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A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 2 (of 2)

Chapter 237: {241}
By Henry O. Forbes
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About This Book

The volume presents a systematic, species-by-species account of Old World primates — macaques, mangabeys, guenons, colobines, langurs, gibbons and the great apes — offering diagnostic descriptions, notes on variation, and information on habitat and geographic range. It adds treatments of extinct forms, a detailed systematic index, illustrative plates and distribution maps, and commentary on museum material and the practical difficulties of collecting, while outlining taxonomic groupings, comparative anatomical features, and remaining gaps in knowledge that limit precise range determinations.

The black type indicates extinct or fossil species. The names of species peculiar to a certain area are printed in ordinary type, and those which are common to two or more areas are indicated by italics.

A. PALÆARCTIC REGION.

A1. ARCTIC SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species — —

A2. EURASIAN SUB-REGION.

A2. α. EUROPEAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — 3 Peculiar genera — 3
,, species — 200 ,, species — 9

The following species formerly existed in the Province:—

LEMUROIDEA.

1. Michrochærus antiquus. 2. M. erinaceus. 3. M. edwardsi. 4. M. parvulus. 5. M. zitteli. 6. M. armatus. 7. M. (Cryptopithecus) siderolithicus. 8. Plesiadapis remensis. 9. P. gervaisi. 10. P. tournesarti. 11. P. daubrei. 12. Protoadapis crassicuspidens. 13. P. recticuspidens. 14. Adapis parisiensis. 15. A. lemuroides. 16. A. magna. 17. A. augustidens. 18. A. minor. 19. Pelycodus helveticus. 20. Hyopsodus jurensis.

ANTHROPOIDEA.

1. Macacus priscus. 2. M. pliocenus. 3. M. suevicus. 4. Dolichopithecus ruscinensis. 5. Colobus grandævus. 6. Pliopithecus antiquus. 7. P. chantrei. 8. Hylobates sp. 9. Dryopithecus fontani.

A2. β. EAST SIBERIAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera absent Peculiar genera absent
,, species ,, ,, species ,,

A3. MANCHURIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species 2 —

In this Sub-region the following species are found at the present day:—

1. Macacus fuscatus. 2. M. tcheliensis.

A4. MEDITERRANEO-ASIATIC SUB-REGION.

A4. α. MEDITERRANEAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — 2
,, species — — ,, species 1 6

The following species are characteristic of this Province:—

1. Papio atlanticus. 2. Oreopithecus bambolii. 3. Macacus inuus (living and fossil). 4. M. florentinus. 5. M. trarensis. 6. Mesopithecus pentelici. 7. Semnopithecus monspessulanus.

A4. β. MEDITERRANEO-PERSIC PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera absent Peculiar genera absent
,, species ,, ,, species ,,

A4. γ. MONGOLIAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species — —

B. ETHIOPIAN REGION.

B1. SAHARAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species — —

B2. SOUDANESE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species 3 —

In this Sub-region the following species appear to be found:—

1. Galago senegalensis. 2. G. demidoffi. 3. Papio maimon. 4. P. babuin. 5. P. sphinx. 6. P. hamadryas. 7. Cercopithecus sabæus. 8. C. neglectus. 9. C. patas. 10. C. pyrrhonotus.

B3. WEST AFRICAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera 1 — Peculiar genera 2 —
,, species 4 — ,, species 370 —

In this Sub-region the following species occur:—

1. Perodicticus calabarensis. 2. P. potto. 3. Galago alleni. 4. G. demidoffi. 5. G. monteiri. 6. Papio maimon. 7. P. leucophæus. 8. P. babuin. 9. P. anubis. 10. P. sphinx. 11. Cercocebus fuliginosus. 12. C. æthiops. 13. C. albigena. 14. C. aterrimus. 15. Cercopithecus petaurista. 16. C. signatus. 17. C. erythrogaster. 18. C. buettikoferi. 19. C. martini. 20. C. ludio. 21. C. melanogenys. 22. C. nictitans. 23. C. stampflii. 24. C. erythrotis. 25. C. cephus. 26. C. cynosurus. 27. C. callitrichus. 28. C. mona. 29. C. albigularis. 30. C. campbelli. 31. C. leucampyx. 32. C. grayi. 33. C. pogonias. 34. C. diana. 35. C. palatinus. 36. C. brazzæ. 37. C. talapoin. 38. C. nigripes. 39. C. wolfi. 40. Colobus verus. 41. C. ferrugineus. 42. C. satanas. 43. C. ursinus. 44. C. vellerosus. [?45. C. angolensis.] 46. C. guereza. 47. Gorilla gorilla. 48. Anthropopithecus niger. 49. A. calvus.

