A history of economic doctrines

INDEX

In the longer paragraphs a number standing alone, and separated by a semicolon from the preceding sentence, indicates a reference of smaller importance. Such numbers are, of course, not connected with the sentence preceding them.

“Abbots’ Party,” 508
Ability, rent of, 549-552, 582, 583
“Abstinence,” 350
“Abuse of rights,” 606
Act of Union of 1707, Adam Smith on, 266
Act of Union of 1800, 104
Adamson, Professor, 529 n.
Adler, G., 615 n.
Aftalion, A., 184 n.
Agneta Park, 255
Agoult, Mme. d’, 292 n.
Agriculture, the sole source of the “net product,” 12, 14;
the Physiocratic influence upon the conception of, 17;
the inherent distinction between industry and, 17-18;
workers in, ignored by the Physiocrats, 22 n.;
Condillac on, 49 n.;
viewed by Quesnay as the source of all wealth, 56;
Smith and the superior productivity of, 64, 90, 112;
Smith’s admiration for, 67-68;
Buchanan on, 143;
the future of, 155-157;
List and Protection and, 276 and n.;
Carey and Protection and, 283
Agriculturist, the, predominant importance of, in the Physiocratic hierarchy of classes, 61
Aix-la-Chapelle, 281 n.
Alexander II, Tsar, 639 n.
Algeria, 339 n.
Allgemeiner deutscher Arbeiterverein, 432
Allix, M., 117 n., 207 n.
Alton Locke, 504
America—see United States
Anarchism, vii, xv;
the development of, 516;
a fusion of Liberal and socialist doctrines, 614;
and the State, 615, 623-624, 625, 626, 627;
Proudhon the father of, 615;
indebtedness of, to Greek philosophy, 615 n.;
philosophical and literary anarchism, 615, 619;
Stirner and the cult of the individual, 615-619;
and syndicalism, 619 n.;
Bakunin, 619-620;
Kropotkin, 621-622;
the principles of social and political anarchism, 622-629;
and the individual, 622-623;
and humanity, 623;
and government, 624-627;
and property, 626-627;
and marriage, 627;
and free contract, 627-628;
and reason and science, 628-629, 641;
the anarchist conception of society, 629-636;
criticism of the social ideal, 634-636;
and revolution, 637-640, 641;
its influence, 640-642;
and individualism and socialism, 640;
and syndicalism, 641;
the moral element in the doctrine, 641
Anarchists, and the cult of the “noble savage,” 7
Anarchy, Proudhon and, 311 n.
Anderson, J., 148 n.-149 n.
Andler, C., 321 n., 416 n., 435 n.
Antoine, Father, 499 n.
Antonelli, É., 251 n., 537 n.
Argenson, Marquis d’, 11 n.
Aristotle, 401;
on value, 451 n.; 590 n.
Arkwright, R., 65
Ashley, W. J., v, vi, xi, 385 n., 387, 391 n., 406
Association, 231, 233;
Robert Owen and, 237;
Blanc and, 256, 257, 260, 263;
Buchez and, 258;
Leroux and, 263;
Cabet and, 263-264;
Proudhon and, 297 and nn., 315 n.; 300;
the French Liberal school and, 325;
Stuart Mill and, 370;
Le Play and, 491 n.;
the Christian Socialists and, 504-506, 507 n.;
Kingsley on, 505 n.;
solidarity and, 602, 613-614;
and exchange, 613 n.
Associative socialists, 227, 231-235;
and the Physiocrats, 232-233;
and competition, 233-234;
Blanc and, 263
Auburtin, F., 487 n.
Aucuy, M., 316 n.
Aulard, F., 200 n.
Aupetit, J. J., 529 n., 530 n., 537 n., 539 n., 543 n.
Auspitz, Herr, 529 n.
Austria, and the Zollverein, 268;
Social Catholicism in, 499 n.;
anarchism in, 640
Austrian school, xv, 48, 397 n., 521, 522 n., 541, 544 and n., 581
Avances foncières, 22, 23 n., 25
Avances souveraines, 38 n.
Avenel, M. d’, 546
Babeuf, F., 200 and nn., 256, 436 n.
“Back to the land,” in Fourier’s system, 251-252;
Tolstoy and, 513
Baden, 268 n.
Baden, the Margrave of (Abbé Roubaud), and the Physiocrats, 4 n., 5;
the Physiocratic experiment of, 44
Bakunin, M., 449 n., 459 n., 615, 616, 619-620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 626 and nn., 627, 628, 630, 631 n., 634 n., 637-640, 641
“Balance of trade” theory, Mercier de la Rivière on, 31;
David Hume and, 53;
Adam Smith and, 98;
Ricardo and, 163-165; 285;
List and, 285 n.
Bank Act, English, of 1822, 166;
of 1844, 166
Bank of Amsterdam, 85
Bank, Bonnard’s, 316 n.-317 n.
Bank of England, 166
Bank of Exchange—see Exchange Bank
Bank of France, 305, 311, 312, 314, 638
Bank-notes, Adam Smith and, 85, 96;
Ricardo and, 165-167;
and Proudhon’s exchange notes, 311-312
Banks, Adam Smith and, 85, 96;
Ricardo and, 138, 139 n., 163, 167;
in the Saint-Simonians’ system, 218-219 and n., 226;
Fourier’s co-operative, 251 n.;
influence on crises in the money market, 285 n.;
Count Mollien and, 314;
the Raiffeisen agricultural credit banks, 503 n.
Barone, Signor M., 529 n.
Barrès, A. M., 254 n.
Bastiat, F., xv, 92, 93, 115, 117, 118 n., 146 n., 156, 160, 163 n., 223 n., 277 n.;
and the Classical school, 322;
and Protection, 323, 328 n., 329; 324;
and liberty, 324 n.;
and State intervention, 325 n., 408-409;
and the Liberal school, 327;
Carey and, 327-328;
his career, 328 n.;
and socialism, 328 n., 329;
criticism of, 329;
estimate of his work, 329 and n.;
and individualism, 330;
his theory of universal harmony, 330-346;
and the Providential order, 331;
his theory of service-value, 332-335;
and Proudhon, 333 n.-334 n.;
his law of free utility, 335-337;
and the proprietor, 336;
and rent, 337-340, 425, 545, 546;
and the relation of profits to wages, 340-342, 427;
on the subordination of producer to consumer, 342-343;
and solidarity, 344-345; 363 n.;
and international exchange, 365;
and Optimism, 377;
and the State, 438 n., 439; 459 n., 516, 572, 589;
his fable, The Blind and the Paralytic, 608; 617, 624;
and government and society, 631 n.
Baudeau, the Abbé, on the Physiocrats, 3 n.;
a member of the Physiocratic school, 4 n.;
on the “natural order,” 10;
on the productivity of agriculture, 13 n.;
on industry and commerce, 13;
on the Tableau économique, 18 n., 20 n.;
on the dependence of the productive classes on the landed proprietors, 22 n.;
on the landed proprietors as nobility, 22 n.;
and the origin and justification of private property, 22;
on the avances foncières, 23 n., 25 n.;
on the duties of landed proprietors, 25;
on the regard to be paid to the peasants, 26;
on useless laws, 33 n.;
on the Greek states, 34 n.;
on the sovereignty of the people, 36 n.;
on the supreme will, 36 n.;
on education, 37;
on international antagonism, 37 n.;
on the three errors of States, 37 n.-38 n.;
on avances souveraines, 38 n.;
on the revenue from land, 40 n.;
on the sovereign, 41 n.;
on the gross and net revenue, 43 n.; 118 n.
Bauer, Bruno, 616
Bauer, Professor S., 19 nn.
Bavaria, Tariff Union between Würtemberg and, 268
Bazard, St. A., 201 n., 211, 212, 213
Bebel, F. A., 437
Bentham, J., 96 n., 586
Béranger, J. P. de, 331
Berens, E., 547 n.
Bergson, H., 403 n.
Bernstein, E., 473, 474 n., 475 and n., 479, 480 n.
Berth, É., 479 n., 619 n., 642 n.
Berthélemy, H., 569 n.
Biological method, 544 n.
Biological Naturalism, the school of, 593 n.
Bismarck, Prince, and Lassalle, 414; 436;
and State Socialism, 445
Blanc, Louis, 169, 198, 227, 235;
quality of his work, 255-256;
and competition, 256-257, 260;
and association, 257-261, 263;
and interest, 259-260;
a pioneer of State Socialism, 261, 262, 414;
and State intervention, 262, 414; 290;
Proudhon and, 296 n.; 300;
and the Revolution of 1848, 300-306;
Lassalle and, 434; 599, 607 n.
Blanqui, A., 197, 295
Blind and the Paralytic, The, Bastiat’s fable, 608
Block, M., 375
Böhm-Bawerk, E. von, on capital, 71 n.;
on Adam Smith’s conception of the determinant of value, 78 n.-79 n.; 150;
and Bastiat, 329; 474 n., 516;
on the Classical school, 518 n.;
on wages, 520; 522 n.;
on final utility, 523 n.;
his theory of interest, 530, 540; 541 n., 583
Boisguillebert, P., 29 n., 33 n., 54
Bon prix, the, 15-16, 29, 45
Bonar, J., 52 n., 121
Bonnard’s Bank, 316 n.-317 n.
Booth, C., 388
Bortkevitch, V., 529 n.
Bouglé, C., 594 n.
Bourgeois, L., 593-599, 603 nn., 605 n.
Bourgin, H., 201 n., 246 n., 265 n.
Bourguin, M., 231 n., 320 n., 449 n.
Bournville, 255, 513 n.
Bouvier, M., 538 n.
Boyve, M. de, 508 n.
Brandes, G., 432 n.
Brants, V., xi
Braun, K., 368
Bray, J. F., 315, 316
“Brazen law of wages,” the, 361, 426, 433, 453 n., 541
Brentano, L., 386, 389 n.
Briand, M., 251 n.
Bright, John, 366
Brissot de Warville, J. P., 200 n., 292 n.
Brodnitz, Herr, 445 n.
Brook Farm, 255 n.
Brunetière, F., 485 n.
Brunhes, Mme., 510 n.
Brunswick, 268 n.
Buccleuch, Duke of, and Adam Smith, 51 n.
Buchanan, J., 52 n., 143
Bücher, K., 252 n., 271 n., 386, 397
Bucher, L., 414
Buchez, P., 258, 259, 306, 496 and n., 505
Buffon, the Comte de, 121, 523 n.
Buisson, M., 249 n., 603 n.
Buonarotti, F., 256 and n.
Bureau, P., 493 n., 495 n.
Buret, A. E., 197
Burgin, M., 95 n.
Cabet, É., 233, 235, 246, 263-264, 290, 296 n., 297
Cairnes, J. E., 329, 374-375, 387
Calvin, John, 503 n.
Cameralists, 110, 383
Campanella, T., 200 n., 246
Cannan, Dr. E., v, 52 n., 56 n., 71 n., 79 n., 145 and n., 427 n., 549 n.
Canonists, the, 110
Cantillon, R., 46
Capital, Adam Smith and, 56, 71-73, 89-91;
Ricardo and the identification of, with labour, 149-150;
the law of the concentration of, 187;
Saint-Simon and, 206, 214;
the Saint-Simonians and, 214;
Proudhon and, 293, 308-309, 310, 313-314;
Bastiat and, 340-342;
Colson and, 342 n.;
Dunoyer on, 347 n.;
Senior and, 350;
Marx and, 455-465;
Marx’s law of the concentration of, 459-465, 475-476;
the socialist’s conception of, 459-460;
the Marxian school and, 467 n.;
the productivity theory of, 502;
final utility and, 528;
the rent of, 548-549 n., 558 n.;
the rent of fixed, 556, 583;
Henry George on the relation of labour to, 564-565;
co-operators and, 605 n.
Capitalism, Marx and, 461-462
Carey, H. C., and trade, 28;
and rent, 115, 338-340, 425, 545, 546; 156, 278;
and Protection, 282-284;
and Free Trade, 282-283;
and List, 284; 289 n.;
and the Optimistic school, 327;
and Bastiat, 327-328, 340;
and the Ricardian theory of value, 332; 333 n.;
and Bastiat’s profits theory, 342 n.;
and solidarity, 345;
his population theory, 346; 549, 572
Carey, M., 278
Carlyle, T., 196, 511, 512 n.
Carnot, H., 212, 213 n.
Carnot, S., 367 n.
Carrel, A., 212
Cartwright, E., 65
Carver, J. N., 522 n.
Catherine, Empress of Russia, and the Physiocrats, 5;
and Mercier de la Rivière, 34
Catholic Church, Roman, 485
Catholic Socialism, 495
Catholicism, and the economic order, 483 n., 484 n.;
Social Catholicism, 495-503
Cauwès, P., 285 n.
Cazamian, L., 510 n.
Chambre consultative des Associations de Production, 257 n.
Channing, W. E., 255 n., 504 n.
Chapelier, Le, decree of, 233 n.
Chaptal, J. A., 112, 277 n., 278 n., 281 n.
Charity, solidarism distinguished from, 614 n.
Charléty, S., 226 n.
Charmont, M., 607 n.
Charter of 1814, 205
Chartist movement, the, 235
Chatelain, M., 50 n., 369 n., 415 n., 427 n.
Cherbuliez, A. É., 376, 541 n.
Chevalier, M., 212, 213, 226, 289 n., 366, 375, 411-412, 444
Child, Sir J., 54
Chrematistic school, 178-179
Christian Social Union, 506 n.
Christian Socialism (Social Protestantism), xv, 378, 495, 503-509;
origin of the movement, 503-504;
and association, 504-506;
and moral reform, 505, 509;
and private property, 506;
the movement in America, 506;
in Germany and in Switzerland, 507;
in France, 508;
and solidarity, 508;
and individualism, 509
Christian Socialists, 111, 196, 370, 483;
and socialism, 483-485;
and Classical Liberalism, 484;
and the “natural order,” 484;
and Marx’s collectivism, 485;
and State Socialism, 485;
their doctrines, and their influence, 486;
and economic theory, 515
Christianity, economic doctrines inspired by, 483-514
Christliche Gewerkvereine, 501
Civitas Solis, 246
Clark, J. B., 522 n., 527, 542 n., 552, 564 n.
