A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, Volume 2 (of 2)

INDEX.

• Adulteration of wine, i. 245;
• ancients clarified their wine with gypsum, i. 250;
• potters-earth used for clarifying wine, ib.;
• Jacob Ehrni beheaded for adulterating wine, i. 253;
• arsenical liver of sulphur used for detecting metal in wine, ib.;
• fumigating with sulphur, i. 255;
• adulteration with milk, i. 256;
• adulteration of wine in England, ib.
• Air-chamber, when first applied to the fire-engine, ii. 252.
• Alum, i. 180;
• alum of the ancients was vitriol, ib.;
• places where they procured it, i. 182;
• use of the ancient alum to secure buildings from fire, i. 184;
• invention of the modern alum, i. 185;
• alumen roccæ, i. 186;
• the oldest alum-works in the Levant, i. 187;
• the oldest in Europe on the island of Ænaria, i. 188;
• origin of those at Tolfa or Civita Vecchia, i. 190;
• at Volterra, i. 193;
• Popes’ exclusive trade in alum, i. 194;
• oldest alum-work in Germany, i. 195;
• the first in England, i. 196.
• Apothecaries, i. 326;
• Greek and Roman physicians prepared their own medicines, i. 327;
• their employment in the 13th and 14th centuries, i. 329;
• pharmacy first separated from medicine by the Arabian physicians, ib.;
• medical establishments in Europe formed after that at Salerno, i. 331;
• English apothecaries, i. 333;
• French, ib.;
• German, i. 333–338;
• portable apothecary’s shop at the Byzantine court, i. 339;
• first dispensatory, ib.
• Aquafortis, first intelligible account of, i. 506.
• Archil, i. 35;
• known to the ancients, i. 36;
• art of dyeing with, brought, in 1300, from the Levant, i. 38;
• account of the family of the Oricellarii or Rucellai, who made that art known in Italy, ib.;
• trade of the Canary islands with, i. 39;
• of the Cape de Verde islands, i. 40;
• invention of Lacmus, 41.
• Artichoke, i. 212;
• cinara of the ancients the same with the carduus, i. 213;
• Scolymus described, i. 215;
• not our artichoke, i. 216;
• Cactus, what parts of it were eaten, i. 219;
• our artichoke known in the fifteenth century, i. 220;
• origin of the name, ib.,
• opinions respecting the country from which it was first brought, i. 221.
• Artificial ice, ii. 142;
• preserving snow for cooling liquors, known to the ancients, ib.;
• ice preserved for the same use, ii. 143;
• Nero’s method of cooling water, ib.;
• how cooled in Egypt, ii. 144;
• water made to freeze in summer, ii. 146;
• art of making ice at Calcutta, ib.;
• method of cooling water mentioned by Plutarch, ii. 147;
• earthen vessels used in Portugal for cooling water, ib.;
• use of snow known at the French court under Henry III., ii. 149;
• trade carried on with snow and ice in France, ii. 150;
• cooling property of saltpetre, when discovered, ii. 151;
• drinking-cups of ice used in France, ii. 155;
• ice extensively used for œconomical purposes, ii. 158;
• machinery employed for cutting it, ii. 159.
• Aurum fulminans, i. 509;
• of what composed, ib.;
• invention of it obscure, ib.;
• said to have been discovered by a German monk, i. 510;
• Valentin’s receipt for preparing it, ib.;
• deprived of its power by means of vinegar, i. 511.
• Bankers, the oldest at Rome, ii. 5.
• Bellows, wooden, i. 63;
• whether first invented by Anacharsis, i. 64;
• bellows at the oldest melting-houses driven by men, ib.;
• leather and wooden bellows compared, ib.;
• description of the latter, i. 65;
• advantages of them, i. 66;
• invented in Germany, ib.;
• the inventor supposed to be Hans Lobsinger, Shellhorn a miller, or a bishop of Bamberg, i. 66, 67;
• introduction of them at the mines of the Harz Forest, i. 67.
• Bills of exchange, ii. 203;
• account of the oldest, ib.;
• ordinance issued at Barcelona respecting them, ii. 204.
• Black lead, ii. 388;
• names by which it is known, ib.;
• ancient manuscripts ruled with lead, ii. 389;
• plumbago, by whom first mentioned, ii. 390;
• black lead pits in Cumberland, ii. 392;
• in commerce, called potloth, ii. 393;
• first pencils used for drawing, ib.;
• black and red chalk, ii. 394.
• Bologna stone, ii. 429;
• description of, ii. 429–430;
• how rendered capable of shining in the dark, ii. 431;
• discovery of this, by whom made, ib.;
• preparation of the stone concealed by the Italian chemists, ii. 432;
• taught by Poterius, a French chemist, ib.;
• luminous stone from India mentioned by De Thou, ii. 433;
• other kinds of pyrophori, ii. 434.
• Book-censors, ii. 512;
• reason of their being established, ib.;
• books forbidden and burnt before the invention of printing, ii. 513;
• books of the Jews and Christians burnt, ii. 514;
• works of Arius and Nestorius burnt, ib.;
• earliest instance of books published by permission of government, ib.;
• mandate respecting book-censors, ii. 516;
• bull of Alexander VI. prohibiting books unless previously examined, ii. 517;
• book-censors established in France, ib.
• Book-keeping, history of, i. 1.
• Buckingham, duke of, the first person in England who used six horses to his carriage, i. 76.
• Buck-wheat, i. 425;
• not known to the ancients, i. 426;
• introduced into Europe the beginning of the 16th century, ib.;
• said to have been brought from Asia, ib.;
• conjectures respecting other names given to it, i. 428;
• when cultivated in England, ib.;
• account of a new species, ib.;
• sows itself in Siberia, i. 429;
• difficult to be cultivated, i. 430.
