Oaxaca: Donají (9); Sarabia (8); Tolosita (6); Ubero (27). Veracruz: Alvarado (7); Aquilera; Berta; Coatzacoalcos (9); 10 km. SE of Hueyapan (5); Naranja (17).
In life this frog presents a striking array of colors. The dorsum varies from pale green to dark olive green; there may be scattered whitish or cream-colored spots on the back. On the flanks are bright yellow to deep cream-colored vertical bars separated by pale blue or purple interspaces. The thighs and undersurfaces of the hind limbs are golden orange; the belly is yellow, and the throat is cream-colored. The iris is crimson; the transparent part of the lower eyelid has golden reticulations. When the frog is resting, the forefeet are folded beneath the throat, and the limbs are folded tightly against the body. In this position and with the eyes closed and head flattened, this gaudy frog assumes the appearance of a small elliptical green leaf.
Throughout the month of July, 1956, Phyllomedusa was breeding in ponds in or adjacent to the rainforest in northern Oaxaca and in southern Veracruz. Only at Alvarado was it found breeding in a grassy pond. Males and females alike were found on bushes and trees in and around the ponds. The call is a single "wank." Amplexing males continue to call, but the call is softer and less nasal in quality. The eggs are encased in pale green gelatin and attached to leaves on branches overhanging the water. Three egg clutches contained 38, 41, and 46 eggs.
Phyllomedusa dacnicolor Cope
Oaxaca: Escurano; Tehuantepec.
Although it is abundant on the Pacific lowlands to the northwest in Guerrero, Michoacán, and Colima, this species is known only from two specimens from Tehuantepec. There is no apparent physical barrier to their distribution in the isthmus; in the Balsas Basin the species lives in a hotter, more arid environment than that at Tehuantepec.
Gastrophryne usta Cope
Oaxaca: Santa Efigenia; Tehuantepec (10); 24 km. W of Tehuantepec; Tolosita (2). Veracruz: Ayentes (6); La Oaxaqueña; Novillero (2); San Lorenzo.
Calling males were found in open scrub forest near Tehuantepec and in savannas near Novillero. The specimens from Tolosita were found under cover in a clearing in the forest (Fugler and Webb, 1957:106).
Specimens from the Pacific lowlands are typical of Gastrophryne usta gadowi Boulenger in possessing a thin line on the posterior surface of the thighs and a thin line from the snout to the vent. Of nine specimens from the Gulf lowlands (Ayentes, Novillero, and San Lorenzo), seven have a middorsal line; this is narrow in four and wide in three. Five have the stripes on the thighs. Two specimens from the middle of the isthmus (Tolosita) have no stripes on the thighs; one has a thin middorsal line, and the other has a broad line. The adult males have a black throat; females have a mottled one. The brown reticulations on the bellies of specimens from the Gulf lowlands is bolder than on specimens from the Pacific lowlands. The presence of certain characters supposedly diagnostic of the subspecies gadowi (line on dorsum and thighs) in the population of usta in southern Veracruz suggests that a redefinition of the ranges of these subspecies will be in order when sufficient material is available to delimit them accurately. For the present I prefer to consider all specimens from the isthmus solely as Gastrophryne usta without referring them to subspecies.
Rana palmipes Spix
Oaxaca: Matías Romero (11); 11 km. S of Santiago Chivela; Santo Domingo; Sarabia. Veracruz: Coatzacoalcos; Cuatotolapam; 25 km. SE of Jesús Carranza (4); Tlacotalpan (2); Tula.
Adults were found along streams and in marshes in savannas and rainforest. These frogs are wary and difficult to capture, even at night. Rana palmipes is another species that has a discontinuous distribution in the isthmus. The species does not occur on the Pacific lowlands of the isthmus, but does occur on the more humid Pacific slopes of Chiapas and Guatemala.
Tadpoles were found in a small sluggish tributary to the Río Sarabia.
Rana pipiens Schreber
Oaxaca: Agua Caliente; Cerro Quiengola; Escurano (14); Río Sarabia (2); Tapanatepec (5); Tehuantepec (24). Veracruz: Acayucan; Cuatotolapam (15); Jesús Carranza (2); 20 km. S of Jesús Carranza (11); 25 km. SE of Jesús Carranza; 20 km. ENE of Jesús Carranza (10); San Lorenzo (10).
As in most other places in México and northern Central America, this species occurs wherever there is permanent water. Males were heard calling from woodland ponds and from savanna ponds.
SUMMARY
Investigations of the amphibians and their environments in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec have been presented with the aim of gaining an understanding of the present biological and of the historical events responsible for the present patterns of distribution of amphibians in this region.
The Isthmus of Tehuantepec embraces three major environments—savanna, semi-arid scrub forest, and quasi-rainforest. The rainforest presents an environment noticeably different from the other two and has a different amphibian fauna.
