ABBREVIATIONS.¹
1. SOURCES (see pages xxxiv ff.), TEXTS, AND VERSIONS.
| E | Elohist, or Elohistic Narrative. |
| J | Yahwist, or Yahwistic Narrative. |
| JE | Jehovist, or the combined narrative of Yahwist and Elohist. |
| P or PC | The Priestly Code. |
| Pᵍ | The historical kernel or framework of Priestly-Code (see page lvii). |
| Rᴱ | Redactors within the schools of Elohist, Yahwist, and Priestly-Code, respectively. |
| Rᴶ | |
| Rᴾ | |
| Rᴶᴱ | The Compiler of the composite work Jehovist. |
| Rᴶᴱᴾ | The Final Redactor of the Pentateuch. |
| EV[V] | English Version[s] (Authorised or Revised). |
| Jub. | The Book of Jubilees. |
| MT | Massoretic Text. |
| OT | Old Testament. |
| Aq. | Greek Translation of Aquila. |
| Θ | Greek Translation of Theodotion. |
| Σ | Greek Translation of Symmachus. |
| Gr.-Ven. | Codex ‘Græcus Venetus’ (14th or 15th century.). |
| G | The Greek (Septuagint) Version of the Old Testament (edited by A. E. Brooke and N. M‘Lean, Cambridge, 1906). |
| Gᴸ | Lucianic recension of the LXX, edited by Lagarde, Librorum Veteris Testamenti canonicorum pars prior Græce, etc. (1883). |
| GA, B, E, M, etc. | Codices of LXX (see Brooke and M‘Lean, page v.). |
| L | Old Latin Version. |
| S | The Syriac Version (Peshiṭtå). |
| ⅏ | The Samaritan Recension of the Pentateuch (Walton’s ‘London Polyglott’). |
| Tᴼ | The Targum of Onkelos [2nd century A.D.] (edited by Berliner, 1884). |
| Tᴶ | The Targum of Jonathan [8th century A.D.] (edited by Ginsburger, 1903). |
| V | The Vulgate. |
2. COMMENTARIES.
| Ayles | Herbert Henry Baker Ayles, A critical Commentary on Genesis ii. 4–iii. 25 (1904). |
| Ba[ll] | Charles James Ball, The Book of Genesis: Critical Edition of the Hebrew Text printed in colours exhibiting the composite structure of the book, with Notes (1896). See SBOT. |
| Ben[nett] | William Henry Bennett, Genesis (Century Bible). |
| Calv[in] | Mosis Libri V cum Johannis Calvini Commentariis. Genesis seorsum, etc. (1563). |
| De[litzsch] | Franz Delitzsch, Neuer Commentar über die Genesis (5th edition, 1887). |
| Di[llmann] | Die Genesis. Von der dritten Auflage an erklärt von August Dillmann (6th edition, 1892). The work embodies frequent extracts from earlier editions by Knobel: these are referred to below as “Knobel-Dillmann” |
| Dr[iver] | The Book of Genesis with Introduction and Notes, by Samuel Rolles Driver (7th edition, 1909). |
| Gu[nkel] | Genesis übersetzt und erklärt, von Hermann Gunkel (2nd edition, 1902). |
| Ho[lzinger] | Genesis erklärt, von Heinrich Holzinger (1898). |
| IEz. | Abraham Ibn Ezra († circa 1167). |
| Jer[ome], Qu. | Jerome († 420), Quæstiones sive Traditiones hebraicæ in Genesim. |
| Kn[obel] | August Wilhelm Knobel. |
| Kn.-Di. | See Dillmann. |
| Ra[shi] | Rabbi Shelomoh Yiẓḥaḳi († 1105). |
| Spurrell | George James Spurrell, Notes on the Text of the Book of Genesis (2nd edition, 1896). |
| Str[ack] | Die Genesis übersetzt und ausgelegt, von Hermann Leberecht Strack (2nd edition, 1905). |