• Butter, i. 499;
• whether known to the Hebrews, i. 500;
• passage in Proverbs respecting it wrongly translated, ib.;
• oldest mention of it in Greek writers, ib.;
• known to the Scythians, ib.;
• used by the Lusitanians instead of oil, ib.;
• elephants drank it, ib.;
• anecdote related by Plutarch, i. 503;
• invention of butter ascribed by Pliny to the Germans, i. 504;
• uses to which butter was applied by the ancients, i. 506, 507;
• butter of the ancients was fluid, ib.;
• scarce in Norway during the ages of paganism, i. 508.
• Camp-mills, ii. 55;
• invention ascribed to the Germans, ii. 56.
• Canary-birds, i. 32;
• when known in Europe, ib.;
• flew from a ship wrecked on the roast of Italy to Elba, where they multiplied, ib.;
• trade with them, i. 33;
• Canary seed, where first cultivated, i. 34;
• use of, might be extended, i. 35.
• Carp, history of, ii. 46;
• Cassiodorus the oldest author who uses the term carpa, ii. 51;
• origin of the name, ii. 52;
• carp supposed to have been first found in the southern parts of Europe, ib.;
• known in England, ii. 53.
• Catalogues of books, ii. 522;
• first printers printed books at their own expense, ib.;
• when bookselling became a distinct business, ib.;
• catalogues first printed, ii. 523;
• account of some of the earliest, ii. 524;
• rapid increase of catalogues, ii. 527;
• Bohn’s guinea catalogue, ib.
• Cauliflower, brought from the Levant to Italy, ii. 345.
• Cheese known earlier than butter, i. 502.
• Chemical names of metals, ii. 23;
• given first to the heavenly bodies, ib.;
• nomination of metals after the heathen deities, ii. 24;
• astrological nomination known to the Brahmans in India, ii. 26;
• origin of the characters by which the planets are expressed, ii. 27;
• those by which the metals are signified, ii. 28;
• list of metals known at the present day, ii. 31.
• Chimneys, i. 295;
• no traces of at Herculaneum, i. 296;
• principal writers on their antiquity, i. 296, 297;
• passages in Greek authors supposed to allude to them, i. 297–299;
• in Roman authors, i. 299–301;
• houses of the ancients had no chimneys, ib.;
• in what manner they warmed their apartments, i. 305;
• description of the stoves used in Persia, ib.;
• derivation of the word chimney, i. 308;
• houses of the ancients kept warm by pipes, i. 309;
• Winkelmann’s description of stoves found in a ruined villa, ib.;
• no chimneys in the 10th, 12th and 13th centuries, i. 312;
• oldest account of chimneys in an inscription at Venice, i. 313;
• first chimney-sweepers in Germany came from Savoy and Piedmont, i. 314;
• chimney-sweeps at Paris Savoyards, ib.
• Clocks and watches, history of, i. 340;
• clocks known in the eleventh century, i. 346;
• first public clock at Padua, i. 351;
• when in use among private persons, i. 354;
• first mention of watches, ib.;
• history of clocks and watches, by Barrington, i. 355;
• Queen Mary’s watch, i. 362;
• Sir Richard Burton’s, ib.;
• letter on the watch said to have belonged to Robert Bruce, i. 364;
• Harrison’s invention, i. 368;
• Arnold’s chronometer, i. 370.
• Coaches, i. 68;
• covered carriages at Rome, ib.;
• women only rode in carriages at the beginning of the 16th century, i. 70;
• use of covered carriages forbidden, ib.;
• order of Julius duke of Brunswick, forbidding his vassals to ride in carriages, i. 72;
• French monarchs rode on horseback in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, i. 74;
• citizens’ wives at Paris forbidden to use carriages, ib.;
• Henry IV. had only one coach, i. 75;
• whirlicotes, the oldest carriages used by the English ladies, ib.;
• coaches first known in England, i. 76;
• when introduced into Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Russia, ib.;
• origin of the word coach, i. 77;
• berline, invention of, i. 78;
• first coaches let out for hire at Paris, i. 79;
• hackney-coaches first established at London, i. 81;
• number of coaches in some of the principal cities of Europe, ib.
• Cobalt, i. 478;
• is melted with siliceous earth and potashes to a blue glass called smalt, ib.;
• ground smalt, or powder-blue, ib.;
• cobalt not known to the ancients, ib.;
• reason why Lehmann and others think that the ancients used smalt, i. 481;
• Gmelin’s experiments on the blue of the ancients, ib.;
• origin of the name cobalt, i. 483;
• first colour-mills in Germany for grinding smalt, i. 484;
• smalt not mentioned in books till a later period, i. 486;
• the oldest description found in the works of Biringoccio, ib.
• Cock-fighting, ii. 473;
• reflections on, ib.;
• antiquity of, ib.;
• quail-fighting among the Romans, ii. 474;
• cock-fights and quail-fights mentioned by Solon, ii. 475;
• Romans employed partridges for fighting, ib.;
• cock-fighting instituted by Themistocles, ib.;
• ascribed to Miltiades, ii. 476;
• mentioned by ancient authors, ii. 477–479;
• oldest information about cock-fighting in England, ii. 481;
• this pastime forbidden, ib.
• Cork, i. 318;
• properties of, ib.;
• account of the cork-tree, i. 319;
• known to the Greeks and Romans, ib.;
• cork used by the ancient fishermen as floats to their nets, i. 321;
• anchor-buoys made of it, ib.;
• Romans made soles of it, i. 322;
• cork jackets, antiquity of, ib.;
• ancient methods of closing up wine-casks and other vessels, i. 323;
• cork stoppers, i. 324;
• various substitutes for corks, i. 325, 326.
