BIBLIOGRAPHY.
In addition to the references given in the text and footnotes consult Dr. E. M. Hartwell, Report of the Director of Physical Training, December, 1891 (Boston, School Document No. 22—1891), pp. 12-23; and B. A. Hinsdale, “Notes on the History of Foreign Influence upon Education in the United States,” Chapter XIII in the Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1897-1898 (Vol. I, pp. 591-629).
FOOTNOTES:
[189] See Mind and Body for November, 1906 (13, 257).
[190] See Mind and Body for May-July, 1906 (13, 65, 97, 129).
[191] See Mind and Body for December, 1906 (13, 289).
[192] For the Giessen period consult:
Robert Wesselhöft, “Deutsche Jugend in weiland Burschenschaften und Turngemeinden.” Magdeburg, W. Heinrichshofen, 1828.
Friedrich Münch, “Erinnerungen aus Deutschlands trübster Zeit.” St. Louis, Conrad Witter, 1873.
Ferdinand Marx, “Die Giessener sogenannten Schwarzen als Verbreiter des Turnwesens,” in Neue Jahrbücher der Turnkunst 27 (1881): 23-30, 66-73, and 106-113.
Moritz Zettler, in Deutsche Turnzeitung 1882, pp. 9, 25, 45.
Karl Wassmannsdorff, in Deutsche Turnzeitung 1882, pp. 269, 295, 319, 333, 345, and 355.
Kuno Francke, “Karl Follen and the German Liberal Movement,” in Papers of the American Historical Association, 5, parts 1-2 (January and April 1891).
Herman Haupt, “Karl Follen und die Giessener Schwarzen.” Giessen, Alfred Töpelmann, 1907.
Herman Haupt, “Zur Geschichte des Giessener Ehrenspiegels.” Pp. 202-214 in “Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte der Burschenschaft und der deutschen Einheitsbewegung,” Band II, Heft 1-2. Heidelberg, Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1911.
[193] For the Sand episode, and Follen’s relation to it, consult J. Sauerbrey in Neue Jahrbücher der Turnkunst 35 (1889): 98, 149, 196, 253, 301, 341, and 405; and Hermann and Münch in Deutsche Turnzeitung 1880, pp. 185 and 403.
[194] See “Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor” (Boston, 1876), Vol. 1, p. 351.
[195] Same Account of the School for the Liberal Education of Boys, established on Round Hill, Northampton, Massachusetts, by Joseph G. Cogswell and George Bancroft. 19 pages.
[196] “Some Souvenirs of Round Hill School.” In Old and New (Boston) 6, 27-41 (July, 1872).
[197] In his “Physical Training in American Colleges and Universities.” Circulars of Information of the Bureau of Education, No. 5, 1885. Washington, 1886. See page 22.
[198] A Treatise on Gymnasticks, taken chiefly from the German of F. L. Jahn. Northampton, Mass., Simeon Butler, 1828.
[199] Pages 104 and 105 in “The Life of Charles Follen,” by (his wife) E. L. Follen, Boston, Thomas H. Webb & Co., 1844. This “Life” also forms Vol. I of “The Works of Charles Follen, with a Memoir of His Life.” In five volumes, Boston, Hilliard, Gray & Co., 1842.
[200] Page 107 in her “Life of Charles Follen.”
[201] July 2. Quoted in part in the Boston Medical Intelligencer, 5, p. 133, (July 10, 1827).
[202] The Life of John Collins Warren, M.D. (Boston, Ticknor and Fields, 1860).
[203] A manuscript account of the latter trip, written by Lieber, was found among Massmann’s papers, and published in the Deutsche Turnzeitung for 1895 (pp. 637-642 and 686-690), with introduction and notes by Dr. Karl Wassmannsdorff.
[204] Lieber’s own ideas regarding the nature and means of physical training are preserved for us in two articles contributed by him to the American Journal of Education of August, 1827 (2, pp. 487-491), and the American Quarterly Review of March, 1828 (3, pp. 126-150).
[205] The main facts regarding Beck’s life are given in “The Christian Citizen. A Discourse Occasioned by the Death of Charles Beck.” Delivered March 25, 1866, before the First Parish in Cambridge, by William Newell. Cambridge, Sever and Francis, 1866. See also pp. 124-126 in Andrew P. Peabody’s “Harvard Reminiscences” (Boston, Ticknor & Co., 1888).
[206] The first volume of his “History of the United States” was published four years later.
[207] See also pp. 116-123 in Andrew P. Peabody’s “Harvard Reminiscences” (Boston, Ticknor and Co., 1888).