| Tu[ch] | Friedrich Tuch, Commentar über die Genesis (2nd edition, 1871). |
3. WORKS OF REFERENCE AND GENERAL LITERATURE.
| Barth, ES | Jakob Barth, Etymologische Studien zum semitischen insbesondere zum hebraischen Lexicon (1893). |
| Barth, NB | Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen (1889–91). |
| Barton, SO | George Aaron Barton, A Sketch of Semitic Origins (1902). |
| B.-D. | Seligmann Baer and Franz Delitzsch, Liber Genesis (1869). The Massoretic Text, with Appendices. |
| BDB | Francis Brown, Samuel Rolles Driver, and Charles Augustus Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1891– ). |
| Benz[inger], Arch.² | Immanuel Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie (2nd edition, 1907). |
| Ber. R. | The Midrash Bereshith Rabba (translated into German by August Wünsche, 1881). |
| Bochart, Hieroz. | Samuel Bochartus, Hierozoicon, sive bipertitum opus de animalibus Sacræ Scripturæ (edited by Rosenmüller, 1793–96). |
| Bu[dde], Urg. | Karl Budde, Die biblische Urgeschichte (1883). |
| Buhl, GP | Frants Buhl, Geographie des alten Palaestina (1896). |
| Buhl | Geschichte der Edomiter (1893). |
| Burck[hardt] | John Lewis Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys. |
| Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. | |
| Che[yne], TB[A]I | Thomas Kelly Cheyne, Traditions and Beliefs of Ancient Israel (1907). |
| CIS | Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (1881– ). |
| Cook, Gl. | Stanley Arthur Cook, A Glossary of the Aramaic Inscriptions (1898). |
| Cooke, NSI | George Albert Cooke, A Textbook of North-Semitic Inscriptions (1903). |
| Co[rnill], Einl. | Carl Heinrich Cornill, Einleitung in das Alte Testament (see page xl, note). |
| Co[rnill], Hist. | History of the People of Israel (Translated, 1898). |
| Curtiss, PSR | Samuel Ives Curtiss, Primitive Semitic Religion to-day (1902). |
| Dav[idson] | Andrew Bruce Davidson, Hebrew Syntax. |
| Dav[idson] OTTh. | The Theology of the Old Testament (1904). |
| DB | A Dictionary of the Bible, edited by James Hastings (1898–1902). |
| Del[itzsch], Hwb. | Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896). |
| Del[itzsch], Par. | Wo lag das Paradies? Eine biblisch-assyriologische Studie (1881). |
| Del[itzsch], Prol. | Prolegomena eines neuen hebräisch-aramäischen Wörterbuchs zum Alten Testament (1886). |
| Del[itzsch] | See BA below. |
| Doughty, AD | Charles Montagu Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta (1888). |
| Dri[ver], LOT | Samuel Rolles Driver, An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament (Revised edition, 1910). |
| Dri[ver], Sam. | Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (1890). |
| Dri[ver], T. | A Treatise on the use of the Tenses in Hebrew (3rd edition, 1892). |
| EB | Encyclopædia Biblica, edited by Thomas Kelly Cheyne and John Sutherland Black (1899–1903). |
| EBL | See Hilprecht. |
| Ee[rdmans] |
Bernardus Dirk Eerdmans, Alttestamentliche Studien: i. Die Komposition der Genesis. ii. Die Vorgeschichte Israels. |
| Erman, LAE | Adolf Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt (translated by Helen Mary Tirard, 1894). |
| Erman, Hdbk. | A Handbook of Egyptian Religion (translated by Agnes Sophia Griffith, 1907). |
| Ew[ald], Gr. | Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache des alten Bundes (8th edition, 1870). |
| Ew[ald], HI | History of Israel [English translation, 1871]. |
| Ew[ald], Ant. | Antiquities of Israel [English translation, 1876]. |
| Field | Frederick Field, Origenis Hexaplorum quæ supersunt; sive Veterum Interpretum Græcorum in totum Vetus Testamentum Fragmenta (1875). |
| Frazer, AAO | James George Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris: Studies in the history of Oriental Religion (1906). |
| Frazer, GB | The Golden Bough; a Study in Magic and Religion (2nd edition, 1900). |
| Frazer | Folklore in the Old Testament (1907). |
| v. Gall, CSt. | August Freiherr von Gall, Altisraelitische Kultstätten (1898). |