• Corn-mills, i. 147;
• earliest methods of grinding corn, ib.;
• the oldest hand-mills, ib.;
• cattle-mills, i. 148;
• water-mills, i. 151;
• mills constructed at Rome by Belisarius, i. 154;
• invention of floating-mills, i. 155;
• of wind-mills, i. 158;
• difference between German and Dutch wind-mills, i. 160;
• bolting-machinery, when invented, i. 161;
• bolting-cloth, i. 162;
• invention of barley-mills, i. 168;
• anecdote of a feudal lord, i. 170.
• Cryptography, when invented, i. 106.
• Diamond, when first used for writing on glass, ii. 87.
• Diving-bell, i. 111;
• ancient divers, ib.;
• principles explained, i. 113;
• earliest use in Europe, ib.;
• described by Lord Bacon, i. 115;
• cannon fished up by it from the wreck of the Spanish Armada, ib.;
• old inventions, i. 117;
• Dr. Halley’s diving-bell, i. 118;
• Triewald’s improvement, i. 119;
• when employed in civil engineering, i. 121;
• apparatus for walking at the bottom of the sea, i. 122.
• Embroidery, antiquity of, i. 415.
• Enamel, i. 132.
• Etching on glass discovered by Henry Schwanhard, ii. 88;
• process which he employed, ii. 89.
• Etruscan vases, colours of, produced by calx of iron, ii. 239.
• Exclusive privilege for printing books, ii. 518;
• oldest privilege known, granted in 1490, ib.;
• account of some granted in different countries, ii. 519, 520;
• privileges granted in England, ii. 520;
• in Spain, ii. 521.
• Falconry, i. 198;
• not a modern invention, i. 199;
• birds of prey used in India and Thrace, i. 201;
• employed also in Italy, ib.;
• forbidden to the clergy in the sixth century, i. 203;
• ancients bred other rapacious animals besides hawks, ib.;
• falconry common in the twelfth century, ib.;
• Frederick II. wrote a book upon it, ib.;
• ladies formerly fond of falconry, i. 204;
• oldest writers on this art, ib.
• Fire-engines, ii. 245;
• idea borrowed from the common pump, ib.;
• sipho mentioned by Pliny, a fire-engine, ii. 246;
• fire-engines at Rome, ii. 247;
• in the East, engines employed to produce fires, ii. 249;
• Greek fire, ib.;
• fire-engines introduced into Germany uncertain, ii. 250;
• first mentioned in the building accounts of Augsburg, ib.;
• fire-engines at Nuremberg, ii. 251;
• fire-engines very imperfect in the seventeenth century, ii. 252;
• air-chamber, when added, ib.;
• improved engines made by Leupold, ii. 253;
• Dutch improvements, ii. 255–256;
• pipes for conveying water not unknown to the ancients, ii. 256;
• fire-engines, when introduced at Constantinople, ii. 257.
• Floating of wood, i. 454;
• what gave rise to this invention, i. 455;
• wood floated by Solomon for the temple at Jerusalem, i. 456;
• wood transported on water by the Romans, ib.;
• earliest account of floating wood in Germany, i. 458;
• in France, i. 459, 460.
• Forks, ii. 407;
• Greeks and Romans had no name for them, ii. 408;
• Romans often used ligulæ instead, ii. 409;
• forks not employed by the ancients, ib.;
• meat cut by a carver, ii. 410;
• forks not in use among the Chinese, ib.;
• forks supposed to be found among the ruins of a Roman town, ii. 411;
• when first known in Italy, ib.;
• forks and spoons still rarities in some parts of Spain, ii. 413;
• table knives, when introduced among the Highlanders, ib.;
• English, Dutch, and French have adopted the Italian names forca and forchetta, ib.;
• German word gabel of great antiquity, ii. 414.
• Foundling hospitals, ii. 434;
• reflections on child-murder, ib.;
• no law against it formerly in Christian states, ii. 436;
• children exposed by the ancients, ii. 437;
• permitted in Greece but not at Thebes, ii. 438;
• when prohibited by the Romans, ii. 439;
• humane decrees of Constantine the Great, ii. 440;
• public orphan-houses at Athens and Rome, ib.;
• foundlings declared to be free by Justinian, ii. 441;
• oldest establishments for orphans in Germany, ii. 442;
• similar establishments in France, ii. 444, 445;
• one of the same kind at Einbeck, ii. 445;
• hospital at Nuremberg, ii. 446;
• institution for foundlings at Venice, ib.;
• foundling hospital in England, ib.;
• inefficiency of such institutions, ii. 448.
• Fowls said to thrive near smoke, i. 303.
• Fur dresses, ii. 296;
• raw skins first used for clothing, ii. 297;
• fur clothing little used by the Romans, ib.;
• introduced by their northern invaders, ii. 301;
• seal-skins, ii. 302;
• rein-deer skins, used by the ancient Germans, ib.;
• furs, considered by the Getæ objects of magnificence, ii. 304;
• forbidden by Honorius, ib.;
• Gothic breeches adopted by the Romans, ii. 305;
• furs employed by the Persians instead of mattresses and bolsters, ii. 308;
• origin of the fur trade to the southern parts of Europe, ii. 309;
• riches of the northern nations consisted in furs, ii. 310;
• skins counted by decuriæ or decher, ii. 311;
• skins of the Pontic mouse, ii. 312;
• ermine, various names of, ii. 315;
• the sable, ib.;
• marten, ii. 316;
• grauwerk, meaning of, ii. 317;
• cats’ and rabbits’ skins, ib.;
• beaver skins, ii. 318;
• furs, when they began to be dyed, ii. 319;
• Charlemagne, anecdote respecting his dress of sheep’s skin, ib.;
• fur gloves, ii. 320;
• use of furs forbidden, ii. 321, 322;
• not used at the court of Byzantium, ii. 322;
• fur trade in modern times, ii. 323.
