A history of England principally in the seventeenth century, Volume 2 (of 6)

The volume traces political developments in seventeenth-century England, focusing on periods when the crown governed without parliamentary consent, its fiscal and religious policies, and the growth of ecclesiastical and constitutional conflict. It examines diplomatic relations and military engagements with continental powers, the escalation of disputes with Scotland over church governance and covenanting resistance, and efforts at negotiation that repeatedly failed. The narrative follows the widening breach between royal authority and representative institutions, the reorganization of military forces, factional divisions at home, and the progression from political crisis into armed struggle culminating in the monarch’s downfall.