| G.-B. | Wilhelm Gesenius’ Hebräisches und aramäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament (14th edition by Buhl, 1905). |
| Geiger, Urschr. | Abraham Geiger, Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Bibel in ihrer Abhängigkeit von der innern Entwickelung des Judenthums (1857). |
| Ges[enius], Th. | Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus Linguæ Hebrææ et Chaldææ Veteris Testamenti (1829–58). |
| G.-K. | Wilhelm Gesenius’ Hebräische Grammatik, völlig umgearbeitet von Emil Kautzsch (26th edition, 1896) [English translation, 1898]. |
| Glaser, Skizze | Eduard Glaser, Skizze der Geschichte und Geographie Arabiens, ii. (1890). |
| Gordon, ETG | Alexander Reid Gordon, The Early Traditions of Genesis (1907). |
| Gray, HPN | George Buchanan Gray, Studies in Hebrew Proper Names (1896). |
| Gu[nkel], Schöpf. | Hermann Gunkel, Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit (1895). |
| Guthe, GI | Hermann Guthe, Geschichte des Volkes Israel (1899). |
| Harrison, Prol. | Jane Ellen Harrison, Prolegomena to the study of Greek Religion (2nd edition, 1908). |
| Hilprecht, EBL | Hermann Vollrat Hilprecht, Explorations in Bible Lands during the 19th century [with the co-operation of Benzinger, Hommel, Jensen, and Steindorff] (1903). |
| Ho[lzinger], Einl. or Hex. |
Heinrich Holzinger, Einleitung in den Hexateuch (1893). |
| Hom[mel], AA | Fritz Hommel, Aufsätze und Abhandlungen arabistisch-semitologischen Inhalts (i–iii, 1892– ). |
| Hom[mel], AHT | The Ancient Hebrew Tradition as illustrated by the Monuments (1897). |
| Hom[mel], AOD | Die altorientalischen Denkmäler und das Alte Testament (1902). |
| Hom[mel], Gesch. | Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (1885). |
| Hom[mel], SA Chrest. | Süd-arabische Chrestomathie (1893). |
| Hupf[eld], Qu. | Hermann Hupfeld, Die Quellen der Genesis und die Art ihrer Zusammensetzung (1853). |
| Jastrow, RBA | Morris Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (1898). |
| JE | The Jewish Encyclopædia. |
| Je[remias], ATLO² | Alfred Jeremias, Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alten Orients (2nd edition, 1906). |
| Jen[sen], Kosm. | Peter Jensen, Die Kosmologie der Babylonier (1890). |
| KAT² | Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, by Schrader (2nd edition, 1883). |
| KAT3 | Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament. Third edition, by Zimmern and Winckler (1902). |
| Kent, SOT | Charles Foster Kent, Narratives of the Beginnings of Hebrew History [Students’ Old Testament] (1904). |
| KIB | Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, edited by Eberhard Schrader (1889– ). |
| Kit[tel], BH | Rudolf Kittel, Biblia Hebraica (Genesis) (1905). |
| Kit[tel], GH | Geschichte der Hebräer (1888–92). |
| Kön[ig], Lgb. | Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (2 volumes, 1881–95). |
| Kön[ig], S | Historisch-comparative Syntax der hebräischen Sprache (1897). |
| KS | Emil Kautzsch and Albert Socin, Die Genesis mit aüsserer Unterscheidung der Quellenschriften. |
| Kue[nen], Ges. Abh. | Abraham Kuenen, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (see page xl, note). |
| Kue[nen], Ond. | Historisch-critisch Onderzoek naar het ontstaan en de verzameling van de boeken des Ouden Verbonds (see page xl, note). |
| Lag[arde], Ank. | Paul Anton de Lagarde, Ankündigung einer neuen Ausgabe der griech. Uebersezung des Alte Testament (1882). |
| Lag[arde], Ges. Abh. | Gesammelte Abhandlungen (1866). |
| Lag[arde], Mitth. | Mittheilungen, i–iv (1884–91). |
| Lag[arde] | Orientalia, 1, 2 (1879–80). |
| Lag[arde], Sem. | Semitica, 1, 2 (1878). |
| Lag[arde], Symm. | Symmicta, 2 parts (1877–80). |
| Lag[arde], OS | Onomastica Sacra (1870). |
| Lane, Lex. | Edward William Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon (1863–93). |
| Lane, ME | An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (5th edition, 1860). |
| Len[ormant], Or. | François Lenormant, Les Origines de l’histoire, (i–iii, 1880–84). |
| Levy, Ch. Wb. | Jacob Levy, Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Targumim und Midraschim (3rd edition, 1881). |