• Garden-flowers, history of, i. 512;
• modern taste came from Persia and Constantinople, ib.;
• tuberose, when first brought to Europe, ib.;
• auricula carried to Brussels, i. 513;
• ranunculus brought from the Levant, i. 516;
• fondness of Mahomet IV. for this flower, ib.;
• favourite flowers of the present day, i. 517.
• Gilding, ii. 290;
• mentioned in the books of the Old Testament, ib.;
• art of gold-beating at Rome in the time of Pliny, ii. 291;
• process of gold-beating in the twelfth century, ib.;
• pellicle first used by the German gold-beaters, ii. 292;
• art of gilding facilitated by the invention of oil-painting, ii. 294;
• gold-leaf affixed to metals by quicksilver in the time of Pliny, ii. 295;
• false gilding, ib.;
• gilding leather, ii. 296.
• Glass-cutting, ii. 84;
• known to the ancients, ib.;
• revived by Caspar Lehmann, ii. 85;
• figures engraved on glass with a diamond, ii. 86;
• etching on glass, ii. 88;
• history of sparry fluor, ii. 90;
• its property of emitting light discovered, ib.;
• ornaments of, made in Derbyshire, ii. 92.
• Guns, gun-locks, ii. 533;
• first portable fire-arms discharged by a match, ib.;
• when flints were used, ii. 534;
• pistols, when brought into use, ii. 535;
• derivation of the word, ib.;
• muskets, whence they received their name, ib.;
• gun-lock, when invented, ib.;
• how gun-flints are prepared, ii. 538.
• Honey used by the ancients for preserving natural curiosities, i. 286.
• Hops, ii. 376;
• whether known to the ancients, ii. 377;
• known in the time of the Carolingian dynasty, ii. 380;
• in Egypt bitter things added to beer, ii. 382;
• when hops were used in the Netherlands, ib.;
• when in England, ii. 384;
• sweet gale employed for beer in Sweden, ii. 385;
• Chinese hops, how prepared, ii. 387;
• cultivation of hops in England, ib.
• Horse, burnt as being possessed by the devil, ii. 118.
• Horse-shoes, i. 442;
• writers on their antiquity, i. 443;
• methods employed by the ancients to preserve the feet of cattle, ib.;
• mules shod with silver and gold, i. 444;
• hoofs of the ancient cavalry soon worn out, i. 446;
• ancients unacquainted with horse-shoes such as ours, ib.;
• horses not shod in Ethiopia, Japan and Tartary, i. 449;
• horse-shoe said to have been found in the grave of Childeric, i. 451;
• first mentioned in the ninth century, i. 452;
• mentioned by Italian, English and French writers of the same century, i. 453;
• shoeing horses, when introduced into England, i. 454.
• Hungary water, i. 315;
• method of preparing it, ib.;
• fabulous origin of the name, ib.;
• receipt for making it first mentioned in a small book by John Prevot, i. 316;
• copy of the receipt, ib.
• Hydrometer, ii. 161;
• earliest mention of it occurs in the fifth century, ib.;
• description of the hydrometer by Synesius, ii. 163;
• Hypatia not the inventress of the hydrometer, ii. 168;
• revived in the sixteenth century, ii. 169;
• improvements in, ii. 171.
• Indigo, ii. 258;
• brought first from the East Indies, ib.;
• medicinal properties of, ii. 261;
• cultivated in Malta in the seventeenth century, ii. 262;
• the Indicum nigrum of the ancients was China ink, ii. 264;
• authors in which this term occurs, ii. 267;
• indigo, as well as Indian ink, procured from India, and named indicum, ii. 270;
• indigo mentioned by Arabian physicians, ib.;
• indigo substituted in dyeing for woad, ii. 273;
• when introduced into Germany, ii. 274;
• great importation into Holland, ib.;
• American indigo, ib.;
• indigo prohibited in Germany, ii. 277;
• dyers obliged to take an oath not to use it, ii. 278;
• first mention of it in the English laws, ii. 279.
• Infirmaries, hospitals, lazarettos, ii. 454;
• no hospitals for sick at Rome, ib.;
• pilgrimages gave rise to their erection, ii. 456;
• brotherhoods established to provide for sick pilgrims, ii. 457;
• first hospitals built close to cathedrals, ii. 458;
• mad-houses, where first established, ii. 461;
• attention paid by the Romans to their invalids, ii. 462;
• first establishment for invalids at Constantinople, ii. 465;
• Hôtel des Invalides, at Paris, ib.;
• regular surgeons, when appointed to armies, ii. 468–471;
• establishment of field hospitals in Germany, ii. 471.
• Ink, sympathetic, history of, i. 106.
• Ink, in what manner it acquires a superior quality, ii. 266.
• Insurance, i. 234;
• not known to the Romans, ib.;
• Puffendorf and others endeavour to prove the contrary, ib.;
• does not occur in the Hanseatic maritime laws, ib.;
• policies drawn up in 1523, still used in Leghorn, i. 237;
• insurance-laws of the 16th and 17th centuries, i. 238;
• invention of insurance against fire, i. 240;
• insurance companies in England, i. 242–244.
• Jackets, cork, of the ancients, i. 322.
• Jugglers, ii. 115;
• who comprehended under that title, ib.;
• observations on their employment, ii. 115–119;
• breathing out flames very ancient, ii. 119;
• how performed, ib.;
• deceptions with naphtha, ii. 120;
• feats of Richardson with burning coals and melted lead, ii. 121;
• feat with melted copper, ii. 122;
• ancient Hirpi could walk through burning coals, ii. 123;
• ordeal, a juggling trick of the priests, ib.;
• secret of it disclosed, ii. 124;
• exhibition with balls and cups mentioned by the ancients, ib.;
• Von Eckeberg suffered large stones to be broken on his breast, ii. 126;
• ancient rope-dancers, ib.;
• feats of horsemanship came from the East, ii. 128;
• performers at the Byzantine court, ib.;
• Romans taught elephants to walk on a rope, ii. 129;
• Sybarites taught horses to dance, ii. 130;
• Wildman’s exhibition with bees, ib.;
• puppets, ii. 132;
• antiquity of automata, ii. 133;
• tripods of Vulcan, ii. 134;
• moving statues of Dædalus, ib.;
• pigeon of Archytas, ii. 135;
• wooden eagle and iron fly of Regiomontanus, ib.;
• automata of Vaucanson and Du Moulin, ii. 136, 137;
• of De Gennes, ii. 137;
• speaking machines, ii. 138–141;
• Chinese shadows, ii. 141.