B4. ABYSSINIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera 1 —
,, species — — ,, species 5 —

This Sub-region is the habitat of the following species:—

1. Papio doguera. 2. P. babuin. 3. P. thoth. 4. P. hamadryas. 5. Theropithecus gelada. 6. T. obscurus. 7. Cercopithecus sabæus. 8. C. boutourlini. 9. Colobus guereza.

B5. EAST AFRICAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species 1 — ,, species 11 —

In this Sub-region occur the following species:—

1. Galago senegalensis. 2. G. garnetti. 3. G. crassicaudata. 4. Papio babuin. 5. P. ibeanus. 6. P. sphinx. 7. P. langheldi. 8. Cercocebus galeritus. 9. Cercopithecus rufo-viridis. 10. C. schmidti. 11. C. albigularis. 12. C. pygerythrus. 13. C. ochraceus. 14. C. stairsi. 15. C. moloneyi. 16. C. leucampyx. 17. Colobus rufo-mitratus. 18. C. kirki. 19. C. angolensis. 20. C. guereza. 21. C. caudatus.

B6. SOUTH-AFRICAN SUB-REGION.

α. CAPE PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species 1 —

The following species inhabit this Province:—

1. Papio porcarius; Cercopithecus pygerythrus.

β. NATALESE PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species 1 —

The following species occur within this Province:—

1. Galago senegalensis. 2. G. crassicaudata. 3. Cercopithecus pygerythrus. 4. C. albigularis. 5. C. samango.

B7. CAMERONIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species — —

In this Sub-region the following species occur:—

1. Cercopithecus albigularis. 2. Colobus caudatus.

B8. LEMURIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera 12 2 Peculiar genera — —
,, species 34 2 ,, species 1 —

The following species are peculiar to this Sub-region:—

1. Chiromys madagascariensis; Chirogale, 4 species; Microcebus, 4 species; Opolemur, 2 species; Lemur, 8 species; Megaladapis madagascariensis; Gen. ined.; Mixocebus caniceps; Hapalemur, 2 species, Lepidolemur, 7 species; Avahis laniger; Propithecus, 3 species; Indris brevicaudatus.

C. INDIAN REGION.

C1. INDIAN-PENINSULAR SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera 1 — Peculiar genera — —
,, species 1 — ,, species 6 4

The following species are characteristic of this Sub-region:—

1. Loris gracilis. 2. Papio sub-himalayanus. 3. P. falconeri. 4. Macacus rhesus. 5. M. pileatus. 6. M. sinicus. 7. M. sivalensis. 8. Semnopithecus entellus.[4] 9. S. priamus. 10. S. hypoleucus. 11. S. cephalopterus. 12. S. palæindicus.

C2. INDO-MALAYAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera 2 —
,, species 1 — ,, species 190 —

III. MAP, Showing the distribution of the Family Chiromyidæ, and of the Sub-families Lemurinæ and Indrisinæ (Blue), and of the Lorisinæ (Red) of the Lemuridæ.

IV. MAP, Showing the distribution of Living (Blue) and Fossil (Red) Anthropoidea.

The following species are found in this Sub-region:—

1. Tarsius tarsius. 2. T. fuscus. 3. Nycticebus tardigradus. 4. Macacus rufescens. 5. M. nemestrinus. 6. M. cynomolegus. 7. Semnopithecus sabanus. 8. S. hosii. 9. S. thomasi. 10. S. everetti. 11. S. cruciger. 12. S. obscurus. 13. S. maurus. 14. S. femoralis. 15. S. rubicundus. 16. S. natunæ. 17. S. frontatus. 18. S. melanolophus. 19. S. mitratus. 20. Nasalis larvatus. 21. Hylobates agilis. 22. H. leuciscus. 23. H. lar. 24. H. syndactylus. 25. Simia satyrus.