“Class war,” 465 n., 471, 478, 479, 481-482
Classical school, doctrine of, xv;
the Physiocratic doctrine and, 10;
List and, 169;
and the critical school, 170;
Sismondi and, 174, 177, 179, 195-196;
and machinery, 180, 182;
and over-production, 181;
resemblance of doctrines of, to those of Marx, 181;
and competition, 182;
and the beneficence of the spontaneous economic forces, 230;
and Free Trade, 264;
List and, 289, 290;
severance of, into English and French schools, 322;
apogee and decline of, 348-376;
Senior and, 349-350;
spread of the doctrines of, 351-352;
Stuart Mill and, 352, 353, 354, 368, 374;
and natural laws, 354-366;
called the Individualist school, 355;
and individualism, 355-356;
and liberty, 356;
definition of, 356 n., 357 n.;
and laissez-faire, 357;
and international exchange, 363;
doctrines of, in the middle of the nineteenth century, 366-367;
and peasant proprietorship, 371 n.;
decline of the Classical doctrine, 378;
Roscher and Hildebrand and, 383-385;
Knies and, 384;
the Historical school’s criticism of, 385, 389-398, 517;
and self-interest, 393-394;
and the deductive method, 395-396; 407;
Hermann and, 410-411;
and distribution, 422;
State Socialism and, 438;
and Marxism, 467, 472;
Carlyle and, 511;
the Hedonists and, 518-521, 539, 541 n., 544;
and rent, 520, 547;
and price, 520;
and value, 530 n., 558
Clavières, É., 107
Cobden, R., 280, 323, 328 n., 360, 366, 375
Colbert, J. B., 11 n., 280
Colbertian system, Physiocracy antagonistic to, 29;
and agriculture and industry, 30 n.; 97, 178
Colins, Baron, 155, 560
Collectivism, xv;
the Saint-Simonians and, 201, 202, 211, 218-221, 231;
of Marx, 250, 459 n., 485;
development of, 378;
origin of the term, 459 n.;
and property, 464 and n.;
and Christian Socialism, 509;
the working-class ideal, 516, 579;
the Fabian, 581;
Kropotkin and, 627
Collinsists, 465 n.
Colson, L. C., 342 n., 427 n., 537 n.
Combination Laws, 361
Commerce, regarded as unproductive by the Physiocrats, 13
Communism, Sismondi and, 194;
Marx and, 221, 459 n., 464;
Cabet and, 264;
Proudhon and, 298, 300;
Bastiat and, 337;
Stuart Mill and, 353, 367;
Ruskin and, 513;
Tolstoy and, 513;
Kropotkin and, 627
Communists, the, Proudhon and, 296 and n.
Competition, Sismondi and, 182-184, 186, 193 n., 198;
Adam Smith and, 182;
the Associationists and, 233-234;
Robert Owen and, 240;
Blanc and, 256-257, 260;
Ollivier on, 325;
Stuart Mill on, 353, 358;
free, the Classical school and, 358, 544;
Cairnes and, 375;
the State Socialists and, 440;
F. D. Maurice and, 504 n.;
free, the Hedonists and, 518, 541-542, 605 n.;
free, Walras and, 541-542; 543
Composite rent, 552
Comptabilisme sociale, 242
Comte, A., 36 n., 201 n., 203 and n., 211;
and Saint-Simon, 222;
and the spontaneity of the “natural order,” 331; 335, 352, 367, 374 n.;
and the Historical method, 404-405;
and the equality of men, 486 n.;
and solidarity, 589, 601 n.;
and the sociological analogy, 590 n.; 595
Comte, C., 207
Condé-sur-Vesgres, Fourier colony at, 255 n.
Condillac, É. B. de, xiii, 46, 47, 48-50, 74, 75, 109 and n., 117, 118 n., 523 n.
Condorcet, M. C., 122, 224
Confédération général du Travail, 480, 502, 640
Congress of Catholic Circles, 498 n.
Considérant, V., 234 n., 255, 264, 296 n., 301, 303, 304, 599, 607 n.
Consumer, Bastiat and the subordination of producer to, 342-343
Consumer’s rent, 527 n.
Consumers and social reorganisation, 605 n.
Consumption, the Psychological school and, 526-527;
the Mathematical school and, 530
Continental Blockade, the, 266, 279
Cooper, W., 244
Co-operation, Fourier and Owen and, 234, 257;
in Fourier’s Phalanstère, 246-252, 257;
Blanc and, 257-263, 306;
Buchez and, 258;
Proudhon and, 315;
Stuart Mill and, 353, 370;
the Social Catholics and, 496-500;
F. D. Maurice and, 504 n.;
the Christian Socialists and, 505, 506;
Tomy Fallot and, 508 n.;
solidarity and, 588, 604;
the École de Nîmes and, 605 n.;
co-operators and capital, 605 n.
Co-operative societies, beginnings of, 243;
Robert Owen and, 243-244, 504;
character of, 250 n., 504-505
Co-partnership, 251 n.
Corn, high price of, in England, in the early nineteenth century, 145-146
Corn Laws, English, Sismondi and, 175; 269, 277, 280, 354, 361, 366
Corporative associations, the Social Catholics and, 496-500, 501 and n.
Cossa, L., xi, 367, 376
Cost of production theory, Adam Smith’s, 78-79, 80
Courcelle-Seneuil, J. G., 118 n., 316 n., 317 n., 375, 541 n.
Cournot, A., x, 265 n., 349, 360 n., 412-413, 420 n., 444, 519, 520, 529 n., 531 nn.
Coux, de, 483 n.
Credit, Enfantin on, 213 n., 226 n.;
the Saint-Simonians and, 226;
Proudhon and, 313 n., 314
Crémieux, H. J., 303
Crises, J. B. Say and, 115-117;
industrial, in England, 172;
Sismondi and, 173, 190-192, 426;
Robert Owen and, 239;
Rodbertus and, 426;
Marx and, 462-463, 478-479;
Henry George and, 566
Croce, B., 474 n.
Crompton, S., 65
Cunningham, W., v, vi, 387
Curmond, M., 13 n.
Darimon, A., 316 n.
Darwin, Charles, his debt to Malthus, 121;
the French Liberal school and his doctrine of the survival of the fittest, 326;
Kidd and the Darwinian theory, 485 n.;
Kropotkin and, 621
Dechesne, M., 498 n.
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 233
Deductive method, the, 387, 395-398
Deherme, G., 587 n.
Demand and supply, Adam Smith and, 73-74, 80-85, 89;
the law of, of the Classical school, 359-360;
the Hedonists and, 519-520
Demand, price and, 519-520
Demography, 121, 645
Demolins, E., 494 and n., 495, 608 n.
Denis, Professor H., xi;
on Physiocracy, 2 n., 8 n.;
on the Tableau économique, 19 and n.; 140 n., 141 n., 164 n., 184 n., 404
Denis, M., 242 n.
Descartes, 629
Deschamps, M., x n., xi n.
Despotism, the Physiocrats and, 35-37
Destutt de Tracy, 118 n.
Dictionnaire d’Économie politique, 354, 358
Diehl, K., 317 n.
Differential rents, 546-558
Discount, in Proudhon’s Exchange Bank scheme, 310 n., 313;
normal, 312
Distribution, the Physiocrats and, 18, 21, 113, 114;
Adam Smith and, 55, 80, 93, 113, 114, 228;
J. B. Say and, 93, 113-114, 228;
Ricardo and, 114, 139-140, 162-163, 228;
Sismondi and, 177-178, 185, 186, 198;
the Saint-Simonians and, 229;
Fourier and, 245;
Vidal and, 259;
Stuart Mill and, 368, 369;
Rodbertus and, 421-429, 430-431;
State Socialism and, 443-444;
the Hedonists and, 527, 529-530, 541;
Henry George and, 565 n.-566 n.;
Mr. and Mrs. Webb and, 583;
the anarchists and, 636;
development of the theory, 645
Distributive societies, 604
Dolléans, É., 236 n., 239 n., 244 n.
Dollfus, J. H., 490
Doubleday, T., 137 n.
Dove, P. E., 560 and n.
Dragomanov, M. P., 619 n.
Drôme, M. de la, 303
Droz, N., 197 and n.
Drysdale, Dr., 134 n.
Dubois, J. B., xi
Duguit, L., 607 n.
Dühring, E., 117, 208 n., 289 n., 420 n.
Dumas, G., 202 n.
Dumont, M., 137
Dumoulin, C., 503 n.
Dumping, 275
Dunoyer, C., 207, 325 n., 326 n., 327, 346-348 and n., 363, 439, 614-615, 631 n.
Dupin, C., 277
Dupont de Nemours, P. S., on Quesnay’s “rural economy,” 2;
as a member of the Physiocratic school, 3 n.-4 n.;
originator of the term “Physiocracy,” 4 n.;
his definition of Physiocracy, 5;
on natural society, 6 n.;
on the “natural order,” 7 n., 8 n., 9 n.;
on the “net product,” 12 n.;
on the productive and non-productive classes, 14 n.;
on the need for the security of property, 24 n.;
on representation in the State, and on the parliamentary régime, 34 n.;
on despotism, 35 n.;
on the duty of the sovereign, 37;
on taxation, 38 n., 40 n.;
on the landowner, 39 and n.;
on the relation of expenditure to production, 41 n.-42 n.;
on regulating national expenditure, 44 n.;
on the amount of the tax, 44 n.;
and “proportionality,” 45 n.;
on natural law, 354 n.
Dupont-White, C., 221, 304;
on the State, 408 n., 409, 440, 441;
on the State and the individual, 440;
and individualism, 443 n.;
and distribution, 443-444
Dupuit, A. J., 521 n., 531 n.
Durand Union, 606 n.
Durkheim, É., 61, 388 n.;
and solidarity, 599-600
Duverger, 213
East India Company, 96
École de Nîmes, 605 n.
“Economic chivalry,” 335
Economic equilibrium, theory of, 474, 521 n., 555 n., 558 n.
Economic forces, Proudhon and, 296-297, 315
“Economic law,” 69, 70
Economic liberty, Adam Smith and, 93-98;
the consummation of, 326-327
“Economic rent,” 582 n., 583 n.
Economics, Senior and, 349-350;
Stuart Mill’s influence upon, 367;
theory of the universality of the laws of, 390;
relativity of the laws of, 390-395;
the deductive method in, 395-398;
the Historical school and, 398-407;
the varied scope of, 399;
environment a principal factor in, 400;
the place of history in, 400-407;
and statistics, 407 n.;
as a science, 543 n., 644;
the separation between pure and descriptive, 645
Economics, pure, 392-393, 515, 517, 541 and n., 645
Economie sociale, 178
“Economistes,” 4 n.
Eden, Lord, 105 n.
Eden, Treaty of, 105, 269
Edgeworth, Maria, 119 n.
Edgeworth, Professor, 529 n., 536 n.
Education, Adam Smith on compulsory, 60, 96;
Robert Owen and, 238 n.;
Fourier and, 253
Effertz, O., 420 n.
Eheberg, K. T., 266 n.
Eichthal, G. d’, 374, 594 n.
Einaudi, L., 546 n., 567
Eisenach, Congress of, 354, 417, 436, 437, 438
Eltzbacher, P., 621 n., 625 n., 638 n.
Ely, R. T., 351 n., 507 n.
Enclosure Acts, in England, 145
Enfantin, B. P., 201 n., 203 n., 211, 212 and n., 213, 216 n., 226 and n., 229, 230 n., 231
Engels, F., 208 n., 209, 228, 449 n., 450 n., 464 n., 616
Ensor, R. C., 449 n.
Entrepreneur, the, J. B. Say and, 65 n., 113-114;
Sismondi and, 183;
the Saint-Simonians and, 215, 216;
French and English economists’ conception of the income of, 373 n., 550;
and production, 426;
in Walras’s system, 533-534;
and Walker’s conception of profit, 550;
distinguished from the capitalist, 550 and n.;
a “captain of industry,” 550
Environment, Robert Owen and, 238, 239;
Fourier and, 247;
the Associationists and, 259;
Le Play and, 494
Equalitarians, 200
Equilibrium, the Mathematical school and, 533-536, 539
Erfurt, Congress of, 507
“Ergonomy,” 375
Escarra, É., 560 n., 577 nn.
Esmein, A., 34 n., 35 n.
Espinas, A., xi
Etiology, Robert Owen regarded as the father of, 238
Evolution, and solidarity, 609
Exchange, the Physiocratic view of, 27, 46, 49, 114;
Condillac on, 50;
Proudhon and, 299-300, 309-314;
Dunoyer and, 348;
Marx and, 450;
the final utility theory and, 523-524, 525, 526;
the Mathematical school and, 528-530;
and solidarity, 607, 613-614;
and association, 613 n.
Exchange Bank, Proudhon’s, 242, 243, 291, 293 n., 308-320, 334 n., 627
Exchange banks, 316
Exchange notes, Proudhon’s, 309-314, 316, 317 n.
Exchange value, profit dependent on, 90
“Exploitation,” the Saint-Simonians and, 214, 215, 216;
Sismondi and, 215, 216;
Marx and, 215, 216;
Bakunin and, 626;
Kropotkin and, 627 n.
Fabian socialists, 221, 465 n., 475, 579-587
Fabian Society, vii, 579-581
Fable of the Bees, The, 54, 70 n.
Factory legislation, beginnings of, in England, 171;
Act of 1819, 171, 237
Faguet, M., 251 n.
Fallot, Pastor Tomy, 508 and n., 509
Familistère, 255
Faucher, J., 616
February Revolution—see Revolution of 1848
Ferrara, F., 333 n.
Ferrier, F., 278 n.
Festy, O., 258 n.
Fetter, Professor F. A., 522 n.
Feuerbach, L. A., 616, 623 n.
Fichte, J. G., 435-436 n.
Final utility theory, 474, 521-528, 539, 583
Finance, the science of, 645
Fiscal reform, and solidarity, 602
Fisher, Irving, 71 n., 522 n., 529 n., 541 n., 583
Fix, T., 197
Fleurant, M., 594 n.
Fontenay, R. de, 146 n., 156, 338 n.