• Kermes and cochineal, i. 385;
• belong to the same genus, i. 386;
• three kinds described, ib.;
• places where the ancients collected them, i. 387;
• still found in the Levant, i. 388;
• French and Spanish kermes, ib.;
• name given to them in the middle ages, i. 390;
• how preserved at those periods, ib.;
• when this dye was known in Germany, i. 391;
• origin of the name kermes, i. 392;
• discovery of American cochineal, i. 396;
• disputes whether cochineal was insects or berries, i. 398;
• real cochineal brought to St. Domingo, i. 399;
• kermes early employed in the East to dye red, ib.;
• derivation of the word scarlet, i. 400;
• Drebbel discovered that a solution of tin produced with cochineal a beautiful scarlet colour, i. 402;
• Gobelin improved the art of dyeing scarlet in France, i. 403;
• first dye-house for scarlet in England established by a Fleming, ib.;
• three kinds of cochineal in the English market, i. 404.
• Kitchen vegetables, ii. 336;
• bulbous roots, favourite dishes among the ancients, ii. 338;
• some vegetables, formerly cultivated, now little esteemed, ib.;
• borage not known to the ancients, ii. 339;
• spinage, no traces of in the works of the ancients, ii. 340;
• its native country unknown, ib.;
• broccoli, known to the ancients, ii. 342;
• species of the cabbage according to Linnæan system, ii. 343–348;
• whether the Greeks and Romans were acquainted with our carrots, ii. 349–351;
• shallots brought from Ascalon in Palestine, ii. 353;
• our shallots obtained only by the bulbs, ib.;
• potatoes, when introduced into Europe, ii. 354.
• Kircher, whether the inventor of the speaking-trumpet, i. 97;
• read the litany through one to a congregation from two to five Italian miles off, i. 99.
• Knitting, stocking-loom, ii. 355;
• fishing and hunting-nets mentioned in the Scriptures, ii. 357;
• nets, in modern times found among very rude nations, ii. 358;
• mantles of the clergy in the middle ages covered with silk nets, ii. 359;
• stocking-knitting, when invented, ii. 360;
• when known in England, ii. 361;
• breeches and hose, when worn in Scotland, ii. 362;
• stockings of cloth, in the time of Queen Mary, ii. 364;
• knitting, when common throughout England, ii. 365;
• art of knitting stockings in Germany, ib.;
• terms which relate to knitting older than the art itself, ii. 366;
• wire-screens of curious workmanship, ii. 367;
• stocking-loom, invention of, ii. 368–373;
• stocking-looms at Venice, ii. 373;
• invention claimed by the French, ib.;
• brought to Germany, ii. 375;
• present state of the hosiery manufacture, ib.
• Lace, i. 463;
• method of making it, ib.;
• not known to the ancients, i. 464;
• lace among old church furniture, i. 465;
• establishment of the lace manufacture in France, ib.;
• lace a German invention, ib.;
• application of machinery to the manufacture of lace, i. 466.
• Lapidary’s wheel known to the ancients, ii. 84.
• Lead, sugar of, when invented, i. 250;
• whether used for secret poison, i. 60.
• Leaf-skeletons, ii. 195;
• first made by Severin, ii. 197;
• also by Gabriel Clauder, ib.;
• insects employed for this purpose by Ruysch, ii. 198;
• leaf-skeletons by Seligmann, ii. 200;
• art of raising trees from leaves, ii. 201.
• Lending-houses, history of, ii. 1;
• ancient princes lent money to the poor without interest, ii. 2;
• their example followed in modern Italy, ii. 3;
• Tabernæ argentariæ of the Romans different from lending-houses, ii. 5;
• public loans in the fourteenth century, ib.;
• lending-houses opposed by the Dominicans, ii. 7;
• Tomitano preached in favour of them, ii. 9;
• established in different parts of Italy, ii. 10–12;
• dispute respecting their legality, ii. 12;
• confirmed at the council of the Lateran, ii. 13;
• Banco de’ poveri at Naples, ib.;
• origin of the name Mons pietatis, ii. 15;
• account of the oldest public loans, ii. 16;
• first lending-house in Germany, ii. 17;
• Lombards in the Netherlands, ii. 18;
• Mont de piété at Paris, ii. 20;
• account of pawnbroking in England, ii. 21.
• Lighting of streets, ii. 172;
• Rome not lighted, ib.;
• contrary opinion of Meursius, ib.;
• streets of Antioch lighted, ii. 173;
• Cæsarea not lighted, ib.;
• antiquity of illuminations, ii. 174;
• Paris lighted, ii. 175;
• reverberating lamps invented, ii. 177;
• first account of lighting London, ii. 178;
• Amsterdam, the Hague, and Copenhagen, ii. 180;
• streets of Rome have no lights but those before the images of saints, ib.;
• lighting at Philadelphia, Hamburg, Berlin, ii. 181;
• at Vienna and other cities, ii. 181, 182;
• introduction of gas, ii. 182–185.