| Lidz[barski], Hb. or NSEpigr. | Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (1898). |
| Lu[ther], INS | See Meyer, INS. |
| Marquart | Josef Marquart, Fundamente israelitischer und jüdischer Geschichte (1896). |
| Meyer, Entst. | Eduard Meyer, Die Entstehung des Judenthums (1896). |
| Meyer, GA¹ | Geschichte des Alterthums (Band i. 1884). |
| Meyer, GA² | Geschichte des Alterthums (2nd edition, 1909). |
| Meyer, INS | Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme, von Eduard Meyer, mit Beiträgen von Bernhard Luther (1906). |
| Müller, AE | Wilhelm Max Müller, Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern (1893). |
| Nestle, MM | Eberhard Nestle, Marginalien und Materialien (1893). |
| Nö[ldeke], Beitr. | Theodor Nöldeke, Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (1904). |
| Nö[ldeke], Unters. | Untersuchungen zur Kritik des Alte Testament (1869). |
| OH | Oxford Hexateuch = Carpenter and Harford-Battersby, The Hexateuch (see page xl, note). |
| Oehler, ATTh | Gustav Friedrich Oehler, Theologie des Alten Testaments (3rd edition, 1891). |
| Ols. | Justus Olshausen. |
| Orr, POT | James Orr, The Problem of the Old Testament (1906). |
| OS | See Lagarde. |
| P[ayne] Sm[ith], Thes. | Robert Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus (1879, 1901). |
| Petrie | William Flinders Petrie, A History of Egypt. |
| Pro[cksch] | Otto Procksch, Das nordhebräische Sagenbuch: die Elohimquelle (1906). |
| Riehm, Hdwb. | Eduard Carl August Riehm, Handwörterbuch des biblischen Altertums (2nd edition, 1893–94). |
| Robinson, BR | Edward Robinson, Biblical Researches in Palestine (2nd edition, 3 volumes, 1856). |
| Sayce, EHH | Archibald Henry Sayce, The Early History of the Hebrews (1897). |
| Sayce, HCM | The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments (2nd edition, 1894). |
| SBOT | The Sacred Books of the Old Testament, a critical edition of the Hebrew Text printed in Colours, under the editorial direction of Paul Haupt. |
| Schenkel, BL | Daniel Schenkel, Bibel-Lexicon (1869–75). |
| Schr[ader], KGF | Eberhard Schrader, Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung (1878). |
| Schr[ader] | See KAT and KIB above. |
| Schultz, OTTh | Hermann Schultz, Old Testament Theology (English translation, 1892). |
| Schürer, GJV | Emil Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (3rd and 4th editions, 1898–1901). |
| Schw[ally] | Friedrich Schwally, Das Leben nach dem Tode (1892). |
| Semitische Kriegsaltertümer, i. (1901). | |
| Smend, ATRG | Rudolf Smend, Lehrbuch der alttestamentlichen Religionsgeschichte (2nd edition, 1899). |
| GASm[ith], HG | George Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land (1895). |
| Rob. Smith, KM² | William Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (2nd edition, 1903). |
| Rob. Smith, OTJC² | The Old Testament in the Jewish Church (2nd edition, 1892). |
| Rob. Smith, Pr.² | The Prophets of Israel (2nd edition, 1895). |
| Rob. Smith, RS² | Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (2nd edition, 1894). |
| Spiegelberg | Wilhelm Spiegelberg, Aegyptologische Randglossen zum Alten Testament (1904). |
| Der Aufenthalt Israels in Aegypten im Lichte der aegyptischen Monumente (3rd edition, 1904). | |
| Sta[de] | Bernhard Stade, Ausgewählte akademische Reden und Abhandlungen (1899). |
| Sta[de], BTh | Biblische Theologie des Alten Testaments, i. (1905). |
| Sta[de], GVI | Geschichte des Volkes Israel (1887–89). |
| Steuern[agel], Einw. | Carl Steuernagel, Die Einwanderung der israelitischen Stämme in Kanaan (1901). |
| TA | Tel-Amarna Tablets [Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, v; Knudtzon, Die el-Amarna Tafeln (1908– )]. |
| Thomson, LB | William McClure Thomson, The Land and the Book (3 volumes, 1881–86). |
| Tiele, Gesch. | Cornelis Petrus Tiele, Geschichte der Religion im Altertum, i. (German edition, 1896). |
| Tristram, NHB | Henry Baker Tristram, The Natural History of the Bible (9th edition, 1898). |