Fouillée, A., 560, 600 n., 606
Fourier, C., 137 n., 169, 194;
and the Saint-Simonians, 201 n.; 231;
on association, 232 n.; 233;
and Robert Owen, 234-235, 245;
his work and ideas, 245-246;
his Phalanstère, 246-251, 257;
“Back to the land,” 251-252;
and the attractiveness of labour, 252-253;
and education, 253;
and the sex question, 253-254;
and anti-militarism, 254;
his influence and following, 254-255;
Stuart Mill on Fourierism, 255;
and interest, 259; 261, 264;
and Free Trade, 265 n.; 290;
Proudhon and, 296, 297 n.; 300;
and “the right to work,” 301; 323, 378, 465, 470, 486, 544, 589;
and guarantism, 599, 604;
claimed as an anarchist, 615
Fournière, E., 465 n., 469 n.
Foville, M. de, 156 nn.
Foxwell, Professor, 231 n., 244 n., 316 n., 607 n.
France, population in, 125, 136 n., 137;
economic unity of, achieved, 266;
and tariffs, 269, 280;
List on Protection and, 276 n.;
the classic land of socialism, 323;
Protection in, 323;
the Classical doctrines in, 352;
Stuart Mill on the growth of population in, 359;
Christian Socialism in, 508;
anarchism and, 640
Frankfort, 268 n.
Franklin, B., 329;
Bastiat and, 329 n.
Free contract, the anarchists and, 627-628
“Free credit,” 307, 319, 320
Free Trade, the Physiocrats and, 17, 29-31, 98, 153;
the Physiocrats the founders of, 29;
Adam Smith and, 98-102, 153;
J. B. Say and, 115;
Ricardo and, 153, 154, 163;
the theory in the middle of the nineteenth century, 264-265;
Fourier and, 265 n.;
Cournot and, 265 n.;
and agriculture, List on, 276;
Carey and, 282-283;
List and, 287-288; 298;
follows the interest of the consumer, 343;
Dunoyer and, 347;
Stuart Mill and, 365, 411 n.;
and the Corn Laws, 366;
Prince Smith and, 376
Free utility theory, Bastiat’s, 335-340
Frézouls, P., 547 n., 554 n.
Froebel, F., a disciple of Fourier, 253
Galiani, the Abbé, his criticism of the Physiocratic doctrine, 32; 46, 47
Garantisme, Fourier’s, 254.
See Guarantism
Garçon, M., 44 n.
Garden cities, 251, 513
Garnier, G., 103, 106, 108, 115, 295, 379 n.
Garnier, J., 379
Gendre, F. Le, 11 n.
George, Henry, and the Physiocrats, 45 n.;
and rent, 141, 565-568, 575;
and land nationalisation, 141, 155, 577 n.; 376, 465 n., 506;
and man’s right to the land, 561;
his career and his works, 563-564; 569, 573;
and laissez-faire, 573 n.
Germany, political and economic condition of, in the nineteenth century, 265, 266;
tariffs in, 266, 280, 281;
the movement for economic unity in, 267-268;
List and the claim of, to Holland and Denmark, 272;
the English Corn Laws and, 276-277;
and Protection, 281 n., 289;
the Classical doctrines in, 352;
State Socialism in, 445-446;
Christian Socialism in, 507
Gervinus, G. G., 383 n.
Gibbon, E., 105
Gide, C., 245 n., 246 n., 334 n., 342 n., 522 n., 576 n., 592 n., 605 n.
Godin, A., 255
Godwin, Wm., 122, 131, 136 n., 200 and n., 579, 615
Goehre, Pastor, 507
Goethe, 400
“Good price”—see Bon prix
Gossen, H. H., 155, 349, 474 n., 522 n., 529 n.;
and land nationalisation, 571-577;
and the confiscation of rent, 574-575
Gounelle, E., 506 n., 508 nn., 509
Gournay, V. de, 4 n.;
and the origin of the term laissez-faire, 11 n.
Gouth, Pastor, 508
Government, in Saint-Simon’s system, 207-209;
Adam Smith on, 217, 625;
Proudhon and, 310-311, 624 n.;
Chevalier and, 412;
the State Socialists and, 439-440, 441;
the anarchists and, 624-627;
and society, 631;
and the social instinct, 632
Grand, G., 482 n.
Grave, J., 615, 619 n., 622, 626 n., 628, 629, 630, 631 n., 633 n., 634, 635 n., 636 n.
Great Britain, growth of wealth and population in, 131
Grün, K., 298 n., 323 n.
Guarantism, 599, 604.
See Garantisme
Guesde, J., 453 n., 465 n.
Guillaume, J., 459 n., 619 n., 631 n.
Guillaumin, U. G., 295
Gustavus III, of Sweden, and the Physiocrats, 5
Guyau, J. M., 598 n.
Guyot, Y., 343 n., 358 n., 608 n.
Halévy, É., 104 n., 119 n., 141 n., 207 n., 230 n.
Hall, C., 579
Hamilton, A., 277
Hanover, 268 n.
Hardie, J. Keir, 506
Hargreaves, J., 65
Harmel, L., 499 n.
Harmony, Bastiat’s doctrine of, 330-346
Harmony, Fourier’s ideal city, 249 and n., 254
Hasbach, W., 69 n.
Hawthorne, N., 255 n.
Hedonism, xv, 10;
Adam Smith’s Optimism distinct from that of, 93; 355;
Ruskin and Tolstoy and, 510;
definition of, 518
Hedonistic school, and free competition, 91, 240, 373 n., 518, 543, 605 n.; 335, 395, 407;
its doctrines, 518-544;
and the Classical school, 518-521, 539, 541 n., 544;
and wages, 520-521, 541;
and interest and rent, 520-521;
France and, 529, 537;
criticism of its doctrines, 537-544;
and distribution, 541
Heeren, A. H. L., 383 n.
Hegel, 435 and n., 619
“Hegelian school, left,” 616 n.
Hegelian terminology, Proudhon and, 298 n.
Held, A., 386
Heredity, and solidarity, 588
Hermann, F., 410-411, 548 n., 551, 556
Herron, G. D., 507 n.
Hesse-Darmstadt, Tariff Union between Prussia and, 268
Higgs, H., 5 n.
Hildebrand, Bruno, 196, 271 n., 380 n., 381 n., 383-384, 385, 389 and n., 390, 394, 400 and n., 404, 405
Hirst, Miss M. E., 275 n., 277 n., 278 nn.
Historical school, vi-vii, xv, 111;
and political economy, 175, 222;
Sismondi and, 196;
List and, 287; 368, 374, 377;
origin and development of, 379, 380-388;
the newer school, 385-386;
influence of, in England, and in France, 387-388;
critical ideas of, 388-398;
the positive ideas of, 398-407;
A. Comte and, 404-405;
and Le Play’s school, 493-494;
and economic theory, 515;
and the Classical school, 517; 648
History, the consideration of economic reforms based upon, 221, 222;
the philosophy of, in economics, 221, 224;
the place of, in economics, 400-403
Hitze, the Abbé, 496
Hobbes, T., 630
Holyoake, G. J., 244 n.
Homo œconomicus, Adam Smith and, 86; 399;
Carlyle and, 511;
the Hedonists and, 518, 543
Howarth, C., 244
Huet, F., 495, 560
Hughes, T., 504
Humanity, in the anarchist doctrine, 623
Hume, David, Adam Smith and, 50 n., 53, 64 n., 105, 106, 273 n.;
and money, 85; 120 n., 149 n., 165
Huskisson, W., 265, 267
Hutcheson, F., 50 n., 53
Hyndman, H. M., 579 n.
Ibsen, H., 511
Icaria, Cabet’s ideal State, 246, 263, 264 n.
Identity of interests, Adam Smith and, 185, 410;
Sismondi and, 185-186, 410, 413;
Malthus and Ricardo and, 410;
Hermann and, 410-411;
Stuart Mill and, 411;
Cournot and, 413
Immortale Dei, Encyclical, 501
Impôt unique, 45, 61, 567
Indirect and direct taxation, the Physiocrats and, 44-45
Individual, the State and, 442-443;
Walras on the State and, 573-574;
in philosophical anarchism, 615;
Stirner and the cult of the, 617-619, 622-623;
Proudhon and the anarchists and, 622-623, 630;
and society, the anarchists and, 629-631;
Bakunin on, 630, 631 n.;
Jean Grave and, 631 n.
Individualism, xi, 263;
List and, 270;
the Classical school and, 322, 355, 356;
Bastiat and, 330;
Stuart Mill and, 355, 356 and n.;
Ricardo and Malthus and, 355;
Herbert Spencer and, 356;
and solidarity, 356 n.;
and liberty, 356;
the Liberal school and, 357 n.;
Dupont-White and, 443 n.;
Wagner and, 443 n.;
Christian Socialism and, 509;
modern development of, 516;
anarchism and, 640, 642;
syndicalism and, 642
Individualist school, 355;
known also as the Liberal school, 356;
definition of, 356 n.;
and inheritance, 372 n.
Individuality, solidarity and, 612-613
Induction, 395, 397-398
Industrial and Provident Societies Acts of 1852-62, 505
Industrial Revolution, 65, 104, 111
Industrialism, of Saint-Simon, 202-211, 224;
Fourier and, 251
Industry, regarded as sterile by the Physiocrats, 13;
the inherent distinction between agriculture and, 17-18;
the Physiocrats’ erroneous view of, 46;
Sismondi and, 194;
Saint-Simon and, 204, 205 and n., 206;
List and, 274, 286, 287
Ingersoll, C., 278
Ingram, J. K., v, xi, 385 n., 404
Inheritance, the Saint-Simonians and 217-218, 223, 224;
the State to be sole inheritor of property, 223;
the French Revolution and, 223;
the Phalanstère and, 246;
Dunoyer and, 347 n.;
Senior and, 351 and n., 372;
Stuart Mill and, 372
Institutional Church, 506
Interest, the Physiocrats and, 32-33;
Condillac and, 50;
Adam Smith and, 65 n., 92, 96;
Bentham and, 96 n.;
Sismondi and, 176 n., 192-193 n.;
Marx and, 184-185;
the Saint-Simonians and, 213 n., 214;
downward trend of the rate of, 223;
Robert Owen and, 240 n.;
Blanc and, 259-260;
Fourier and, 259;
Proudhon’s Exchange Bank and, 298 n., 308-310, 312, 313, 314, 319;
Solway’s scheme and, 319;
the People’s Bank and, 319;
Bastiat and Proudhon’s controversy as to the legitimacy of, 333 n.-334 n.;
Bastiat and, 340-342;
Senior and, 350;
the term as used by the French economists, 373 n.;
final utility and, 528;
Böhm-Bawerk and, 530, 540;
and wages, Henry George on, 565;
the proposed confiscation of, 568;
“the remuneration of sacrifice,” 568;
the Fabian school and the confiscation of, 582
Interests, the spontaneous harmony of, 633.
See Identity of Interests
International trade, Adam Smith and, 98-100;
Stuart Mill and, 98-100;
Ricardo and, 98, 138, 163, 363 and n.-364 and n.;
List and, 290;
Bastiat and, 330;
Dunoyer and, 363
International Working Men’s Association (the “International”), 321, 449 n., 620
Internationalism, Marx’s, 465 n.
Interventionism, 407
Interventionists, Sismondi the first of the, 192, 196; 601
Ireland, 104
“Iron law,” the, 42, 342 n.
Italy, xii;
anarchism and, 640
Janet, P., 254
Jannet, C., 490 n., 592 n.
Jaurès, J., 469 n.
“Jeunes Abbés, Les,” 502
Jevons, Stanley, 46 n., 48, 75, 78, 117;
on the Ricardian school, 118 n.;
and the law of indifference, 148, 525 n.;
his economic method, 380; 406, 474 n.;
on the purpose of economics, 518 n.;
and the final utility theory, 521 n., 522 n.;
and Cournot, 529 n.;
a member of the Mathematical school, 529 n.;
and value, 530 n.; 537 n., 541, 572 n., 581
Joint-stock companies, Marxism and, 463, 476
Joint-stock principle, 248
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, and the Physiocrats, 5
“Juridical socialism,” 606, 607 n.
Jurisprudence, solidarity and, 606-607
Justice, Proudhon on, 298-299
Kapital, Marx’s, 354, 386, 449 n.;
Labriola on, 467
Kautsky, K., 480 n.
Ketteler, Monseigneur von, 496
Kidd, B., 485 n.
King, G., 54
Kingsley, C., 504 and n., 505 n.
Knies, K., 89, 196 and n., 380 n., 381 n., 382 n., 384-385, 389, 390-391, 392, 393, 400 n., 402, 403 n., 404, 405
Kohler, C., 277 n.
Kraus, Professor, 106 n.
Kropotkin, Prince, 459 n., 615, 616, 619 and n., 621-622, 623, 625, 627 and n., 628, 630, 631 n., 632, 633, 634 and n., 635, 636, 637-638, 641
Kurella, Herr, 584 n.
Kutter, Pastor, 507
Labour, regarded by Adam Smith as the true source of wealth, 56-57;
regarded as the measure of value, 77, 149;
regarded by Marx as the cause of value, 77, 151 n., 184-185;
regarded by Ricardo as the cause and measure of value, 140, 144 n., 149, 201 n., 332;
Ricardo and the territorial division of, 164;
Sismondi and, 176 n.;
Saint-Simon on, 206 n.;
Fourier and the attractiveness of, 252-253;
Proudhon on the organisation of, 291 n.;
Proudhon and the productiveness of, 293 and nn.;
regarded by Bastiat as the determinant of value, 332;
Carey on, as the measure of value, 332;
and value, Ferrara and, 333 n.;
Dunoyer on, 347-348 and n.;
Rodbertus and, 423;
Marx’s theory of surplus labour, 450-459;
rent of, 558 n.;
Henry George and the relation of capital to, 564-565
Labour, division of, Adam Smith and, 56-62, 91;
the outcome of personal interest, 70-71;
dependent upon capital, 90;
Ricardo and the territorial division of labour, 164;
Tolstoy and, 514;
solidarity and, 607
Labour notes, Robert Owen’s, 315, 316
Labour-value theory, Marx’s, 474-475, 581
Labriola, A., 36 n., 449 n., 462 n., 464 n., 465 and n., 467, 469 n., 470 n., 473 n., 474 n.
Lacordaire, J., 262
Lafargue, P., 465 n.
Lafayette, G., 267
Lagardelle, H., 482 n., 619 n.