C3. INDO-CHINESE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species 13 —

The following species inhabit this Sub-region:—

1. Nycticebus tardigradus. 2. Macacus leoninus. 3. M. rhesus. 4. M. sancti-johannis. 5. M. Cyclops. 6. M. cynomologus. 7. Semnopithecus barbii. 8. S. pileatus. 9. S. obscurus. 10. S. germaini. 11. S. phayrii. 12. S. nemæus. 13. S. nigripes. 14. S. siamensis.[5] 15. Hylobates agilis. 16. H. leucogenys. 17. H. hoolock. 18. H. lar. 19. H. hainanus.

C4. HIMALO-CHINESE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species 3 —

The following species occur in this Sub-region:—

1. Macacus arctoides. 2. M. lasiotis. 3. Semnopithecus roxellanæ. 4. S. schistaceus.

C5. HIMALO-MALAYAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species 4 —

The following species occur in this Sub-region:—

1. Macacus arctoides. 2. M. assamensis. 3. M. silenus. 4. Semnopithecus johni. 5. S. ursinus.

D. AUSTRALIAN REGION.

D1. CELEBESIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species 2 —

The following species are found within this Sub-region:—

1. Tarsius fuscus. 2. Cynopithecus niger. 3. Macacus maurus. 4. M. cynomologus.

D2. MOLUCCAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species — —

Only one species is found in this Sub-region:—

Macacus cynomologus. (Timor; Lombock.)

D3. PAPUAN. D4. AUSTRALIAN. D5. NEW ZEALAND. D6. FIJIAN. D7. HAWAIAN SUB-REGIONS.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species — —

Both orders are unknown in these Sub-regions.

E. NEARCTIC REGION.

E1. ARCTIC SUB-REGION.

α. ARCTIC PROVINCE.

1. Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea—recent and extinct—unknown.

β. ALASKAN ARCTIC PROVINCE.

1. Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea—recent and extinct—unknown.

E2. WARM TEMPERATE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — 15 Peculiar genera — —
,, species — 30 ,, species — —

The following species have been found fossil in this Sub-region:—

1. Mixodectes pungens. 2. M. crassiusculus. 3. Cynodontomys latidens. 4. Omomys carteri. 5. Anaptomorphus æmulus. 6. A. homunculus. 7. Adapis tenebrosus. 8. Tomitherium rostratum. 9. Laopithecus robustus. 10. L. lemurinus. 11. Pelycodus jarrovii. 12. P. tutus. 13. P. frugivorus. 14. P. angulatus. 15. Microsyops spierianus. 16. M. elegans. 17. M. scottianus. 18. Hyopsodus acolytus. 19. H. paulus. 20. H. minusculus. 21. H. vicarius. 22. H. powellianus. 23. Indrodon sp. 24. Opisthotomus sp. 25. Apheliscus sp. 26. Sarcolemur sp. 27. Hipposyus sp. 28. Bathrodon sp. 29. Mesacodon sp. 30. Stenacodon sp.

E3. COLD TEMPERATE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species — —

Both the orders of Primates are absent from this Sub-region.

F. NEOTROPICAL REGION.

F1. ANTILLEAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species — —

Both orders of the Primates are absent from this Sub-region.

F2. CENTRAL AMERICAN SUB-REGION.

α. MEXICAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species — —

The following species is recognised from this Province[6]:—

1. Ateles vellerosus.

β. ISTHMIAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species 4 —

The following species are inhabitants of this Province:—

1. Midas rosalia. 2. M. geoffroyi. 3. Chrysothrix œrstedi. 4. Nyctipithecus rufipes. 5. Alouatta villosa. 6. A. palliata. 7. Cebus hypoleucus. 8. Ateles geoffroyi. 9. A. rufiventris. 10. A. ater. 11. A. vellerosus.

F3. SUB-ANDEAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera — —
,, species — — ,, species 7 —

The following species are recorded as inhabiting this Sub-region:—

1. Hapale leucopus. 2. Midas rosalia. 3. M. geoffroyi. 4. M. œdipus. 5. Chrysothrix sciurea. 6. Callithrix ornata. 7. Nyctipithecus temurinus. 8. N. felinus. 9. Alouatta senicula. 10. Cebus hypoleucus. 11. C. fatuellus. 12. C. capucinus. 13. C. albifrons. 14. C. chrysopus. 15. Lagothrix lagothrix. 16. L. infumatus. 17. Ateles variegatus. 18. A. geoffroyi. 19. A. rufiventris. 20. A. ater. 21. A. fusciceps. 22. A. cucullatus.

F4. AMAZONIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera — — Peculiar genera 2 —
,, species — — ,, species 340 —

The following species are found in this Sub-region:—