• Lottery, ii. 414;
• two kinds in Europe, ib.;
• Congiaria of the Romans resembled our lotteries, ib.;
• shopkeepers in the middle ages sold wares in the manner of a lottery, ii. 416;
• established at Florence, ii. 417;
• brought from Italy to France, ii. 418;
• lottery for giving portions to young women, ii. 419;
• others for similar purposes, ib.;
• lotteries, properly so called, when established, ii. 420;
• lottery proposed by Tonti, ib.;
• French lotteries, ii. 421;
• origin of the name, ii. 422;
• first in England, ii. 423;
• at Amsterdam, ii. 425;
• in Germany, ib.;
• Genoese lottery, ii. 426;
• Art-Unions, the only lottery existing in England, ii. 428.
• Machine for noting down music, i. 12;
• one invented in Germany by Unger, ib.;
• another, constructed by Hohlfeld, ib.;
• Dr. Burney ascribes this invention to the English, i. 13.
• Madder, ii. 108;
• known to the ancients, ii. 110;
• in the middle ages, ii. 111;
• its property of colouring the bones, ib.;
• cultivation of, ii. 113, 114.
• Mad-houses, where first established, ii. 461.
• Magnetic cures, i. 43;
• external use of the magnet in curing the tooth-ache, known in the 6th century, i. 44;
• mentioned by writers in the 15th and 16th centuries, ib.;
• effect of on the bodies of animals, ib.;
• properties of, i. 45.
• Maize brought from America, i. 497.
• Manganese, ii. 235;
• employed in glass-making, ib.;
• frees glass from dirt, ii. 236;
• use of it retained, ii. 239;
• brought from Piedmont and Perigord, in France, ii. 240.
• Mantles of the knights bordered with furs, ii. 319.
• Mantles of the clergy covered with silk nets, ii. 359.
• Manuscripts, ancient, ruled with lead, ii. 389.
• Mills, history of, i. 147;
• East Indian oil-mills, i. 148;
• philosophical mill, by whom invented, i. 150;
• water-mills, when invented, i. 151;
• floating mills, i. 155;
• wind-mills, i. 158.
• Mirrors, ii. 56;
• the oldest of metal, ii. 57;
• known in the time of Moses, ib.;
• ancient mirrors of silver, ib.;
• of copper, brass, and gold, ii. 62;
• how cleaned, ii. 63;
• chemical examination of the metal, ib.;
• mirrors made of stones, ii. 65;
• mirrors of the native Americans, ii. 68;
• mirrors of glass made at Sidon, ii. 69;
• mirrors in the twelfth century, ii. 75;
• first certain mention in the thirteenth century, ii. 76;
• manner in which the oldest were made, ib.;
• process for silvering them described, ii. 79;
• Venetian mirrors esteemed till the seventeenth century, ib.;
• establishment of glass-houses in France, ib.;
• invention of casting glass plates for mirrors, ii. 80;
• advantage and disadvantage of this, ii. 81;
• abandoned for the old method of blowing, ii. 82;
• ingenious process for silvering glass, ii. 83.
• Mosaic work, i. 130.
• Natural curiosities, collections of, i. 282;
• deposited by the ancients in their temples, i. 283;
• an account of different articles of this kind, and where kept, i. 283–284;
• collection formed by Augustus, i. 285;
• natural bodies preserved in ancient times by means of salt, ib.;
• dead bodies among the Scythians, Assyrians and Persians covered with wax, i. 287;
• fish and apples transported in wax, i. 288;
• origin of wrapping up dead bodies in wax cloth, ib.;
• books found in the grave of Numa, how preserved, i. 289;
• where collections were first formed by private persons, i. 290;
• first private collections in the 16th century, ib.;
• oldest catalogues of such collections, i. 291;
• collections in England, i. 293.
• Night-watch, ii. 185;
• among the ancients, ib.;
• when calling the hours began to be practised, ii. 186;
• rich people kept servants to announce certain periods of the day, ib.;
• methods of watching in time of war, ii. 187;
• ancient watchmen carried bells, ii. 188;
• night-watching established early at Paris, ib.;
• at Berlin, ii. 189;
• in Germany, ii. 190;
• watchmen stationed on steeples and towers, ib.;
• watchmen posted on towers among the Chinese, ii. 192;
• watchmen in times of feudal alarm, ii. 193;
• modern system of, ii. 194.
• Ordeal, account of, ii. 123.
• Odometer, i. 5;
• supposed to be mentioned by Capitolinus, ib.;
• figure of one on the ducal palace of Urbino erected in 1482, ib.;
• one made by Paul Pfinzing, ib.;
• odometer with which Augustus elector of Saxony measured his territories, i. 7;
• odometers of Rodolphus II., ib.;
• Butterfield’s odometer, ib.;
• Meynier’s, i. 8;
• Hohlfeld’s, ib.;
• Payne’s, i. 11.
• Orphan-houses, ii. 449;
• first formed by Trajan, ib.;
• inspector of orphans, an office at the court of Byzantium, ii. 454.
• Painters, ancient, often poor slaves, ii. 261.
• Paper-hangings, i. 379;
• velvet paper, how prepared, i. 380;
• invented by Jerome Lanyer, ib.;
• called at first Londrindiana, i. 381;
• Audran, his invention, i. 382;
• art of imprinting gold and silver figures on paper invented by Eccard, ib.;
• oldest account of such hangings in Germany, ib.;
• new improvement in, i. 383;
• metallic dust invented at Nuremberg, ib.;
• silver-coloured glimmer, i. 384.
• Paving of streets, i. 269;
• first by the Carthaginians, i. 270;
• Thebes paved, ib.;
• whether Jerusalem was paved not known, ib.;
• when Rome began to be paved uncertain, i. 271;
• information by Livy, ib.;
• pavement of Herculaneum and Pompeii, i. 272;
• Cordova paved in the ninth century, ib.;
• Paris not paved in the twelfth century, ib.;
• cause of its being paved, ib.;
• London not paved in the eleventh century, i. 273;
• Smithfield-market, when paved, i. 274;
• German cities, when paved, ib.;
• citizens of Paris obliged in 1285 to repair and clean the streets, i. 275;
• reason why no swine were suffered about the streets, i. 276;
• privies erected in France by an order from government, i. 278;
• earlier in Germany than Paris, i. 279;
• wooden pavement, i. 281.