Laissez-faire, in the Physiocratic doctrine, 11;
the origin of the formula, 11 n.; 170, 173, 197;
List and, 277;
the Classical school and, 322, 357, 390;
the right interpretation of, 324;
Stuart Mill and, 357;
Cairnes and, 374;
the Christian schools and, 377;
the Historical school and, 389;
Adam Smith and, 408, 410;
Carlyle and, 511;
the Hedonists and, 541;
Henry George and 573 n.
Lalande, A., 600 n.
Lamartine, A., 302 n., 303
Lammenais, the Abbé de, 496
Land, the Physiocratic conception of, as an agent in production, 12;
and rent, in Ricardo’s view, 143-149;
nationalisation of, 155, 570-578;
the Saint-Simonians and, 214;
Carey’s theory of the order of cultivation of rich and poor land, 338-339;
growth in value of, 546;
a gift of nature, 559;
confiscation of, 559-562;
and the theory of rent, 561
Land Tenure Reform Association, 562
Landez, A., 540 n.
Landowners, the Physiocrats’ esteem for, 39-40
Landrecht, the Prussian, 445
Landry, A., 420 n., 470 n., 537 n., 544 n.
Langlois, C. V., 405 n.
Laskine, M., 208 n.
Lassalle, F., 73 n., 159, 261, 294, 329, 376;
and the “brazen law,” 321, 426;
and State Socialism, 414;
and Rodbertus, 414-415, 416, 417;
and Bismarck, 414;
his career, 432;
his political and economic programme, 433-435;
and Marx, 433 n., 434 n.;
and State intervention, 434-435; 436, 437, 449 n., 453 n., 496 n., 607 n.
Lauderdale, Earl of, 109 n.
Launay, M. de, 609 n.
Launhardt, Herr, 529 n.
Laveleye, É. de, 222, 376, 577 n.
Lavergne, L. G. de, 371 n.
Lavoisier, A. L., 15, 125
Law, Kropotkin on, 627 n., 632 n.;
Reclus on, 632 n.
Law of capillarity, 137
Law of concentration of capital, Marx’s, 450, 475-476
Law of demand and supply, 359-360
Law of diminishing returns, 118, 126, 146-147, 148, 153, 157, 340, 341, 373, 558 and n.
Law of free competition, 356-358
Law of indifference, 148, 525, 527 n.
Law of international exchange, 362-366
Law of population, Malthus’s, 120, 121-137;
of the Classical school, 358-359, 373
Law of rent, 362
Law of sale, Cournot’s, 531 n.
Law of self-interest, 355-356
Law of substitution, 525, 526, 528, 537 n.
Law of variation of intensity of need, 543 n.
Law of wages, 360-362
Lazare, B., 620
Ledru-Rollin, A. A., 303
Legrand, D., 486
Leo XII, Pope, 500 n.
Leo XIII, Pope, 501
Leopold, Grand Duke, of Tuscany, and the Physiocrats, 5
Leroux, P., 235 and n., 263, 344 n., 589
Leroy-Beaulieu, P., 137, 254 n., 342 n., 375 n.;
and the Mathematical method, 537 n.; 546
Leslie, Cliffe, 196, 387
Lesseps, F. de, 212
Letchworth, 513 n.
Levasseur, É., 326 n., 388 n.
Lévy de Lyon, E., 607 n.
Lévy-Brühl, L., 435 n.
Lexis, Professor, 448 n.
Liberal individualists, and co-operation, 343
Liberal Optimists, 322-348
Liberal school, xv;
the Physiocratic doctrine and, 46;
Adam Smith a member of, 53;
beginnings of, 54;
and Adam Smith’s theory of value, 75; 205;
Saint-Simon and, 210 n.;
the Associationists and, 231; 233;
severance of, into French and English sections, 322;
and Protection and socialism, 323, 326, 354;
and Optimism, 324-326;
and liberty, 324, 325-326;
origin of the name, 324;
and association, 325;
and Darwin’s doctrine of the survival of the fittest, 326;
and the Physiocrats, 327;
Bastiat and, 327;
and Bastiat’s theory of profits, 342 n.;
synonymous with the Individualist school, 356;
definition of, 356 n., 357 n.;
and the repeal of the Corn Laws, 366;
Le Play and, 486-487;
and solidarity, 607-608; 629;
and government and society, 631; 648
Liberal Socialism, 573
Liberalism, economic, vii, xv, 170;
Sismondi and, 173, 185; 209; 311 n.;
the Classical school and, 322;
and Optimism, 377;
the reaction against, 377-378;
effect of Bismarck’s policy upon, 436;
and measures of social reform in Germany, 436 n.;
growth of, in Germany, 439;
State Socialism and, 447;
the Christian schools and, 484; 493;
modern revival of, 516; 586;
political economy and, 646, 647
Liberalism of Adam Smith, 207;
of the Liberal school, 326
Liberalism, political, the Saint-Simonians and, 211
Liberty, the French Revolution and, 104;
Blanc on, 262;
Sismondi on, 262 n.;
Proudhon and, 293, 297, 315;
the French Liberal school and, 324, 325-327;
Dunoyer and, 327;
Stuart Mill and, 353, 358, 413;
and the natural laws, 355;
the Classical school and, 356;
and State intervention, 413;
Cournot and, 413;
the State Socialists and, 440;
the anarchists and, 622-623, 624, 629;
Kropotkin on liberty as the corrective for the excesses of liberty, 634
Liberty, individual, the Physiocratic doctrine and, 10 n., 11;
Proudhon and, 315;
Ricardo and Malthus and, 410;
Stuart Mill and, 411 n.;
Rodbertus and, 429
Lichtenberger, A., 200 n.
Lieben, R., 529 n.
Liebknecht, W., 437
Lilienfeld, von, 590 n.
List, F., 111;
and the Classical school, 169, 289, 290;
his National System, and Protection, 265, 268;
and the German tariffs, 266, 267-268;
and nationality, 270-272;
and productive power, 270;
and Germany’s claim to Holland and Denmark, 272;
and Adam Smith and his school, 273;
and manufactures, 273-274;
and agriculture, 274, 276-277;
his Protectionism, 275-276, 281-282;
origin of his Protectionist ideas, 277-280;
his influence, 280-287;
and history, 282, 381;
and Carey, 282-284;
and Stuart Mill, 284-285;
his originality, 287-289;
and the Historical school, 287, 360 n.;
and free exchange, 287-288;
and the individual and the nation, 288, 411;
and the duty of Governments, 288;
and economic reforms in Germany, 288-289;
his aim and achievement, 290; 323, 378;
his economic method, 380;
the Historical school and, 380 n.; 439
Littré, M., 222 n.
Lloyd, S., 266 n.
Locke, J., 559
Loesewitz, J., 502
Longe, F. D., 361
Loria, A., 469 n.;
and land nationalisation, 578 n.
Lorin, H., 499 n.
Louis Bonaparte, 320
Louis Philippe, 301
Ludlow, J. M. F., 504, 505
Luxembourg Commission, the, 302, 304-306, 319 n.
Mably, the Abbé de, 200 and n.
McCulloch, J. R., 52 n., 109 n., 139 n., 140 n., 141 n., 150, 168, 175, 177, 349 n., 379
Mackay, J. H., 615 n.
McVickar, J., 349
Machinery, Adam Smith and, 112;
J. B. Say on, 112;
Sismondi and, 180-182;
the Classical school and, 180-182;
Ricardo and, 180 n., 181
Maitland, F. W., vi
Malon, Benoît, 465 n.
Malthus, T. R., xiv, 108, 109 n., 110, 116 and n., 117;
one of the Pessimists, vi, 119-120, 192;
regarded as an Optimist, 119 n.;
his career, 120 n.;
his law of population, 120, 121-137, 157, 345;
and moral restraint, 127-129;
and the Neo-Malthusians, 134;
on charity, 135 n.-136 n.;
correspondence with Ricardo, 139 n., 141 n.;
and rent, 142, 152, 164;
and the law of diminishing returns, 146-147 and n.; 149 n., 150 n., 155, 156 n.;
and wages and population, 158-159, 189; 163 n.;
and Protection, 164;
Sismondi and, 175;
Sismondi and the theory of population of, 189 n.;
the Saint-Simonians and, 227; 264, 322, 324, 326, 348, 353;
and individualism, 355; 358, 359, 371;
and the identity of public and private interests, 410; 416, 564
Malthusian League, the, 134 n.
Manchester school, xi, 436, 437, 438, 539
“Manchesterism,” 357, 447
“Manchesterthum,” 357, 438
Mandeville, B. de, 54, 70 n.
Mangoldt, H. von, 548 n., 551, 556
Manifesto, Communist, 449 n., 450 n.
Mantoux, P., 66 n., 97 n., 103, 104
Manu, the laws of, Malthus and, 132 n.
Manufactures, List on, 273-274, 276 and n.
Marat, J. P., 199 n.
Marcet, Mrs., 119 n., 349
Marcus Aurelius, 588
“Marginal utility,” 521 n., 539
Marie, A. T., 301, 302 n.
Markets, Say’s theory of, 115
Marmande, R. de, 622 n.
Maroussem, P. du, 495 n.
Marrast, A., 303
Marriage, effect of, upon population, 136 n.;
the anarchists and, 627
Marshall, Professor A., 329 n., 335, 386, 390 n., 391, 392, 394, 396, 397 n., 401, 402 n.;
compared with Marx, 474 n.; 513 n., 516, 527 n., 529 n., 531, 544 nn., 546 n., 551 n., 552;
and rent, 557 and n.; 581
Martineau, Miss, 119 n., 349
Marx, Karl, x;
on Adam Smith, 66 n.;
his labour-value theory, 77, 151 n., 184-185, 201 n., 216, 293 n., 474-475, 581;
intellectually a scion of the Ricardian family, 120;
his theory of surplus value and Ricardo’s theory, 140;
resemblance of doctrines of, to those of the Classical school, 181;
similarities between Sismondi and, 184;
his theory of surplus value, 184, 198, 228, 294;
and profit and interest, 185, 216;
debt to Sismondi, 198; 209 n.;
and “exploitation,” 215, 216;
his system and communism, 221;
his system compared with the Saint-Simonians’, 225; 227;
and List, 278 n.;
and his “Utopian” predecessors, 301;
and Bray’s scheme, 315 n.;
and Proudhon, 320-321;
and distribution, 368 n.; 386;
his socialism, 416, 433, 449-450, 470;
the object of his system, 423;
and the “brazen law,” 426; 429;
and Rodbertus, 429 n.;
Lassalle and, 433 n., 434 n.; 437, 448 n.;
his career, his works and influence, 449 n.-450 n.;
his theory of surplus labour and surplus value, 450-459, 474-475;
and capital, 455-458;
his law of concentration of capital, 459-465, 475-476;
the Marxian school, 465-473;
his following, 465 n.;
and Ricardo, 466;
his obscurity of style, 466;
and value, 466 and n., 474;
on production, 468 n.-469 n.;
the French socialists and, 469;
quality of his economic theories, 473;
compared with Marshall, 474 n.;
and syndicalism, 480-481, 641; 483;
the Christian schools and his collectivism, 485;
Herron on, 507 n.; 579;
the Fabians and his theories, 583-584, 586;
and the anarchists, 616;
influenced by Hegel, 619;
and Bakunin, 620;
anarchy and his socialism, 640
Marxian school, characteristics of, 465-472;
and production, 468; 515;
beginnings of, 579;
and Marx’s theory of value, 583; 647, 648
Marxism, vii, xv, 447, 449-483;
and the Classical school, 467, 472;
Sorel on, 467 n.;
and capitalism, 467;
a working-class socialism, 470-471, 480;
the evolution of, 473 n.;
and syndicalism, 479-483;
its contempt for intellectualism, 480;
traced in the doctrines of Le Play’s school, 495;
the Fabians and, 583-584, 586;
the rupture with anarchism, 620
Mathematical school, the, x;
Quesnay a pioneer of, 19 n.;
and the abstract method, 138; 335;
and the Mathematical method, 392 n., 537 n., 538-539;
and the Psychological school, 521;
principal adherents of, 528 n.;
doctrines of, 528-537;
and exchange, 528-530;
and distribution, 529-530;
and consumption, 530;
and value, 530 n.;
and production, 536;
and free competition, 543;
influence of, 544;
and solidarity, 613
Maurice, F. D., 504 and n., 505, 508 n.
Mazel, F., 316, 317
Mecklenburg, 268 n.
Mehring, F., 434 n.
Méline, M., 17 n.
Melouga family, 489, 493
Menenius Agrippa, 588
Menger, A., 209, 212, 231 n., 316 n.;
and the origin of Rodbertus’s ideas, 415 n.;
and Marx, 416 n., 450 n.;
and Fichte, 436 n.;
and private and public rights, 607 n.
Menger, K., 76, 380;
and the historical method 382, 383 n., 402 n.;
and the Historical school, 389, 390, 395, 517;
and the deductive method, 396 nn.;
and the final utility theory, 522 n.;
and the theory of rent, 557
Mercanti di tenute, 190
Mercantilism, the “net product” theory and, 17;
influence of Physiocratic ideas upon, 27;
Physiocracy antagonistic to, 29;
and agriculture and industry, 30 n.;
Adam Smith and, 83, 97, 98, 100, 101, 169;
List and, 279
Mercantilist school, 1;
and the increase of wealth, 17;
their view of the State, 27;
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and, 83;
and money, 83, 314;
List and, 280, 285 n.
Meredith, George, 432 n.
Meslier, the Curé, 200 n.
Method, the relative importance of, 397, 645
Métin, A., 577 n., 579 n.
Meyer, Ed., 402 n., 405 n.
Meyer, R., 416 and n., 417 nn., 423 n., 428 n.
Mieux value, 184
Milcent, M., 502 n.
Mill, James, and rent, 155, 168, 562;
and land nationalisation, 155, 168;
a disciple of Ricardo, 168, 349 n.; 352 n.