[208] Sources: Thomas S. Perry, “The Life and Letters of Francis Lieber” (Boston, James R. Osgood & Co., 1882); and Lewis R. Harley, “Francis Lieber: His Life and Political Philosophy” (New York, The Columbia University Press, 1899). See also Eduard Dürre’s “Erinnerungen” in Deutsche Turn-Zeitung 1872, pp. 286 and 293; and Karl Ulrich in Deutsche Turn-Zeitung 1874, pp. 227 and 228.
[209] “Memoir of John Griscom, LL.D.,” by his son, John H. Griscom, M.D. (New York, Robert Carter & Bros., 1859). An article based on this volume was published in Barnard’s American Journal of Education for June, 1860 (8, pp. 325-347).
[210] “A Year in Europe, Comprising a Journal of Observations in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Switzerland, the North of Italy, and Holland, in 1818 and 1819.” Two volumes. New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, 1823.
[211] The word is spelled Amonton in Griscom’s book!
[212] See the American Journal of Education for January, 1826 (1, pp. 50-52).
[213] See the American Journal of Education for January, 1827 (2, pp. 58-60).
[214] See an article in Mind and Body 12, 313-319, based on an examination of volumes 1-3 of the American Journal of Education (1826-1828).
[215] Dr. Hartwell (Report to the Boston School Committee, December, 1891, page 20) says that Tutor Hopkins “had been sent on a mission to Round Hill to investigate the construction and working of its gymnasium.”
[216] It was published in the Intelligencer for September 18, 1827 (5, pp. 291-294).
[217] Francis Wayland, appointed President of Brown University in February, 1827.
[218] Born in Portland, Maine, in 1793; died there in 1876. The chief source of information concerning Neal is his “Wandering Recollections of a Somewhat Busy Life. An Autobiography” (Boston, Roberts Brothers, 1869). His letters from England are quoted in the American Journal of Education, 1 (1826), pp. 375 and 699-700; and 2 (1827), pp. 55 and 56. Consult also The (New York) Continental Monthly for September, 1862 (2, pp. 275-281), and The New American Cyclopædia, 12, pp. 150 and 151 (New York, 1861).
[219] Voelker, born about 1796, was according to his own story a pupil of Jahn’s and had served among the volunteers in the War of Liberation. As a student at the University of Jena he assisted in organizing the first Burschenschaft, became one of its directors, and exercised on the Jena Turnplatz. In September of 1818 he went to Tübingen, at the request of a delegation of students from its university, to help them start a Burschenschaft and open a Turnplatz (see p. 98). In the course of the investigation that followed the murder of Kotzebue by Sand the government of Württemberg was asked to surrender Voelker for arrest as a suspected accomplice. This was refused, but so much pressure was at length brought to bear that in order to save the ministry further embarrassment he crossed into Switzerland. Some years later he arrived in London, bearing letters of recommendation to Jeremy Bentham and Henry Brougham (later Lord Chancellor). Apparently in the spring or early summer of 1825, after three months’ study of the English language, he opened with Bentham’s help a garden Turnplatz at No. 1 Union Place, New Road, near Regent’s Park, at the same time receiving pupils in German. Later in the same season he rented Mr. Fontaine’s riding-school on Worship Street, Finsbury Square, using this also as a gymnasium. He afterwards returned to Switzerland, and lived there until his death at Kappel, in St. Gall, October 2, 1884. The fullest account of Voelker’s life is that by Eduard Dürre (“Rückblicke und Träume eines alten Turners”) in the Deutsche Turn-Zeitung for 1872 (17, pp. 103-107, 127-129, 136 and 137). See also Neue Jahrbücher für die Turnkunst for 1881, p. 72, and 1885, p. 43. On the London gymnasium consult the American Journal of Education, 1 (1826), pp. 375, 430-432, 502-506, 625 and 626; and 2 (1827), pp. 55 and 56. Volume 1 of “The Every-Day Book” by William Hone (London, 1826) contains under date of September 25 (1825) some additional particulars, and a drawing made for this article “by Mr. George Cruikshank, after his personal observation of Mr. Voelker’s gymnasium in the New-road.”
[220] In the pines back of the present site of Sargent Gymnasium. A report of the Visiting Committee to the Board of Trustees and Overseers of Bowdoin College, dated September 2, 1828, contains the following: “The committee would introduce to the favorable notice of the Trustees and Overseers the Gymnasium which has been recently established. We have had some opportunity of witnessing its exercises and are convinced that its effects are highly salutary.... These exercises are voluntary, few however decline them. Those who have associated as Gymnics have presented a request that a shed may be erected for their accommodation. But highly as we approve of the association we think that this request cannot now be acceded to. Other and more pressing wants of the college demand all its funds.” This outdoor gymnasium was in existence until the early sixties, when the college fitted up for similar uses a building formerly occupied as a college common.
[221] For references to private gymnasia opened in New York and Philadelphia at this period see Mind and Body, 12, 350 and 351 (February, 1906).