Analysis of present patterns of distribution shows that certain species are restricted to the rainforests on the Gulf lowlands; others live only in the semi-arid scrub forests on the Pacific lowlands. A third group of species lives on both the Gulf and Pacific lowlands; most of these species occur only in the scrub forests or savannas on the Gulf lowlands, but some also inhabit the rainforest. In one way or another the isthmus presents a barrier to the distribution of 75 per cent of the species of amphibians living in the lowlands; it is a greater barrier still to the species inhabiting the highlands on either side.
Present patterns of distribution are attributed to bioclimatic fluctuation in the Pleistocene. In the course of these climatic shifts, tropical environments and their amphibian inhabitants seem to have survived in the isthmian region.
The amphibian fauna of the lowlands of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec consists of 16 genera and 36 species. Systematic studies of all available specimens from the region show that Eleutherodactylus conspicuus Taylor and Smith is a synonym of Eleutherodactylus alfredi Boulenger and that Hyla axillamembrana Shannon and Werler is a synonym of Hyla loquax Gaige and Stuart.
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Transmitted May 23, 1960.
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library, which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, which meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing.
* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows:
Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950.
*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest.
Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.
Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and
distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures
in text. June 12, 1951.
*2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds.
By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text.
June 29, 1951.
3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale
Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables.
October 10, 1951.
4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H.
Lowery, Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7
figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951.
Index. Pp. 651-681.
*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466,
41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.
Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.
*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. By
Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 80
tables. August 10, 1952.
Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73
figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.
2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern
Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp.
305-338, 5 figures in text. August 24, 1953.
3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By
Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February
15, 1954.
4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H.
Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables.
April 21, 1954.
5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and
James S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.
6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones,
Jr. Pp. 479-487. April 21, 1954.
7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse. Microtus
montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson.
Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. July 23, 1954.
8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern
California and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512.
July 23, 1954.
9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By
Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12
tables. November 15, 1954.
10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico.
By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.
11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E.
Raymond Hall. Pp. 587-590. November 15, 1954.
12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys
castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and
Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608. March 15, 1955.
13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from northeastern
Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955.
14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By
James S. Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.
15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and
systematic position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H.
Baker. Pp. 619-624. 2 figures in text. June 10, 1955.
Index. Pp. 625-651.
Vol. 8. 1. Life history and ecology of the five-lined skink, Eumeces
fasciatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 1-156, 26 figures in
text. September 1, 1954.
2. Myology and serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae, a
taxonomic study. By William B. Stallcup. Pp. 157-211, 23
figures in text, 4 tables. November 15, 1954.
3. An ecological study of the collared lizard (Crotaphytus
collaris). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 213-274, 10 figures in
text. February 10, 1956.
4. A field study of the Kansas ant-eating frog, Gastrophryne
olivacea. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 275-306, 9 figures in
text. February 10, 1956.
5. Check-list of the birds of Kansas. By Harrison B. Tordoff.
Pp. 307-359, 1 figure in text. March 10, 1956.
6. A population study of the prairie vole (Microtus
ochrogaster) in northeastern Kansas. By Edwin P. Martin.
Pp. 361-416, 19 figures in text. April 2, 1956.
7. Temperature responses in free-living amphibians and
reptiles of northeastern Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp.
417-476, 10 figures in text, 6 tables. June 1, 1956.
8. Food of the crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm, in
south-central Kansas. By Dwight Platt. Pp. 477-498, 4
tables. June 8, 1956.
9. Ecological observations on the woodrat, Neotoma floridana.
By Henry S. Fitch and Dennis G. Rainey. Pp. 499-533, 3
figures in text. June 12, 1956.
10. Eastern woodrat, Neotoma floridana: Life history and
ecology. By Dennis G. Rainey. Pp. 535-646, 12 plates, 13
figures in text. August 15, 1956.
Index. Pp. 647-675.
Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley.
Pp. 1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955.
2. Additional records and extensions of ranges of mammals
from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and
Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80. December 10, 1955.
3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern
Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp.
81-84. December 10, 1955.
4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus,
in Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in
text. May 10, 1956.
5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson.
Pp. 105-116, 6 figures in text. May 19, 1956.
6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus
Eucosmodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures
in text. May 19, 1956.
7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp.
125-335, 75 figures in text. June 15, 1956.
8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae,
with description of a new subspecies from North China. By
J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1
table. August 15, 1956.
9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney
Anderson. Pp. 347-351. August 15, 1956.
10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard
J. Stains. Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957.
11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from
Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361.
January 21, 1957.
12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys
bottae, in Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-384,
7 figures in text. February 21, 1958.
13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J.
Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958.
14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León,
México. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19,
1958.
15. New Subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America.
By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958.
16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson.
Pp. 405-414, 1 figure in text. May 20, 1959.