Mill, John Stuart, xv;
and productive and unproductive works, 62;
“industry is limited by capital,” 72 n.;
and Adam Smith’s conception of utility, 75 n.;
and international trade, 98, 100, 330 n.;
and “products,” 109 n.; 138;
and Ricardo’s theory of rent, 141;
and the stationary state, 162, 373-374, 605 n.; 222 n.;
on Saint-Simonism and Fourierism, 255; 280;
and Protection, 283, 284-285, 365;
and List, 285 n.;
and the Classical school, 322, 352-353, 368; 349;
his career and works, 352 n., 353;
and socialism, 352 n., 353, 358, 367, 368;
and communism, 353, 367;
and competition, 353, 358;
and co-operation, 353;
and individualism, 355, 356 and n.;
and laissez-faire, 357;
and the law of population, 358-359;
and the law of demand and supply, 359-360, 519;
and value, 360;
and the law of wages, 360-362;
and trade unionism, 360, 362 n.;
and Malthus, 362 n.;
and rent, 362, 370-372, 548, 551, 553, 554-555;
and international exchange, 364-365;
and Free Trade, 365, 411 n.;
influence upon economics, 367;
French influence upon, 367, 579;
and natural law, 368;
his programme of social reform, 369-374;
and wages, 369-370;
and association, 370, 505;
and inheritance, 372;
his successors, 374-376; 377, 379;
and relativity, 392;
and self-interest, 394, 411; 404;
and the identity of general and personal interests, 411;
and State intervention, 411, 413;
and individual liberty, 411 n., 413;
Chevalier and, 411;
and the State and the individual, 442, 443, 444;
on Le Play’s theory of the salvation of the working-classes by the upper, 491;
on the rent of ability, 549;
and man’s right to the land, 561;
and the confiscation of rent, 562-563, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570-571, 575; 564;
and private property, 568 n.;
and the abolition of profit, 605 n.
Millerand, A., 587 n.
Mines and the “net product,” 14
Mirabeau, Marquis de, one of the Physiocrats, 3 n.;
and Rousseau and Physiocracy, 6 n.;
and the origin of the term laissez-faire, 11 n.;
on the Tableau économique, 18 n.;
and interest, 32-33;
Cantillon’s influence upon, 46 n.;
on population, 121
Molinari, M. de, 248, 329 n., 358 n.
Mollien, the Comte, 314
Money, Adam Smith and, 71, 82-85, 89, 106, 115;
the Physiocrats and, 115;
Ricardo and the quantity theory of, 164-165;
Ricardo and paper money, 165-167;
Robert Owen and, 240-241, 243;
Proudhon and, 308-310, 313, 316;
Solvay’s scheme, 318-319;
the Classical school and, 360;
Ruskin and Tolstoy and, 510
Monod, W., 508 n., 509 n.
Monopoly, x;
Adam Smith and, 95, 96;
Stuart Mill and, 554 n.;
and the rent of land, 554 n.
Monopoly price, Adam Smith on, 81 n.
Montagne, La, 200 n.
Montalembert, the Comte de, 487 n.
Montchrétien, A. de, 1
Montesquieu, C. de S., 121
More, Sir Thomas, 200 and n., 246
Morellet, the Abbé, 46
Morelly, 200 and n.
Morris, Wm., 251
Moufang, Canon, 496
Mulhouse, the Industrial Society of, 172
Müller, Adam, 278 n.
Mun, the Comte de, 484 n., 497, 502
Mutual aid, the anarchists and, 629-636
Mutual credit, 314, 315;
solidarity and, 606
Mutualists, and solidarity, 602, 603-604
Mutuality, Proudhon and, 297 n., 299, 300
Napoleon I, 107
Napoleon III, 280, 323, 366, 375, 490 n.
Nassau, 268 n.
National Equitable Labour Exchange, 236 n., 241-242, 244 n.
National workshops of the 1848 Revolution, 301-303
Nationalisation of the land, 570-578
Nationality, List and, 270-272
Natural laws, 354-366, 368, 385 n.;
the anarchists and, 628, 629
“Natural order,” the, xiv, 5-12;
meaning of the term, 5-8;
the Physiocrats’ conception of, 8, 9-10, 109;
Turgot on the universality and immutability of, 10;
and the old régime, 10;
the aim of, 10-11;
and the right of private property and individual liberty, 10 n., 11;
comprehensiveness of, 12;
the bon prix and, 15;
property the “foundation-stone” of, 21;
and trade, 29;
the conception of, constitutes the foundation of political economy, 46;
Adam Smith and, 109;
Ricardo’s theory of rent and, 152;
the French Classical school and, 322, 323;
the Christian schools and, 484
“Naturalism,” Adam Smith’s, 68-88
Naumann, Pastor, 507
Navigation Laws, 101 n.
Neale, Vansittart, 504
Necessity, the laws of, Kropotkin on, 628 n.
Necker, J., and free trade in corn, 32; 157
“Negative rent,” 558
Neill, C. P., 277 n.
Neo-Classical school, 10, 397
Neo-Malthusians, 130, 134
Neo-Marxism, 473-483;
and the labour-value theory, 474;
and surplus labour and surplus value, 475;
and syndicalism, 479-483
“Net product,” the, 12-18;
agriculture the sole source of, 12, 14;
mines doubtful yielders of, 14 and n.;
disappears when prices are low, 15;
the illusion of, 16;
rent and, 16;
value of the theory of, 17;
and Mercantilism, 17;
non-existent, 24;
interest a symbol of, 32;
taxation should be drawn from, 38-40, 41;
adaptation of, to the impôt unique, 43; 453 n.
Netchaieff, 639 and n.
Nettlau, M., 619 n.
New Harmony, Owen’s colony, 236 n., 241 n., 246, 257
New Moral World. 236 n.
Nicholas I, Tsar, 639 n.
Nicholson, Professor J. S., 52 n., 266 n., 592 n.
Nietzsche, 511, 616 and n.
Nitti, F. S., 503 n.
“Noble savage,” the cult of the, 7
“Normal,” the term, 271
North, Dudley, 54
North, Lord, 105
Oberlin, Pastor, 486
Office du Travail, 257 n.
Ogilvie, W., 560 and n.
Oldenburg, 268 n.
Olivier, P., 611 n.
Ollivier, E., 324
Oncken, H., 11 n., 17, 19 n., 30, 383 n., 414 n., 432 n.
Ophelimity, 75, 91, 99, 522 n., 541 n., 572
Optimism, xv;
Adam Smith’s, 68-69, 88-93;
the French Liberal school and, 324-327;
Bastiat and, 327, 377;
Carey and, 327, 493
Optimist school, definition of, 356 n., 357 n.
Optimists, the, 118, 322-348, 354, 356, 368, 438
Orbiston, Robert Owen’s colony at, 236 n.
Organic sociologists, the Physiocrats the forerunners of, 7
“Organisation of labour,” 300, 303-305, 319
Orthodox school, 169, 176, 326
Ott, A., 317 n., 420 n.
Over-production, J. B. Say and, 115-117; 171;
Sismondi and, 176, 178-182;
the Classical school and, 181;
Marx and, 461
Owen, Robert, 169, 171;
Sismondi and, 173 n., 184, 194; 201 n.;
and association, 232 n., 233;
and Fourier, 234-235, 245;
and the Chartist movement, 235;
and socialism, 235;
his career, 235 n.;
his industrial reforms, 236-237;
and association, 237;
and the social milieu, 237-239;
and profit, 239-244;
and money, 240-241;
and the National Equitable Labour Exchange 241-242;
and co-operative societies, 243-244, 504;
founded no school, 244; 246, 255, 261, 264, 290, 293, 315, 316, 323, 370, 378, 470, 579
Paepe, C. de, 459 n.
Paillottet, P., 343 n.
Paine, Tom, 560 and n.
Pantaleoni, M., 36 n., 530, 538 n., 542, 551 nn.
Parable, Saint-Simon’s, 204-205
Pareto, V., 71 n.;
on prices, 76 n.-77 n.; 99, 231 n.;
and Free Trade, 288 n.;
on method, 397;
and maximum utility and maximum ophelimity, 412; 421, 448, 516, 521 n., 522 n., 529 n., 533 n., 534 n., 536 and n., 537 n., 540 n., 541 n.;
and the Hedonists, 542; 544 n., 555 n.;
and the relative duration of rents, 557;
and negative rent, 558;
on solidarity, 608 n.
Passy, F., 509 n., 592 n.
Passy, H., 371 n.
Patten, Professor, 285 n., 522 n., 542 n.
Pearson, K., 407 n.
Peasant proprietorship, 371-372
Pecqueur, C., 304-305, 449 n.
Peel, Sir Robert, 280, 366
Pellarin, C., 245 n.
People’s Bank, 308 n., 317 n., 319-320
Péreire, E. and I., 212, 226
Périn, C., 502 n.
Personal interest—see Self-interest
Pervinquière, M., 14
Pessimism, the French Liberal school and, 324
Pessimists, the, 118-120;
and rent, 118;
and the law of diminishing returns, 118;
Mill and, 372
Petty, W., 54
Pflüger, Pastor, 507
Phalange, 248-250
Phalanstère, 245 n., 246-252, 255, 257, 297 n., 604, 635
Physiocracy, 4 n.;
a popular craze, 5;
Adam Smith and, 63;
J. B. Say and, 108-109
Physiocrats, the, xi n., 1-50;
and the conception of political economy, 2;
the first school of economists, 3;
the Abbé Baudeau on, 3 n.;
bibliography of the system, 4 n.-5 n.;
and the “natural order,” 5-12;
Rousseau and, 6 n.;
and the civilised state as opposed to a state of nature, 7;
forerunners of the organic sociologists, 7;
their conception of the “natural order,” and man’s duty with regard to it, 8, 9-10, 87-88;
and the rights of private property and individual liberty, 10 n., 11;
and the “net product,” 12-18, 141;
and land as an agent in production, 12;
on industry and commerce, 12-13;
and the “sterile classes,” 14, 21;
and mines and the “net product,” 14 and n.;
and agricultural and industrial production, 15;
their influence upon practical politics, 17;
and the circulation of wealth, 18-26;
their regard for private property, 21-26, 199 n.-200 n., 217;
and the duties incumbent upon landed proprietors, 25-26;
and the abolition of corporations, 26 n.-27 n.;
and trade, 27-33;
and Mercantilism, 27, 29, 169, 314;
the founders of Free Trade, 29;
and reciprocity, 31;
Galiani’s criticism of, 32;
and the question of interest, 32-33;
and the functions of the State, 33-37;
and legislation, 33-34;
and political liberty, 34 n.;
and the sovereign authority, 35-37, 41;
and education, 37;
and internationalism, 37;
and taxation, 38-45;
and the fiscal system of the French Revolution, 44, 104;
résumé of their doctrine, 45-50;
Adam Smith and, 51 n., 55, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 80, 88, 93, 98, 100; 89, 97;
J. B. Say and, 108-109;
Germain Garnier and, 108;
and money, 115;
and population, 122; and rent, 142;
and Free Trade, 98, 153, 163;
and the natural identity of individual and general interests, 185; 201 n.;
the Associationists and, 232-233; 322, 323;
and their successors, 327; 331, 338 n., 347, 348, 354, 371, 572, 629, 644
Pitt, William, 104, 105
Place, F., 159 n.
Plato, 200 and n.
Play, F. Le, 137, 196, 238, 304;
his school, 486-495;
his career, 486 n.-487 n.;
his family system, 488-493;
and the State, 488;
his method, 492;
and the Historical school, 493-494;
the division in his school, 494-495; 497, 502
“Plutology,” 375
Podmore, F., 236 n.
Political economy, origin of the term, 1;
Quesnay and his school the virtual founders of the science, 2;
Adam Smith as founder of, 50-51, 103;
the scope of, in Adam Smith’s system, 55-56;
Quesnay’s conception of, 88;
Adam Smith’s conception of, 88, 89, 110;
J. B. Say’s influence upon, 107, 111;
influence of Malthus and Ricardo upon, 108;
the Physiocrats and, 109;
J. B. Say’s conception of, 110-111;
Say’s treatment of, 117, 175;
a fashionable craze, 119 n., 349;
Ricardo and, 138, 139 n., 175;
the new, the attack upon, 169;
Sismondi and, 173-178, 184, 196, 198, 380;
the Historical school and, 175, 222, 380, 381;
the Classical school and, 177;
A. Comte and, 201 n.;
Saint-Simon on, 209 n.;
List and, 270, 380-381;
and politics, 288;
significance of the advent of, 327;
McVickar on, 349;
Senior and, 350;
Stuart Mill and, 353;
not a “dismal science,” 354;
the reaction against Liberalism, 377;
development of the abstract method in, 379-380;
the socialists and, 381;
Roscher and, 383-384;
Hildebrand and, 383-384;
Knies and, 384-385;
the newer Historical school and, 386;
Toynbee and, 386 n.;
development of, in France, 388;
influence of the Historical method upon, 388;
Menger and, 389;
Ashley and, 391 n.;
and sociology, 404;
Ruskin and, 510 n.;
Carlyle on, 511 and n.;
modern claims for, 517;
Pareto and, 536 n.;
recognised as independent of parties and ideals, 583;
development and future of, 643-648;
simplicity of Adam Smith’s system, 644;
divergency of objects and methods among economists, 646-647;
Liberalism and, 646, 647
Political Economy Club, 139 n.
Pollock, Sir F., 559
Poor Law, English, Malthus and, 135 n., 136 n.;
Sismondi and, 195
Population, Adam Smith’s supply and demand theory applied to, 82, 89, 188;
dependent upon capital, 90;
Malthus’s law of, 120, 121-137, 142, 157, 345;
the “repressive checks,” 126-127;
the “preventive checks,” 127-129, 137;
the reproductive capacity and intellectual activity, 137 n.-138 n.;
Sismondi on the regulation of, by revenue, 188;
wages and, 189;
Sismondi and Malthus’s theory, 189 n.;
Carey’s theory of, 346;
development of the theory of, 645
Port Sunlight, 255, 513 n.
Positivism, Saint-Simon the father of, 203; 213
Pothier, R. J., 587 n.
Potter, B. (Mrs. Sidney Webb), 587 n.
Price, demand and supply and, 519-520;
cost of production and, 520;
and rent, 520
Prices, Adam Smith’s theory of, 74-81;
Walras and, 114;
the recent theory of, 515;
development of the theory of, 645
Principles of Revolution, The, 639
Producer, subordination of, to consumer, 342-343
Producer’s rent, 527 n.
Producers, and social reorganisation, 605 n.
