreuiare, from *greuis for Lat. grauis. (A- 7.)

Agreþed, pp. made ready, S2; see A-graythen.

Agreuen, v. to bear heavily on, to grieve, oppress, HD; agreued, pp., C2, PP.—OF. agrever; Lat. aggrauare; ad + grauare, from grauis. (A- 7.)

Agrimony, sb. agrimony, Prompt.; agremoine, Voc.; egrimony, Prompt.; egremoin, C3; egremounde, NED; ogremoyne, Voc.—Lat. agrimonia; Gr. ἀγρεμώνη cp. F. aigremoine.

A-grisen, v. to be horrified, to terrify, to loathe, HD, MD, S; agryse, S2, C3.—AS. á-grísan. (A- 1.)

A-grounde, on the ground, S2, PP; on this earth, PP. (A- 2.)

Agte, sb. possession, S; see Auhte.

A-gulten, v. to sin, to offend, MD, PP, S; agilten, MD; agelten, MD; aȝulten, S; agulte, pt. s., PP; agult, pp., S; agilt, HD, PP.—AS. á-gyltan. (A- 1.)

Ah, conj. but, S, S2; see Ac.

Ah, pr. s. owes (as a duty), S; ahen, pr. pl., are obliged, S; see Owen.

A-honge, pp. hanged up, S. (A- 1.)

Aht, adj. worthy, valiant, NED; see Auht.

Aht, sb. aught, anything; ahte, S; ahct, S; see Ought.

Ahte, sb. possession, S2; ahhte, S; see Auhte.

Ahtlice, adv. valiantly, NED; ohtliche, NED. See Auht.

A-hungerd, pp. a-hungered, PP, S3; ahungred, NED; afyngred, PP.—AS. ofhyngred. (A- 3.) See Of-hungred.

Aihte, sb. property, S; ayhte, S; see Auhte.

Air, sb. air, S2; aire, NED; see Eyre.

Airtis, sb. pl. quarters of the sky, S3; see Art.

Aisille, sb. vinegar, S; eisil, MD; eisel, MD; eyselle, MD; esylle, Prompt.; aselle, MD; eysell, Sh.; aysel, H.—OF. aisil (eisil), also, aisi, Ps. 68. 21 (Metz); Late Lat. acitum (cp. OF. azet); Lat. acētum; see Schuchardt, Vokalismus, i. 294.

Aisliche, adv. timorously, S3; see Eisliche.

Ak, conj. but, S2, PP; see Ac.

Ak, sb. oak, Voc.; akis, pl., S3; see Ook.

A-kelen, v. to make cold, to grow cold, S, MD.—AS. á-célan. (A- 1.)

Aken, v. to ake, to throb with pain, C2, S2, Prompt., NED; eken, MD; ȝaik, NED; oc, pt. s., MD; ok, MD; oke, MD, NED; akide, NED; oken, pt. pl., PP.—AS. acan, pt. óc, pp. acen; cp. Icel. aka, to drive, Lat. agere. Cf. Ache.

Akennet, pp. born, S; see A-cennen.

Aketoun, sb. a jacket of quilted cotton worn under the mail, a jacket of leather plated with mail, NED, Voc., C2; acketoun, HD; acton, NED, HD, JD; hakatone, HD; haqueton, NED; haketon, ND; hacqueton, ND.—OF. auqueton; Sp. alcoton; Arab. al-qūtn, the cotton.

A-kneon, on knees, S, NED; aknen, HD; aknewes, HD. (A- 2.)

Al, adj., sb., adv. all, MD, S, S2, C2, C3; all, S, S3; hal, S2; alle, dat., S; ælle, pl., S; alle, S2; halle, S; ealre, gen., S; allre, S; alra, S; alre, S.—AS. eall, all, al.

Al, adv. (with conjunctions); al if, although, NED.

Al, adv. (with subj. mood), although, NED, C, C3; Al be it, even though it be that, C.