• Pearls, artificial, i. 258;
• art of forcing shell-fish to produce, known to the ancients, i. 260;
• how the Chinese cause mussels to produce pearls, ib.;
• invention of Linnæus for the same purpose, i. 261;
• how pearl-fishers know shells which contain pearls, i. 263;
• different kinds of artificial pearls, i. 264;
• invention of Jaquin for preparing them, i. 265.
• Pilgrimages, the cause of hospitals, ii. 456.
• Plague, origin of, i. 374.
• Poison, secret, i. 47;
• mentioned by Plutarch and Quintilian, i. 48;
• dreadful poison of the Indians, ib.;
• secret poison known to Theophrastus, i. 49;
• invention of it falsely ascribed to Thrasyas, ib.;
• when known at Rome, ib.;
• employed by Sejanus and Agrippina, ib.;
• secret poison, supposed to have been given to Regulus, ib.;
• ancients unacquainted with mineral poisons, i. 51;
• Toffania invented a kind of secret poison, i. 51, 52;
• detected and strangled, i. 53;
• Marchioness de Brinvillier’s poisonings, i. 55;
• seized and beheaded, i. 56;
• chambre de poison established at Paris, i. 57;
• Count Corfitz de Ulfeld intended to poison the king of Denmark, ib.;
• Charles XI., king of Sweden, poisoned, ib.;
• ingredients of, i. 60, 61;
• antidote, i. 61;
• powst, a kind of secret poison used in the East Indies, i. 63.
• Prince Rupert’s drops, ii. 241;
• not known till the seventeenth century, ii. 242;
• first experiments with, ib.;
• brought to England by prince Rupert, ii. 244.
• Pumps, by whom invented, ii. 245.
• Quarantine, i. 373;
• origin of, obscure, ib.;
• said to have been established by the Venetians, ib.;
• account by Le Bret, i. 376;
• institution of the council of health, i. 377;
• when letters of health were first written, ib.
• Quicksilver used for purifying gold ore, i. 14;
• how recovered afterwards, i. 15.
• Quills for writing, antiquity of, i. 405;
• scarcity of, i. 413.
• Ribbon-loom, ii. 527;
• construction of it, ib.;
• attempts made to suppress it, ii. 528;
• such looms invented by the Swiss, ib.;
• loom seen by Anthony Moller at Dantzic, ib.;
• inventor of it put to death, ii. 529;
• weaving machine mentioned by Boxhorn, ib.;
• ribbon-looms prohibited in Holland, ii. 530;
• prohibited also in the Spanish Netherlands and at Cologne, ib.;
• prohibited by imperial authority, ii. 531;
• loom burnt publicly at Hamburg, ib.;
• prohibition of this kind annulled in Germany, ib.
• Rubies, artificial, how to make, i. 125.
• Saddles, i. 431;
• coverings, when introduced, ib.;
• order of Theodosius a proof of their antiquity, i. 433;
• prohibition of Leo I. that no one should ornament them with precious stones, i. 434;
• conjecture that they were invented by the Salii, ib.;
• invented by the Persians, i. 435.
• Saffron, i. 175;
• medicinal use of, i. 176;
• employed by the Romans for perfuming apartments, ib.;
• scented salves made with it, ib.;
• used by the ancients for seasoning dishes, ib.;
• introduced into Spain by the Arabs, i. 178;
• by whom brought to France, i. 179;
• introduced into England in the reign of Edward III., ib.;
• when cultivated in Austria, ib.;
• an important article in husbandry in the fifteenth century, ib.;
• adulteration of it, i. 180.
• Sal-ammoniac, ii. 396;
• whether known to the ancients, ii. 397;
• first traces in the works of the Arabians, ii. 402;
• recipe for its preparation, ii. 404;
• invention of aqua regia, ii. 405;
• obtained from Egypt, ib.;
• brought also from the East Indies, ii. 406;
• first works for making it in Europe, ib.
• Saltpetre, gunpowder, aquafortis, ii. 482;
• saltpetre, properties of, ii. 483;
• native saltpetre, where found, ii. 484;
• name nitrum, of great antiquity, ii. 487;
• difference between mineral alkalies, when defined, ii. 489;
• nitrum of the ancients an impure alkali, but not saltpetre, ii. 491;
• was a real lixivious salt, ii. 492;
• red nitrum, ii. 502;
• saltpetre, when first mentioned, ii. 503;
• gunpowder invented in India, ii. 505;
• used by Indians and Arabians before Europeans, ii. 506;
• first account of aquafortis, ib.;
• said to have been employed at Venice for separating the noble metals, ii. 508;
• saltpetre regale, ii. 509;
• when abolished, ii. 511.
• Saw-mills, i. 222;
• ancient method of making boards, ib.;
• our saw not known to the Americans, ib.;
• by whom invented, i. 223;
• bone of the saw-fish used by the old inhabitants of Madeira, i. 224;
• ancient saws, i. 224, 225;
• invention of saw-mills, i. 225;
• the first saw-mills in Norway, i. 228;
• first saw-mill in Holland, ib.;
• the first in England erected by a Dutchman, i. 229;
• saw-mill at Limehouse destroyed by the mob, ib.;
• saw-mill at Leith in Scotland, i. 230.
• Sealing-wax, i. 137;
• substances used by the ancients, ib.;
• wax employed in the earliest ages, i. 140;
• red, green, and black sealing-wax, ib.;
• impressions made on paste, i. 141;
• how public acts have been forged, i. 143;
• East Indian and Turkish sealing-wax, ib.;
• oldest known seal on a letter written from London, i. 144;
• oldest printed receipt for making sealing-wax, i. 145;
• Spanish wax, i. 146;
• antiquity of wafers, ib.