Producers’ associations, 604
Production, the accretion of value is, 16;
labour as the cause of, 24;
the Physiocratic conception of, 46, 49;
the three factors of, 56 n.;
Adam Smith and, 80, 419;
adaptation of supply to demand the basis of our theory of, 82;
J. B. Say and, 109;
Sismondi and, 177, 178-182, 193, 419;
the Classical school and, 177;
net and gross, Sismondi and, 189-190;
the Christian Socialists and, 196;
the Saint-Simonians and, 199, 226-227;
Dunoyer and, 347-348;
Senior on agricultural and industrial production, 362 n.;
Stuart Mill and, 368-369;
Rodbertus and, 419-421, 430;
State Socialism and, 444;
Marx on, 468 n.-469 n.;
cost of, and value, 520, 526;
cost of, and price, 520, 534 n.;
the Hedonists and, 533;
the expansion of, under the influence of applied science, 635-636
Productive power, List and, 270, 272-274
Productivity theory of capital, 502, 583;
of wages, 527-528
Profit, Adam Smith on the relation of, to rent, 64 n.;
Adam Smith’s conception of, 65 n., 80, 114;
Smith on high profits, 67, 74 n.;
dependent on exchange value, 90;
Ricardo and, 114, 160-163, 373;
the Pessimists and, 118;
Marx and, 185, 457-458 and n.;
Robert Owen and the abolition of, 239-243;
Bastiat and the relation of, to wages, 340-342, 550-551;
Stuart Mill and, 373 n.;
the term as understood by English and French economists, 373 n.;
the Classical school and, 520;
Walras and, 534 n.-535 n.;
rent and, 545;
Walker and, 550-551;
Pantaleoni on, 551 n.;
Stuart Mill and the abolition of, 605 n.
Profit-sharing, the Saint-Simonians and, 227
Property, private, the Physiocratic doctrine and, 10 n., 11, 21, 24-25;
respect for, during the French Revolution, 25;
Turgot’s views upon, 25;
Ricardo’s theory of rent and, 154, 558-559;
Sismondi and, 198;
the Saint-Simonians and, 199-201, 213-225, 294 n.;
considered from the point of view of ethics, 200;
Saint-Simon and, 210;
exploitation and, 215;
Fourier’s Phalanstère and, 248-249;
the Radical Socialists and, 251;
Proudhon and, 290-300, 315;
Brissot and, 292 n.;
Bastiat and, 337;
Marx and, 463-464;
the Christian Socialists and, 506;
Tolstoy and, 513;
the Hedonists and, 540 n.;
considered to be unjust, 559;
Stuart Mill and, 568 n.;
Gossen and, 572-573;
solidarity and, 606-607;
the anarchists and, 626-627, 641;
syndicalism and, 641;
socialism and, 642
Proprietor, the, in Ricardo’s, Proudhon’s, and Bastiat’s view, 336
Protection, the probable attitude of the Physiocrats to, 17;
influence of, on agriculture and on industry, 30 n.;
Adam Smith’s criticism of, 98-99;
Ricardo and, 163 n.;
Malthus and, 164;
Sismondi and, 264 n.-265 n.;
Saint-Simon and, 265 n.;
the Saint-Simonians and, 265 n.;
List and, 265, 268-290;
and agriculture, List on, 276 and n.;
in the United States, 279;
in Germany, 279, 280, 281;
in France, 280, 281, 323, 354;
Carey and, 282-284;
Dühring and, 289 n.;
in England, 323, 354;
Bastiat and, 329-330;
follows the interest of the producer, 343;
the Liberal school and, 354;
Stuart Mill and, 365;
the Social Catholics and, 501 n.;
and solidarity, 602
Proudhon, J. J., 169;
and government, 209, 310, 311, 624 n., 627;
his Exchange Bank, 242, 291, 293 n., 308-319;
and private property, 290-300;
his works, 291 n.-292 n.;
his career and his character, 291-292;
and interest, 293 n.;
and labour, 293;
and socialism, 296-300;
and Fourier, 296, 297 n.;
and the communists and communism, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300;
and the economic forces, 296-297;
on liberty, 297, 315;
and association, 297 and n.;
on justice, 298-299;
and exchange, 299-300;
and the Revolution of 1848, 300-308;
and “the right to work,” 301;
and money, 308-310, 313-314;
and co-operation, 315;
and solidarity, 317;
and the People’s Bank, 319-320;
influence after 1848, 320-321;
Marx and, 320-321, 449 n. 462;
new interest in his ideas, 321; 323, 329;
and Bastiat, 333 n.-334 n., 343;
and the proprietor, 336; 378, 415 n., 429 n., 450, 486;
on land, 559;
and the confiscation of land, 560; 607 n., 613;
the and anarchists, 615, 641; 616, 619 and n.;
and Bakunin, 620; 622;
and the individual, 622-623;
and the idea of humanity, 623;
and reason, 628;
and society, 630, 631 n.;
on the harmony of individual and general interests, 633 n.; 634;
and revolution, 637;
and syndicalism, 641
Providential order, Bastiat and, 331
Prudhommeaux, M., 264 n.
Prussia, the tariff of 1821 of, and Adam Smith’s doctrines, 106 n.;
tariffs in, in the early nineteenth century, 266;
and the Zollverein, 268;
industry in, 281 n.
Psychological school, the, 397 n., 521-528
Puech, M., 321 n., 323 n.
“Pure” school, the, 353, 392
Quantity theory of money, 360
Quasi-contract theory, 595-599, 603 n., 606
Quesnay, F., 2-5;
virtually the founder of political economy, 2;
his works, 3 n.;
on natural right, 7 nn.;
and the analogy between social and animal economy, 7;
and the “natural order,” 9, 10 and n.;
and the “net product,” 15;
his theory of the circulation of wealth, and the Tableau économique, 18-20;
on the productive and sterile classes, 21 n.;
on the landed proprietors, 21 n.;
on the security residing in property, 24 n.;
on the safety of property as the basis of economic order, 25;
on the poor, 26 n.;
on foreign trade, 28;
on Free Trade, 29 nn.;
on the “good price,” 29;
on American competition, 30 n.;
on Protection, 31 n.;
and interest, 33;
on laws, 34;
on the sovereign authority, 35;
on despotism, 36 n.;
on education, 37;
on Government expenditure, 38 n.;
and the “iron law,” 42-43;
and wages, 43 n.;
and value, 47 n.; 54;
and Adam Smith, 55;
and agriculture as the source of all wealth, 56;
his conception of political economy, 88;
Adam Smith’s criticism of his theory, 88; 201 n., 232, 298
Quetelet, L., 407 n.
Quod Apostolici, Encyclical, 500 n.
Radical party, English, 372
Radical-Socialist party, 592, 601
Rae, J., 52 n., 64 n., 66 n., 96 n., 103 n., 106 n.
Ragaz, Professor, 507
Raiffeisen, F. W., 496, 503 n.
Rambaud, J., xi, 277 n., 503 n.
Rau, K. H., 352, 379
Rauschenbusch, W., 507 n.
Raymond, D., 277 n.
Reason, the anarchists and, 628, 641
Reciprocity, Mercier de la Rivière on, 31;
Proudhon on, 310 n.
Reclus, É., 615, 619, 622, 624, 627 n., 628, 632 n., 636, 637
Reichel, 631 n.
Reid, T., 560
Religion, Robert Owen and, 238-239
Renard, G., 465 n., 469 n.
Renouvier, C. B., 403 n., 560
Rent, the theory of, xv;
Ricardo’s conception of the nature of, 16, 114;
and the “net product,” 17;
Adam Smith and, 64, 80, 92;
relation of wages and profit to, 64 n.;
J. B. Say and, 114-115, 556;
the Pessimists and, 118;
Ricardo’s theory of, 138, 140-157, 164, 335, 338, 339, 370, 545-546, 547, 548 and n., 552-553, 544 n., 555 n., 558-559, 561, 581-583, 587;
differential rent, 142, 546-558;
Malthus and, 142, 152, 164;
James Mill and, 155, 562;
the Saint-Simonians and, 213 n., 214, 562;
Carey and, 327, 338-340, 425, 545, 546;
Bastiat and, 335-338, 340, 425, 545, 546;
Fontenay and, 338 n.;
Senior and, 350-351, 362;
the Classical school and, 362, 520, 547;
Stuart Mill and, 362, 370-372, 548, 554, 555, 562-563, 566, 567-568, 569;
Rodbertus and, 424, 425;
modern economists and, 516;
and price, 520;
an “unearned increment,” 545;
growth in, 546;
of land, 546-548, 554-555, 556-557;
of capital, 548-549 n.; 558 n., 583;
of ability, 549, 551, 582, 583;
Walker’s theory, 549-552;
and profit, 550-552;
and the Classical theory of distribution, 553;
a consequence of the laws of value, 555;
of land, a species of the income of fixed capital, 556;
a scarcity price, 556;
Schäffle and, 556-557;
K. Menger and, 557;
relative permanence of rents, 557;
negative rent, 558;
J. B. Clark and, 558 n.;
and private property, 558-559;
man’s right to the land and the theory of rent, 561;
of land, spontaneous character of, 561;
the confiscation of, 562-570;
Henry George and, 563-568, 569;
the relation of wages to the increase in, 566 and n.;
Gossen and Walras and the confiscation of, 574-575;
Sidney Webb and Ricardo’s theory of, 581-583;
interest regarded as, 582;
“economic rent,” 582 n., 583 n.;
the Fabian doctrine and Ricardo’s theory of, 587
Rerum Novarum, Encyclical, 501 n.
Revolution, Proudhon on, 320 n.;
Marxism and, 471-472;
Neo-Marxism and, 481-482;
Buchez on Christianity and, 496;
the anarchists and, 637-640, 641
Revolution, French, the Physiocratic system and, 44, 104;
socialism and, 199 n.;
the leaders of, and private property, 199 n.-200 n.; 205, 214, 223
Revolution, the Industrial, 65, 104, 111
Revolution of 1848, Blanc and, 256;
Proudhon and, 300-308, 311 n.;
and socialism, 300; 436-437
Revolutionary Catechism, Netchaieff’s, 639
Reybaud, M., 300-301, 306, 354
Ribbes, M. de, 492 n.
Ricardo, D., x, xiv;
against the idea that nature is the only source of value, 16;
his conception of what rent is, 16;
and Adam Smith’s reference to utility, 75 n.;
and international trade, 98, 99, 100, 163-164, 363 and n.-364 and n.;
influence on political economy, 108, 138, 175;
and distribution, 114, 139-140;
and wages and profits, 114, 157-163, 373;
and crises, 117, 177, 192;
compared with J. B. Say, 118;
regarded as an Optimist, 119 n.;
one of the Pessimists, vi, 119-120, 192;
his place in economics, his work and literary style, 138-139;
his career, 139 n.;
his theory of rent, 138, 140, 141-157, 164, 335, 338, 339, 370, 545-546, 547-548 and n., 552-553, 554 n., 555 n., 558-559, 576;
his theory of value, 138, 140-141, 149-151, 240;
and labour and value, 140, 144 n., 332;
and the law of diminishing returns, 146-147, 373, 576;
and the balance of trade theory and the quantity theory of money, 164-165;
and paper money, 165, 168;
Sismondi and, 174-175, 177 and n., 380;
and machinery, 180 n., 181 and n.;
and wages and population, 189;
the Saint-Simonians and, 227; 228;
and property, 228; 264;
List and, 269; 287, 322, 324;
and the proprietor, 336; 348, 349;
and the income of capital, 350; 353;
and individualism, 355; 362, 371, 379, 386 n., 390;
and the identity of public and private interests, 410;
Rodbertus on his theory of value, 415 n.; 416, 453 n.;
the Marxian school and, 466;
his method, 466;
man’s right to the land, and his theory of rent, 561; 564, 566 n.;
Sidney Webb and his theory of rent, 581-583;
the Fabian doctrine and his theory of rent, 587
Richelot, H., 265 n.
“Right to exist, the,” 607 n.
“Right to the whole produce of labour, the,” 607 n.
“Right to work, the,” 300, 301, 303, 319, 599, 607 n.
Rist, C., 172, 342 n., 423 n., 539 n.
Rivière, Mercier de la, one of the Physiocrats, 3 n., 5;
on the social order, 7;
on the “natural order,” 8 n.-9 n., 9, 10 n., 11;
and the origin of the term laissez-faire, 11 n.;
on the creation of value, 13 and n.;
on property as a “divine” institution, 21;
on the landed proprietor, 23 n.;
on property as the parent of social institutions, 25;
on the regard to be paid to the peasants, 26 n.;
on the fallacy that wealth grows from foreign trade, 28;
on freedom of trade, 29 n.-30 n.;
on the balance of trade theory, 31;
on reciprocity, 31;
on laws, 34 n.;
and Catherine the Great, 34;
on despotism, 35 n.;
on taxation, 40 n.;
on the relation of expenditure to production, 42 n.;
on the felicity following on the establishment of the “natural order,” 46 n.; 232
Rochdale Pioneers, 263 n., 243, 244, 605
Rodbertus, J. K., 73 n.;
and Sismondi, 198;
and the products of labour, 293 n.; 294, 316;
on the relative returns of capital and labour, 341 n.-342 n.; 369;
and State Socialism, 414-415, 428, 431;
and Lassalle, 414-415, 416, 417, 433, 434;
French origin of his ideas, 415, 416, 423;
his works, 415 n.-416 n.;
his political and economic views, 416-417;
his social theory, 417-432, 590;
and the State, 261, 418, 429-430, 441;
and production, 419-421, 423, 430;
and the utilisation of the means of production, 421;
and distribution, 421-428, 430-431;
and labour’s share of the national product, 425-426, 427;
and the “brazen law,” 426;
his theory of crises, 426-427;
and the regulation of national production and distribution, 427-429;
and the State and economic functions, 430-431;
the State Socialists and his doctrine, 430; 437, 443, 448 n., 450, 475;
and Professor Schäffle, 590 n.
Rodrigues, E., 211, 212
Rodrigues, O., 203, 204 n., 211
Rogers, Thorold, 52 n.
Roscher, W., 106 n., 196, 379 and n., 380 n.;
founder of the Historical school, 381-383; 389, 400 n., 402
Rossi, P., 315 n., 352, 375, 379
Roubaud, the Abbé—see Baden, Margrave of
Round, J. H., vi
Rousiers, P. de, 495 n.