| We[llhausen], Comp.² | Julius Wellhausen, Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments (2nd edition, 1889). |
| We[llhausen], De gent. | De gentibus et familiis Judæis quæ 1 Chronicles 2. 4 enumerantur (1870). |
| We[llhausen], Heid. | Reste arabischen Heidentums (2nd edition, 1897). |
| We[llhausen], Prol.⁶ | Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels (6th edition, 1905). |
| We[llhausen] | Skizzen und Vorarbeiten. |
| We[llhausen], TBS | Der Text der Bücher Samuelis (1871). |
| Wi[nckler], AOF | Hugo Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen (1893- ). |
| Wi[nckler], ATU | Alttestamentliche Untersuchungen (1892). |
| Wi[nckler], GBA | Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (1892). |
| Wi[nckler], GI | Geschichte Israels in Einzeldarstellungen (i. ii., 1895, 1900). |
| Wi[nckler] | See KAT³ above. |
| Zunz, GdV | Leopold Zunz, Die gottesdienstlichen Vorträge der Juden (2nd edition, 1892). |
4. PERIODICALS, ETC.
| AJSL | American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (continuing Hebraica). |
| AJTh | American Journal of Theology (1897– ). |
| ARW | Archiv für Religionswissenschaft. |
| BA | Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, herausgegeben von Friedrich Delitzsch und Paul Haupt (1890– ). |
| BS | Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review (1844– ). |
| Deutsche Litteraturzeitung (1880– ). | |
| Exp. | The Expositor. |
| ET | The Expository Times. |
| GGA | Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen (1753— ). |
| GGN | Nachrichten der königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. |
| Hebr. | Hebräica (1884–95). See AJSL. |
| JBBW | [Ewald’s] Jahrbücher der biblischen Wissenschaft (1849–1865). |
| J[S]BL | Journal of [the Society of] Biblical Literature and Exegesis (1881– ). |
| JPh | The Journal of Philology (1872– ). |
| JQR | The Jewish Quarterly Review. |
| JRAS | Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1834– ). |
| JTS | The Journal of Theological Studies (1900– ). |
| Lit[erarisches] Zentralbl[att für Deutschland] (1850– ). | |
| M[B]BA | Monatsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akadamie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Continued in Sitzungsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akadamie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1881– ). |
| MVAG | Mittheilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft (1896– ). |
| NKZ | Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift (1890– ). |
| OLz | Orientalische Litteraturzeitung (1898– ). |
| PAOS | Proceedings [Journal] of the American Oriental Society (1851– ). |
| PEFS | Palestine Exploration Fund: Quarterly Statements. |
| PSBA | Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology (1878– ). |
| SBBA | See MBBA above. |
| SK | Theologische Studien und Kritiken (1828– ). |
| ThLz | Theologische Litteraturzeitung (1876– ). |
| ThT | Theologisch Tijdschrift (1867– ). |
| TSBA | Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology. |
| ZA | Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (1886– ). |
| ZATW | Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (1881– ). |
| ZDMG | Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft (1845– ). |
| ZDPV | Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1878– ). |
| ZKF | Zeitschrift für Keilschriftsforschung (1884–85). |
| ZVP | Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft (1860– ). |
5. OTHER SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS.
| NH | ‘New Hebrew’: the language of the Mishnah, Midrashim, and parts of the Talmud. | |
| v.i. | vide infra | Used in references from commentary to footnotes, and vice versâ. |
| v.s. | vide supra | |
| * | Frequently used to indicate that a section is of composite authorship. | |
| † | After Old Testament references means that all occurrences of the word or usage in question are cited. | |
| √ | Root or stem. | |
| ׳ | Sign of abbreviation in Hebrew words. | |
| וגו׳ | = וגומר = ‘and so on’: used when a Hebrew citation is incomplete. | |