17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane
vole, Microtus montanus. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 415-511.
12 figures in text, 2 tables. August 1, 1959.
18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani
and P. artus. By E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey
Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1 map. January 14, 1960.
19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central
America, with description of a new subspecies from
Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp.
519-529. January 14, 1960.
20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene),
Nuevo León, México. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1
figure in text. January 14, 1960.
21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo
León, México. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure
in text. January 14, 1960.
22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones,
Jr., and David H. Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960.
23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys.
By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in
text. June 16, 1960.
Index Pp. 671-690.
Vol. 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration. By
Harrison B. Tordoff and Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6
figures in text, 2 tables. September 12, 1956.
2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and
A. maritima. By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates,
1 figure. December 20, 1956.
3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural
History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R.
McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2 plates, 7 figures in text, 4
tables. December 31, 1956.
4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie
vole (Microtus ochrogaster). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp.
129-161, 8 figures in text, 4 tables. December 19, 1957.
5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. By
James W. Bee. Pp. 163-211, pls. 9-10, 1 figure in text.
March 12, 1958.
6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By
Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures
in text, 35 tables. November 7, 1958.
7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in
Kansas. By Donald W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3
figures in text. May 4, 1959.
8. Natural history of the salamander, Aneides hardyi. By
Richard F. Johnston and Schad Gerhard. Pp. 573-585.
October 8, 1959.
9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from
Michoacán, México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 587-598,
2 figures in text. May 2, 1960.
10. A taxonomic study of the Middle American Snake, Pituophis
deppei. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 599-610, 1 plate, 1
figure in text. May 2, 1960.
Index Pp. 611-626.
Vol. 11. 1. The systematic status of the colubrid snake, Leptodeira
discolor Günther. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 1-9, 4
figs. July 14, 1958.
2. Natural history of the six-lined racerunner, Cnemidophorus
sexlineatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 11-62, 9 figs., 9
tables. September 19, 1958.
3. Home ranges, territories, and seasonal movements of
vertebrates of the Natural History Reservation. By Henry
S. Fitch. Pp. 63-326, 6 plates, 24 figures in text, 3
tables. December 12, 1958.
4. A new snake of the genus Geophis from Chihuahua, Mexico.
By John M. Legler. Pp. 327-334, 2 figures in text.
January 28, 1959.
5. A new tortoise, genus Gopherus, from north-central
Mexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 335-343. April 24, 1959.
6. Fishes of Chautauqua, Cowley and Elk counties, Kansas. By
Artie L. Metcalf. Pp. 345-400, 2 plates, 2 figures in
text, 10 tables. May 6, 1959.
7. Fishes of the Big Blue River Basin, Kansas. By W. L.
Minckley. Pp. 401-442, 2 plates, 4 figures in text, 5
tables. May 8, 1959.
8. Birds from Coahuila, México. By Emil K. Urban. Pp.
443-516. August 1, 1959.
9. Description of a new softshell turtle from the
southeastern United States. By Robert G. Webb. Pp.
517-525, 2 pls., 1 figure in text, August 14, 1959.
10. Natural history of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene
ornata ornata Agassiz. By John M. Legler. Pp. 527-669,
16 pls., 29 figures in text. March 7, 1960.
Index will follow.
Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis,
Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24
figures in text, July 8, 1959.
2. The ancestry of modern Amphibia: a review of the
evidence. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10
figures in text. July 10, 1959.
3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson.
Pp. 181-216, 49 figures in text. February 19, 1960.
4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian
of Kansas. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou
Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures in text. May 2, 1960.
More numbers will appear in volume 12.
Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows (Cyprinidae).
By Frank B. Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1,
1960.
2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the isthmus
of Tehuantepec, México. By William E. Duellman.
Pp. 19-72, pls. 1-8, 3 figs. August 16, 1960.
More numbers will appear in volume 13.
Transcriber's Notes
Page 26: Changed "19. Cosaleacaque" to "19. Cosoleacaque".
Page 30: Changed "Brysonima crassifolia" to "Byrsonima crassifolia".
Page 34: Changed "long. 95' 29°;" to "long. 95° 29';".
Page 35: Changed "Matías Romera" to "Matías Romero".
Page 47: Changed "kown" to "known".
Pages 50 and 59: Changed "axills" to "axils".
Plate 1, Fig. 2: Changed "Veracuz" to "Veracruz".
Page 53: Changed "valadity" to "validity".
Page 67: Changed "refering" to "referring".
Page 68: Changed "survided" to "survived".
Page 71: Changed "subhimid" to "subhumid" and "Amerca" to "America".
Moved University of Kansas Publications list to end of report.
Vol. 9, No. 12: Changed pages from "363-387" to "363-384".
Vol. 10, No. 10: Changed pages from "599-612" to "599-610".