Rousseau, J. J., 1;
and the Physiocrats, 6 n.;
and the natural state compared with the social state, 7; 120 n.;
and private property, 200 n.; 238 n., 596
Royal Economic Society, 506 n.
“Rural economy,” 2, 3 n., 5
Ruskin, John, 196, 251, 510 and n., 511-513
Rutten, Father, 498 n.
Sabotage, 481 n.
Sadler, Michael, 67
Saint-Leon, M., 500 n.
St. Paul, 588
Saint-Simon, C. H., and Fourier, 201 n.;
quality of his socialism, 201-202;
his career, 202-203;
his works, 203 n.;
his earlier philosophic system, 203;
his economic ideas, 204;
his “Parable,” 204-205;
on the future of the industrial classes, 205 n.;
on industry, 205 n.;
and the new industrial system, 205-211, 224;
and socialism, 209-211;
the Saint-Simonians and their doctrine, 211-231;
and capital, 214;
and A. Comte’s theory of the three estates, 222;
and history, 224;
on politics, 225 n.;
on philanthropy in social reorganisation, 225 n.;
Engels on, 228;
and private property, 217; 233, 256;
and Protection, 265 n.; 290, 300;
Proudhon and, 311 n.; 318, 323, 352, 402, 404, 405;
Rodbertus and, 418; 450, 470, 475, 486
Saint-Simonians, the, 169, 184;
and Sismondi, 193;
and the equalitarians, 200 n.-201 n.;
and their socialist contemporaries, 201 n.;
and collectivism, 201, 202, 211, 218-220;
their doctrine, 202, 213-225;
and governmental control, 207 n.;
the development of their doctrine from Saint-Simon’s, 211;
earliest members of the school, 211;
organisation of the school, 211-212;
Enfantine and the downfall of the school, 212-213;
and private property, 199-202, 213-225, 294 n.;
and “exploitation,” 215-216;
and production, 217-218, 226-227;
and inheritance, 217-218;
and the historical method in the criticism of private property, 221-224;
their socialism, 225, 230 n.;
part played by members of the school in practical economic administration, 226;
and banks and credit, 226;
influence upon the socialists, 227;
and distribution, 229;
and the general and particular interest, 229-230;
on the disadvantages of the spontaneous economic forces, 230;
and profits and wages, 216 n.;
and value, 216;
compared with the Associationists, 231;
Fourier on, 245;
and Protection, 265 n.;
and the State, 289 n.;
List and, 289 n.; 293;
Proudhon and, 296; 297;
Stuart Mill and, 367, 372; 378, 381, 415 and n.;
Rodbertus and, 421, 423; 465 n.;
and class antagonism, 471 n.;
and the confiscation of rent, 562
Saint-Simonism, 112;
Fourier and, 201 n.; 212, 219, 254, 255
Sainte-Beuve, and Sismondi, 193;
and Proudhon, 292, 295 n., 298 n.
Sand, George, 263
Sangnier, M., 496, 502 n.
Sartorius, G. F., 106
Saumaise, C., 503 n.
Savigny, F. K. von, 382
Saving, Adam Smith on, 73
Sax, Professor, 522 n.
Saxony, 281 n.
Say, J. B., xii, 34 n.;
and production, 56 n.;
and capital, 56;
and productive and unproductive works, 62, 348 n.;
and the entrepreneur, 65 n., 113-114, 550 n.; 70;
on Adam Smith’s theory of distribution, 80;
and distribution, 93, 113-114, 422;
on the loss of England’s American colonies, 103-104;
on the Wealth of Nations, 106;
and Adam Smith’s doctrines, 107-117;
his career, 107 n.;
and the Physiocrats, 108-109;
and political economy, 110-111, 175, 178;
on machinery, 112, 181;
and rent, 114-115, 551, 554 n., 555 n., 556;
his theory of markets, 115;
and over-production crises, 115-117, 192;
correspondence with Ricardo, 139 n.; 148;
on the poverty of the English worker, 171;
Sismondi and, 175, 177, 178, 181;
and the relative poverty of industrial society, 193; 201 n., 207;
Saint-Simon and, 209 n., 210 n.; 228;
and property, 228; 264, 265 n.;
List and, 269 n.; 279 n., 280, 287, 298, 311 n.;
and anarchy, 311 n.; 314, 322, 328 n., 335 n., 336 n., 352 n., 353, 375, 379, 390, 425, 615 n., 645
Say, Louis, 107 n., 265 n.
“Scarcity,” 521 n., 522 n.
Schäffle, A., 438 n., 469, 556-557, 590 n.
Schatz, A., 54 n., 357 n., 372 n.
Schelle, M., 4 n., 11 n.
Schmidt, Kaspar—see Stirner, Max
Schmoller, G., 196, 379 and n., 383, 385-386, 389 nn., 393 n., 395, 397, 400, 403, 406 n., 407, 438, 443 n., 517, 647
Schönberg, G., 439
School of Social Science, 494
Schulze-Delitzsch, F. H., 376, 434 and n.
Schumpeter, Herr, 547 n.
Schuster, R., 323
Schweitzer, Herr, 434 n.
Science, Bakunin and, 628-629
Seager, Professor H. R., 349 n.
Secrétan, C., 560, 600 n.
Seebohm, F., vi
Ségur-Lamoignon, M., 500 n.
Seignobos, C., 405 n.
Self-interest, Adam Smith on, as the mainspring of progress, 86-87, 88, 89, 92, 95, 393; 99;
the Classical school and, 393-394;
Wagner and, 394;
Stuart Mill and, 394, 404, 411
Seligman, Professor, 349 n., 570 n.
Semaines Sociales, 500 n.
Senior, N. W., 109 n., 168, 349-351, 358, 362 and n., 371, 372, 379, 549, 551
Sensi, Signor, 555 n.
Service, in Bastiat’s theory of value, 332-335;
place of the term in economic terminology, 335
Service-value, Bastiat’s theory of, 332-335
Shaftesbury, Lord, 67;
Robert Owen and, 237;
and Christian Socialism, 486
Shaw, G. Bernard, 579 n., 580 and n., 583 n.
Sidgwick, H., 329
Sillon, the, 502
Simiand, M., 388 n., 402 n., 538 n.
Sismondi, S. de, x, 111, 116, 117, 169;
life, 173 n.;
and political economy, 173, 174, 175, 178, 196, 198;
and Adam Smith, 173, 174, 410;
and Ricardo and J. B. Say, 174-175;
and Malthus, 175;
and the English Corn Laws, 175;
and the abstract method in economics, 176 and n., 380;
and production and over-production, 176-177, 178-182;
and interest, 176 n.; 192-193 n., 215;
and distribution, 177-178, 185, 186, 198, 422, 443;
and the Classical school, 179-182, 195-196;
and machinery, 180-182;
and competition, 182-184, 193 n., 198, 410;
and socialism, 184-185;
and the theory of the identity of individual and general interests, 185-186, 410;
and the concentration of capital, 187-189;
on the regulation of population by the revenue, 188-189;
and economic crises, 187, 190-192, 426;
and net and gross production, 189-190, 420;
his reform projects, 192-197;
the first of the Interventionists, 192;
influence upon writers and movements in the nineteenth century, 195-196;
influence upon his contemporaries, 196, 197;
and State Socialism, 197;
and the socialists, 196, 197-198;
Marx’s debt to, 198;
and private property, 198;
and “exploitation,” 215, 216; 228 n., 230, 233, 256;
on liberty, 262 n.; 264;
and Protection, 264 n.-265 n.; 289;
Stuart Mill and, 367;
and peasant proprietorship, 371 n.; 377, 378, 415 and n.;
and production, 419, 421; 440, 450;
and increment value, 453 n.; 475;
and guarantism, 599, 604;
and Liberalism and political economy, 647
Slavery, Le Play and, 491 n.
Smith, Adam, vi;
on the object of political economy, 1;
accredited the founder of political economy, 2, 50-51, 103;
and Quesnay, 3, 55;
Turgot resembles, 4 n., 47;
and nature regarded as the only source of value, 16;
on “sterile” labour, 17;
his career, 50 n.-52 n.;
his Wealth of Nations, 51 et seq., 105;
intimate with David Hume, 50 n., 53;
and the Physiocrats, 51 n., 55, 62-65, 69;
his admiration for Voltaire, 52 n.;
and Bernard de Mandeville, 51; and Turgot, 55;
and the Tableau économique, 55;
and the division of labour, 56-68, 70-71;
on labour as the true source of wealth, 56-57;
and taxation, 61-62;
on equality in the State, 62;
and productive and unproductive workers, 62-63;
and the superior productivity of agriculture, 63-64, 65, 67, 108, 143;
and rent, 64, 80, 141-143;
and industry, 65-66, 67-68;
his sympathy for the worker, 66-67;
on profits, 67-80, 114;
his “naturalism,” 68-88;
and the spontaneity of economic institutions, 69-88;
and money, 71, 82-85, 115;
and capital, 71-73, 89-91, 272 n.;
on saving, 73;
on demand and supply, 73-85;
his theory of prices, 74-82;
on “value in use” and “value in exchange,” 75-77;
on labour as the measure of value, 77-78, 149;
and cost of production as the determinant of value, 78-79;
his theory of wages, 80;
and distribution, 80, 93;
on the regulation of population to the demand, 82, 188;
on banks, 85;
on self-interest as the root of all economic activity, 86-87, 88, 393;
and the homo œconomicus, 86;
and the “spontaneous order,” 87-88;
on Quesnay’s economic theory, 88;
his “optimism,” 88-93;
and the harmony between self-interest and the general well-being of society, 92, 185, 410;
on the duty of the sovereign, 93, 94, 409;
and economic liberty, 93-97, 315;
on the inefficiency of State administration, 94-95;
and Mercantilism, 98, 169, 314;
and international trade, 97-102;
and Protection, 98-102;
influence of his thought, and its diffusion, 102-107;
and Lord North, 105;
and Pitt, 105;
J. B. Say and, 107-118;
on the basis and the aim of political economy, 110;
and the entrepreneur, 114;
and Malthus’s Principles of Population, 121;
compared with Ricardo, 138;
and the products of mines, 143 n.;
and the interests of the landlords, 153 n.;
and Free Trade, 153, 163, 287; 165, 166;
Sismondi and, 173, 174, 192;
on competition, 182;
and high wages and population, 189; 201 n., 204, 207;
Saint-Simon and, 209 n.;
on government, 217, 625; 228;
and property, 228; 264;
on the Act of Union of 1800, 266;
List and, 269 n., 270, 271 n., 273, 278 n., 279 n., 280;
and the three stages in economic evolution, 271 n.;
on national power, 271 n.; 272;
on moral forces, 273 n.;
on the prosperity of Britain as the outcome of her legal system, 273 n.; 322, 323, 326, 338 n., 355 n., 371, 379, 380 and n., 390;
and State intervention, 408-410;
and laissez-faire, 408, 410; 416, 417, 418, 423, 438 n., 440, 516;
Mr. and Mrs. Webb on his theory that labour is the cause of value, 581 n.; 588, 615 n.;
simplicity of his system, 644
Smith, Prince, 376, 439
“Smithianismus,” 438
Social biology, 590 n.
Social Catholicism, 495-503;
and co-operation, 496-500;
and the emancipation of the workers by themselves, 500;
and the State, 501;
and Protection, 501 n.;
and socialism, 501;
and the employer and the worker, 502;
compared with Social Protestantism, 503
Social Catholics, 494
Social Christianity, 509
Social contract, the, 6 n.
Social Democratic Federation, 579 n.
Social Democratic party, German, Rodbertus and, 417; 432;
founded, 437; 480 n.
Social economics, 1, 181, 645
“Social function,” 335
“Social instinct,” the, 632;
Kropotkin on, 632-633
Social League of Buyers, 500 n.
Social Protestantism—see Christian Socialism
“Social workshops,” Blanc and, 301
Socialism, xi;
Adam Smith regarded as the father of, 79 n.;
Adam Smith a forerunner of, 92;
Ricardo’s theory of value the starting-point of modern, 138;
the Marxian theory of surplus value and, 140;
and the French Revolution, 199 n.-200 n.;
equalitarian, 200 n.;
the Saint-Simonians and, 200 n.-201 n., 212, 225, 227, 230 n., 231;
Saint-Simon and, 201, 202, 209, 210 n.;
Saint-Simon the father of, 203;
Robert Owen and, 235;
origin of the term, 235 n., 263 and n.;
Wm. Thompson and, 244;
Leroux and, 263;
Proudhon and, 290-291, 296-299, 315;
and the Revolution of 1848, 300-307;
Marx and, 320, 470;
France the classic land of, 323;
Bastiat and, 328 n., 329;
Stuart Mill and, 352 n., 353, 358;
the Liberal school and, 354;
Reybaud on, 354;
revival of, 377;
Marx’s Kapital and, 377;
Rodbertus and, 417;
State Socialism and, 431;
Lassalle and, 433;
the Christian schools and, 483-485;
the Social Catholics and, 500;
the Sillon and, 502;
the Christian Socialists and, 509;
modern changes in, 515-516;
in England in mid-nineteenth century, 579;
of the Fabian Society, vii, 580 n.-581 n., 584-587;
Sidney Webb on the present realisation of, 585;
“juridical socialism,” 606, 607 n.;
criticism of solidarity, 611;
anarchism and, 640, 641;
and violence, 641;
and the State and private property, 642
Socialists, favour Adam Smith’s theory of value, 75;
Sismondi reckoned among, 184;
Saint-Simon reckoned among, 210 n.;
Proudhon and, 296-297;
and the Revolution of 1848, 300; 335;
and State Socialism, 414;
Rodbertus and, 417;
and capital, 459-460;
F. D. Maurice on the motto of the socialist, 504 n.;
and interest and rent, 568, 579
Society, the reality of, 618, 619 n.;
Kropotkin on, 625 n., 630, 631 n.;
Bakunin on, 625 n.-626 n., 630, 631 n.;
the anarchist conception of, 629-636;
Proudhon and, 630, 631 n.;
Jean Grave and, 630, 631 n.;
and government, 631
Sociological analogy, the, 590-591
Sociology, 388, 392, 404, 590
Solidarity, xv;
in France, 136 n., 516;
Protection and, 289 n., 602;
Proudhon and, 317;
the Liberal school and, 325;
Bastiat and the law of, 344-345;
origin of the term, 344 n., 587;
modern conception of, 344;
Carey and, 345;
and individualism, 356 n.;
State Socialism and, 439, 592, 601, 602-603;
Le Play’s new school and, 495;
Gounelle on, 508 n.;
the Christian Socialists and, 508;
development of the ideal, 587;
the ancients and, 588-589;
heredity and, 588;
A. Comte and, 589;
bacteriology and, 589;
the sociological analogy and, 590-591;
growth and universality of, 591-592;
the Solidarity school, 592 n.-593 n.;
Gide on, 593 n.;
a new watchword, 593;
M. Bourgeois and, 593-594, 596, 597-599;
and natural solidarity, 594-599;
progress of the movement, 593-594;
Durkheim and, 599-600;
a movement towards universal unity, 600-601;
practical applications of, 601-607;
fiscal reform and, 602;
and association, 602, 613-614;
the syndicalists and, 603;
the mutualists and, 603-604;
and co-operation, 604;
the École de Nîmes, 605 n.;
and the mutual credit society, 606;
and private property, 606;
and jurisprudence, 606;
criticism of, 607-614;
the Liberal school and, 607-608;
evolution and, 609;
and collective responsibility for misdemeanour, 610;
the moralists and, 610-611;
socialist criticism, 611;
its moral influence, 611-612;
and individuality, 612-613;
and exchange, 613-614;
distinguished from charity, 614 n.;
the anarchists and social solidarity, 630; 632
Solidarist, or Solidarity, school, 592 n.-593 n., 601
Solvay, E., 242, 318-319
Sombart, W., 271 n., 386
Sorel, G., 209, 321, 447-448, 466 nn., 467 n., 473 n., 474 n., 479 nn., 480 n., 481 nn., 482 and nn., 483, 515, 638 n., 641, 642
Souchon, A., xi
Sovereign, the, Adam Smith on, 93, 94, 409
Sozialpolitik, 178
Spain, anarchism in, 640
Spence, T., 560 and n.