Alabastre, sb. alabaster, W (Mt. 26. 7); alabaustre, S3; alablaster, Sh.—OF. alabastre; Lat. alabastrum (nom. -ter); Gr. ἀλάβαστρος, ἀλάβαστος.

A-lang, adv. along, MD; along, MD; olong, MD (A- 4). See Endlang.

Alange, adj. tedious, strange, foreign, Prompt.; alenge, HD; see Elenge.

Alarge, v. to enlarge, to give largely, HD; alargid, pp., W, W2.—OF. alargir. (A- 7.)

A-last, adv. at last, S2, NED. (A- 5.)

Alaun, sb. a large dog used for hunting; alan, NED; alant, NED; alauntz, pl., C; allaundes, NED.—OF. alan (allan in Cotg.); It. alano (Florio); Low Lat. alanus.

Alay, sb. alloy, PP; alayes, pl., C2.—AF. alay.

Alayen, v. to mix metals, to alloy, NED, PP; alayed, pp., PP.—AF. alayer, aleyer (F. aloyer); Lat. alligare, to bind. (A- 7.)

Albe, sb. a vestment worn by priests, and by some kings; NED.—Church Lat. alba, an alb; Lat. alba (vestis), a white garment.

Albificacioun, sb. the process of making white (in alchemy), C3.—Late Lat. albificationem.

Alblastrye, sb. the use of cross-bows, S3. See Arblaste.

Ald, adj. old, S, S2; alder, comp., MD; aldreste, superl., S; see Old.

Al-day, adv. always, continually, C2, PP.

Alde-like, adv. with solemn, venerable mien, S.

Alder, sb. elder, ancestor, also, prince, chief, MD, PP; aldren, pl., S; ælderen, S; elderne, S2; ealdren, MD; ealdrene, gen., S.—AS. ealdor (aldor). See Ald.

Alder, gen. pl. of all, C2, H; see Alre-.

Alder-best, adj. best of all, H; see Alrebest.

Alder-first, adj. first of all, C2; see Alrefyrst.

Alder-mon, sb. a prince, also, the principal officer in the shire, MD, Voc.; elldernemanness, gen., S; aldermen, pl., PP, AS. ealdormann.

Aldire-, gen. pl. of all, H; see Alre-.

Aldire-mast, adj. most of all, H; see Alremest.

Ale, sb. ale, S2, C2; ale-house, S2; an ale-drinking, NED. Comb.: ale-stake, a stake before an alehouse as a sign, C, C3, NED.—AS. ealu, alu; OTeut. stem *alut-. Cf. Nale.

A-leggen, v. to lay down, to lay aside, to put down, confute, S, NED (allay1).—AS. á-lecgan. (A- 1.)

Alemaunde, sb. almond, NED, W2; almaundes, pl., NED; almoundes, NED.—OF. alemande, alemandre, alemandle (cp. Sp. almendra); Late Lat. amendola (cp. Pg. amendoa); Lat. amygdala; Gr. ἀμυγδάλη.

Alemaunde-tre, sb. almond-tree, W2.

Alembyk, sb. a retort (used in alchemy), C3; alambic, NED; limbeck, ND, Sh.; lymbecke, (Minsheu).—OF. alambic, Sp. alambique (Minsheu); Arab. al-anbíq; Gr. ἄμβῑκ-, stem of ἄμβιξ, a cup.

A-lemen, v. to illumine, S; alimen, S; aleomen, S.—AS. á + léoman. (A- 1.)

A-lesednesse, sb. redemption, MD.

A-lesen, v. to loose, deliver, S; alesde, pt. s., S; alesed, pp., S, HD.—AS. á-lésan, álýsan. (A- 1.)

A-lesendnesse, sb. redemption, MD.

A-lesnesse, sb. redemption, S, MD.—AS. á-lésnis.

Al-gate, adv. every way, always, in any case, NED, S3, C, C2, C3; allegate, S; algates, S2, C2, C3; algatis, W.—Cp. Icel. alla götu, every way.

Algorisme, sb. the Arabic or decimal system of numeration, arithmetic, NED; algrim, MD; augrim, S. Phr.: cipher in algorisme, the figure o, a mere cipher, NED.—OF. algorisme (augorime); Low Lat. algorismus (cp. Span. guarismo, arithmetic, Minsheu); from Arab. al-Khowarazmi, the surname of an Arab mathematician of the 9th cent.

Al-halowen, sb. pl. all saints, NED; alhalowes, NED; halalwes, S2.

Al-halowen day, sb. All Saints’ Day, NED.—AS. ealra halgena dæg.

Aliance, sb. alliance, NED; alliaunce, C2.—AF. aliance.

A-liche, adv. alike, PP, NED.—AS. ge-líce. (A- 6.) See Iliche.

Alie, sb. ally, relative, PP; allye, C2.

Alien, v. to combine, unite, ally, NED; allyed, pp., C2.—OF. alier; Lat. alligare. (A- 7.)

A-liri, adv. across (said of the legs), P; alyry, PP.—AS. on + lira, the fleshy part of the leg (Voc.). (A- 2.)

A-liȝten, v. to alight, get lightly down from a horse, to descend, also, to lighten, MD; alyghte, C2; alyghte, pt. s., PP; alyȝte, PP; alihte, MD; aliȝte, S; alyhte, S2; aliȝt, pp., S2.—AS. á-líhtan. (A- 1.)

A-liȝten, v. to enlighten, illuminate, to light (a fire), NED.—AS. on-líhtan. (A- 2.)

A-liȝtnen, v. to enlighten, NED; alichtyn, S3; alyctnyng, pr. p., S3. (A- 1.)

Al-kaly, sb. alkali, C3.—Arab. al-qalīy, calcined ashes; from qalay, to roast in a pan.

Alkamistre, sb. alchemist, C3, NED. OF. alkemiste.

Al-kamye, sb. medieval chemistry, PP.—OF. alcamie, alquimie; Sp. alquimia; Arab. al-kīmīā; Late Gr. χημία, of doubtful origin, prob. from χυμεία, pouring.

Al-karon, sb. the Koran, S2.—OF. al-coran; Ar. al-qorān, the reading, from qara‘a, to read aloud.

Al-katran, sb. the resin of fir trees, pitch, also, bitumen, NED, S2.—OF. alketran; Sp. alquitran; Ar. al-qatran, from qatara, to drop.

Al-kin, adj. of every kind, MED, PP; alkyn, S2, PP; alkynnes, PP; alle kynez, S2.—AS. alles cynnes, gen.

Al-kynd, adj. of every kind, S3.

All-; see Al-.

Allunge, adv. altogether, S, MD; allynge, MD; allinge, MED.—AS. eallunga, eallunge.

Allure, sb. a place to walk in, a gallery, a walk by the parapets of a castle, a cloister, S3; alure, Prompt., NED.—OF. alure (now allure), walk, going, a gallery, also, aleüre (= Low Lat. *alatura), from aler, to go (F. aller).

Almain, adj. German, NED; Almaines, pl. Germans, NED; Almaygnes, S3.—OF. aleman (F. allemand).

Almain, sb. a kind of dance, NED; almond, NED. Comb.: almain-leap, ND; almond-leape, Cotg. (s.v. saut).

Almaine, sb. Germany, H; Almayne, NED; Alemaine, S; Almeyne, NED; Almen, NED; Alamanie, S.—OF. Alemaigne; Lat. Allemannia, the country of the Allemanni.

Almes-dede, sb. deed of mercy, S2.

Almesse, sb. alms, charity, S, PP, Prompt., S2, C3; ælmes, S; elmesse, MD; almes, S, S2, W; almous, S2; almessis, pl., W.—AS. ælmysse; Church Lat. *alimosina (cp. OF. almosne); eleemosyna (Tertullian); Gr. ἐλεημοσύνη alms, Lu. 12. 33; orig. pity.