Spencer, Herbert, xiii. 356, 376, 560, 590 nn.
Spontaneity of economic institutions, Adam Smith and, 68-85, 87, 88, 89
Staël, Mme., 173 n.
Stangeland, C. E., 121 n.
Stanislaus II, King of Poland, and the Physiocrats, 5
State, the, in the Mercantilist view, 27;
in the Physiocratic view, 27;
the functions of, in the Physiocratic doctrine, 33-37;
Adam Smith on the functions of, 95;
the sole inheritor of property, in the Saint-Simonians’ system, 223;
Blanc and, 261, 262;
Dupont-White and, 408 n., 440, 441;
Walras and, 413;
Rodbertus and, 418-419, 429-431;
Hegel on, 435 n.;
Fichte and, 435 n.-436 n.;
the Congress of Eisenach and, 437;
Wagner and, 438 n., 439-440;
the duties of, under State Socialism, 439;
incapacity of, as an economic agent, 439;
and the individual, 442-443;
the Christian schools and, 484;
Le Play and, 488;
the Social Catholics and, 501;
Carlyle on the Classical ideal, 511;
the anarchists and, 615, 623-624, 625, 626, 627, 630, 641;
syndicalism and, 641
State intervention, xv, 407 et seq.;
Adam Smith and, 94-97, 408-410;
Malthus and Ricardo and, 164;
Sismondi and, 197, 413;
the French Liberal school and, 325;
Bastiat and, 325 n., 408-409; 377, 378;
Stuart Mill and, 411, 413;
Cournot and, 413;
Lassalle and, 434-435;
Kingsley on, 505 n.
See State Socialism
State Socialism, xi, xv, 197, 221, 259, 261, 262, 304-305, 346, 377, 387, 389 n., 407;
origin of, 410, 413, 438;
not simply an economic doctrine, 414;
Rodbertus and, 414-415, 417, 428, 431, 432;
Lassalle and, 414, 432;
Wagner and, 414; and socialism, 431;
Andler and the philosophical origin of, 435 n.;
Fichte and, 435 n.;
principles and characteristics of the movement, 436-448;
and the Classical school, 438;
and solidarity and Lassalle, 439;
and government and the individual, 439-443;
and distribution, 443-444;
and production, 444;
Bismarck and, 445;
in Germany, 445-446;
influence in politics, 447;
and economic Liberalism, 447;
syndicalism and, 447-448;
the Christian schools and, 485;
and economic theory, 515;
modern development of, 516;
the Fabians and, 586; 592, 593 n.;
and solidarity, 601, 602-603
Stationary state, Stuart Mill and, 373-374
Statistics, the science of, and economics, 407 n.; 645-646
Statute of Apprentices, the, 104, 170
Statutes of the International Brotherhood, 639
Statutes of the International Socialist Alliance, 639
Stein, H. F. K., 106 n.
Stein, L. von, 294 n.
“Sterile classes,” the, in the Physiocratic system, 14, 21, 24;
Adam Smith and, 57
Sterile labour, in the Physiocratic system, 16-17
Stewart, Dugald, 52 n.
Stiegler, M., 592 n.
Stirner, Max (Kaspar Schmidt), 615-619, 622-623, 628, 630
Stöker, Pastor, 507
Storch, H. F. von, 118 n., 379
Strong, J., 506 n.
Stumm, Baron, 507 n.
Sully, Duc de, 17
Supply, price and, 519
Surplus labour, Marx’s theory of, 450-459, 474-475
Surplus value, Marx’s theory of, 184, 198, 228, 294, 450-459;
Sismondi and, 184-185, 198, 475;
decline of the theory of, 516
Surplus values, the taxation of, 569-570
Switzerland, Christian Socialism in, 507
Syndicalism, 321, 447, 448, 472 n., 473, 479-483, 491;
the Social Catholics and, 498 and n.;
the Sillon and the C.G.T. and, 502;
and solidarity, 603;
and anarchism, 619 n., 641-642;
and the State, 641-642;
its ideal, 642
Syndicat, the, 480-481
Synthetic socialism, 573
Syntheticism, 573
Tableau économique, 3 n., 5, 18-19, 20 n., 21, 162, 534
Taillandier, Saint-René, 616 n.
Tariffs, in France, 266, 269, 280-281;
in Germany, 266-269, 280-281;
in the United States, 269;
the economic nature of, 282
Taxation, the Physiocratic theory of, 38-45;
Adam Smith and, 61-62 and nn., 102;
development of the theory of, 645
Theory, economic, recent revival of, 515
Thierry, A., 203, 211
Thiers, L. A., 303
Thomas, É., 302 and n.
Thomas, P. F., 263 n.
Thompson, R., 156 n.
Thompson, W., 194, 201 n., 244, 450 n.
Thornton, W. T., 361, 371 n.
Thünen, J. H. von, 148 n., 352, 558
Tocqueville, A. C. de, 303
Todt, Pastor, 507
Tolstoy, Count Leo, 510, 511, 512, 513-514
Tooke, T., 109 n.
Torrens, Colonel, 349 n.
Tourville, the Abbé de, 494, 495 n.
Toynbee, A., 196, 374, 379, 386 n., 387
Trade, the Physiocrats and, 27-33
Trade, Free—see Free Trade
Trade unionism, Robert Owen and, 236 n.;
Stuart Mill and, 361, 362 n.;
the Neo-Marxians and, 479;
Le Play and, 491; 496 n., 504;
Durkheim and, 600;
the syndicalists and, 603, 642;
the French anarchists and, 640
Travail, Le, co-operative society, 257 n.
Treitschke, H. G. von, 443 n.
Trosne, G. F. Le, one of the Physiocrats, 4 n.;
on the earth as the sole productive source, 12 n., 13;
and the “net product,” 14 n., 15 n.;
on the Tableau économique, 19;
on exchange, 27 n.;
on Free Trade, 29 n.; 49, 118 n.
Trusts, Ollivier on, 325
Tucker, J., 54
Turgot, A. R. J., one of the Physiocrats, 4 and n.;
on the universality and immutability of the “natural order,” 10;
and the origin of the term laissez-faire, 11 n.; 12 n.;
on artisans and agriculturists, 14 and n.;
on mines and the “net product,” 14;
on the circulation of wealth, 18;
and the Tableau économique, 20 n.;
and property, 25 n.;
on the “good price,” 30 n.;
on Protection, 31 n.;
and the edict establishing Free Trade in corn, 32;
and interest, 33, 50 n.;
distinguished from the other Physiocrats, 33, 46-47;
on industry and agriculture, 37 n.;
on the burdens of the poor, 42 n.;
and the “iron law,” 42, 157, 453 n.;
on value, 46-47;
and Condillac and Galiani, 47; 50;
acquainted with Adam Smith, 51 n., 55; 117;
and the law of diminishing returns, 146-147 n., 340; 222 n., 228 n., 298
“Unearned increment,” rent is, 545;
the confiscation of, 558-570
United States, xii;
increase of population in, 124 n.;
growth of per capita wealth of the population in, 131;
and tariffs and Protection, 269, 278-279;
List on the economic condition of, 279;
cultivation and rents in, 339;
Christian Socialism in, 506
Unity, the movement towards universal, 600
University economists, 436
Ure, A., 171 n.
Usury, the Catholic Church and, 503 n.
Utilitarian Radicals, 586
Utilitarian school, 352
Utility, social, 24, 91;
Dunoyer and, 348 and n.
Utility theory, 328 n.;
Bastiat and, 335-338
Utopia, More’s, 246
Utopian socialism, 232
Value, the accretion of, constitutes production, 16;
nature the only source of, 16;
the Physiocrats and, 46, 49;
Turgot on, 46-47;
Galiani on, 47;
Condillac and, 48-49, 74, 75;
Adam Smith’s theory of, 74-80, 149;
Ricardo’s theory of, 138, 140-141, 149-151, 240, 332;
Sismondi and, 184-185;
Marx and, 185, 293 n., 466 and n., 474, 583;
Marx’s theory of surplus value, 184, 450-459;
Proudhon and, 293 n.;
Bastiat’s theory of service-value, 332-335, 338;
Carey and, 332;
Ferrara and, 333 n.;
in Bastiat’s utility theory, 335-338;
the Classical law of, 360, 558;
Rodbertus and, 415 n.;
Aristotle and, 451 n.;
determined by cost of production, 520, 526;
definition of, 523;
the Classical school and, 530 n.;
the Mathematical school and, 530 n.;
Aupetit and, 530 n.
“Value in use,” and “value in exchange,” 75-76, 451
Value, surplus—see Surplus value
Vandervelde, É., 221, 470 n.
Varlin, M., 459 n.
Verein für Sozialpolitik, 437
Vidal, F., 259, 304-305, 414, 420 n.
Villeneuve-Bargemont, Vicomte A. de, 197
Villermé, L. R., 171, 491 n.
Villey, E., 327 n.
Vinet, A. R., 509
Voltaire, and the Physiocrats, 5; 32;
his L’Homme avec Quarante Écus, 41 n.; 43;
Adam Smith and, 51 n.; 52 n.
Wage fund theory, Stuart Mill and, 361-362, 374;
Walker and, 362 n., 549;
Cairnes and, 374; 456
Wages, the Physiocrats and, 43;
Condillac on, 49-50;
Adam Smith on the relation of, to rent, 64 n.;
Smith’s theory of, 80;
Ricardo and, 114, 157-163;
Sismondi and, 176 n.;
Stuart Mill and, 360 n., 369-370; 353;
the law of, of the Classical School, 360-362;
Cobden on, 360-361;
the “brazen law” of, 361, 426, 433, 453 n., 528;
Böhm-Bawerk and the Classical school and, 520;
final utility and, 527-528;
the productivity theory of, 527-528, 549-550;
the Hedonists and, 541;
relation of, to profit, 550-551;
and interest, Henry George on, 565;
relation of, to the increase in rents, 566 and n.
Wagner, A., 222, 393 n., 394, 396 nn., 401 n., 403, 414, 416, 431 n., 433 n.;
and State Socialism, 438 and n., 439, 440-441, 443 n., 444;
and the State and the individual, 442
Wakefield, Gibbon, 349 n.
Walker, A., 550 n.
Walker, F., 362 n., 549-552
Wallace, A. R., and land nationalisation, 561, 577
Wallas, Graham, 159 n.
Walras, L., on Free Trade, 30; 75;
J. B. Say and, 114;
and land nationalisation, 155, 561, 571, 572 n., 573-577;
and “scarcity,” 351; 521 n., 522 n.; 376, 380, 392 and n.;
on the State, 413; 495, 529 n.;
his economic system, 533-536, 541-542; 537, 538 n., 540 n., 544;
and rent and profit, 552;
and the individual and the State, 573-574;
and the confiscation of rent, 574-577; 631 n.
War of Independence, American, 103-104, 202
Waring, Colonel, 253 n.
Watt, James, 65
Wealth, the Physiocratic conception of the circulation of, 18-26;
a material element, in the Physiocratic view, 27;
Quesnay regards agriculture as the source of all, 56;
Adam Smith’s view of the origin of, 56-57;
Adam Smith on, 83;
solely a product of the soil, in the Physiocratic view, 348
Wealth of Nations, 51 et seq., 353
Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Sidney, 170, 221, 387, 580, 581, 583, 584, 585, 586
Weber, Max, 381 n.
Weill, G., 202 n., 203 n., 226 n.
Weitling, W., 323
Wellington, Duke of, 366
Wells, H. G., 580
West, Sir E., 147 n., 149 n.
Weulersse, G., 5 n., 22 n., 26 n.
Wieser, F. von, 522 n.
William II, Emperor of Germany, 446, 507
Wilson, G., 96 n.
Wirth, M., 416 n., 417 n.
Wollemborg, 503 n.
Wolowski, L., 304
Woman question, Saint-Simonism and, 254;
Fourier and, 254
“Working men’s associations,” 305-306, 319
Worms, R., 590 n.
Würtemberg, Tariff Union between Bavaria and, 268
Young, A., 136 n., 371
Yule, Udny, 407 n.
Zola, É., 254 n.
Zollverein, formation of the, 268; 280
Zollvereinsblatt, 280 n., 288

A history of economic doctrines

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