• Ships at first were a kind of rafts, i. 455.
• Sowing-machines, ii. 230;
• Locatelli considered as the inventor, ii. 231;
• his machine described by Evelyn, ii. 232;
• honour of this invention disputed by the Italians, ii. 233.
• Snow, used by the ancients for cooling liquors, ii. 142.
• Soap, ii. 92;
• invented by the Gauls, ib.;
• used at Rome as a pomade, ii. 93;
• Germans dyed their hair with it, ib.;
• oldest method of washing, ii. 95;
• alkaline water in Armenia, ib.;
• urine employed for washing, ii. 97;
• tax upon it, ii. 98;
• saponaceous plants, ii. 98–102;
• bran, ii. 102;
• fullers-earth, ib.;
• manufactory in England, ii. 107, 108.
• Spangles, how made, and when invented, i. 423.
• Speaking-trumpet, i. 93;
• speaking-trumpet of Alexander the Great, i. 94;
• ear-trumpet older than the speaking-trumpet, i. 96;
• invention of the latter disputed by Sir S. Morland and Kircher, ib.;
• ear of Dionysius described, i. 97;
• Kircher constructed an ear-trumpet in the Jesuits’ College at Rome, i. 99.
• Stamped paper, i. 230;
• whether introduced by Justinian, ib.;
• Romans marked their runaway slaves, i. 231;
• stamped paper invented in Holland, i. 233;
• introduced into Saxony, ib.;
• used in Denmark and other countries, ib.
• Stamping works, ii. 333;
• ancients acquainted with the art of stamping ores, ib.;
• remains of mills used for that purpose, ib.;
• modern stamping-mills, ii. 334;
• invention of, ib.;
• process of sifting and wet stamping, ii. 335;
• wet stamping said to have been invented in 1505, ii. 336.
• Steel, ii. 324;
• its properties, ib.;
• invention very old, ii. 325;
• two methods of making, ii. 327;
• art of hardening it, ii. 328;
• supposed hardening water, ii. 329;
• invention of converting bar-iron into steel, ii. 330;
• three kinds of steel now principally manufactured, ii. 333.
• Stirrups, i. 435;
• no traces of any such invention in ancient works, i. 436;
• no term for them in Greek or Latin, i. 437;
• warriors had a projection on their spears for resting the foot, while getting on horseback, i. 439;
• first certain account of stirrups, i. 440;
• Isidore in the seventh century speaks of them, i. 441;
• appear in a piece of tapestry of the 11th century, i. 442;
• pride of the clergy in causing kings to hold their stirrups, ib.
• Surgeons, in the time of the Trojan war, unknown, 491.
• Telescope, invention of it made metal mirrors necessary, ii. 60.
• Tin, ii. 206;
• employed in the time of Homer and Moses, ib.;
• oldest mention in the Scriptures, ii. 207;
• stannum of the ancients not our tin, ii. 209;
• as an article of commerce, ii. 212;
• tin of the ancients mixed with lead, ii. 220;
• names of such mixtures, ib.;
• tinning seldom employed by the Romans, ii. 221;
• according to Pliny, invented by the Gauls, ii. 222;
• ancient vessels of cast tin dug up in England, ii. 223;
• tin, where procured by the ancients, ii. 223, 224;
• tin mines in Germany, ii. 226;
• invention of tinning plate iron, ii. 227;
• East Indian tin, ii. 228;
• produce of the Cornish mines, ii. 229.
• Tourmaline, i. 86;
• supposed to be the lyncurium of the ancients, ib.;
• probably belongs to the carbuncles, i. 88;
• tourmaline brought from Ceylon about the end of the last century, i. 89;
• first described in Germany, ib.;
• its electrical properties first known to Linnæus, i. 92;
• investigated by Æpinus, ib.;
• Huygens’ discovery, ib.
• Trees, how raised from leaves, ii. 200.
• Tulips, i. 22;
• came from Turkey, ib.;
• effects produced by cultivation, ib.;
• how called by the Turks, i. 23;
• first described by Gesner, i. 24;
• origin of the name, ib.;
• first introduced into England, ib.;
• tulipomania, i. 25;
• the tulip-trade and stock-jobbing compared, i. 29;
• lesser tulipomania, i. 30;
• anecdotes, ib.
• Turf, i. 205;
• use of, discovered by the earth catching fire, ib.;
• known to the Chauci, i. 206;
• whether known to the Dutch in the thirteenth century, ib.;
• invention ascribed to Erasmus, i. 207;
• Williams’ patent, i. 211.
• Turkeys, i. 487;
• not known in Europe before the discovery of America, i. 490;
• first mentioned by Oviedo, ib.;
• called by Lopez de Gomara galloparones, i. 491;
• still found wild in America, ib.;
• earliest account of Turkeys in Italy, i. 492;
• in England, i. 493;
• in France, ib.;
• in Germany, &c., i. 495;
• in Asia and Africa, i. 496.
• Ultramarine, i. 467;
• how prepared from lapis lazuli, ib.;
• price of ultramarine, i. 469;
• origin of the name, i. 473;
• oldest mention of, ib.;
• preparation of it found out in England, i. 476;
• artificial method of making, i. 477.
• Vanes, weathercocks, ii. 281;
• the oldest nations distinguished the four principal winds only, ib.;
• Æolus first made navigators acquainted with the winds, ii. 282;
• names given by Charles the Great, ib.;
• means for indicating the winds invented early, ii. 283;
• Varro’s apparatus, ii. 285;
• similar apparatus at Constantinople, ib.;
• when constructed, ii. 286;
• wind-indicator at Emessa, ii. 287;
• weathercocks in the ninth century, ib.;
• in France, in the twelfth century, none but noblemen allowed to have vanes on their houses, ii. 288;
• flags or vanes on ships, ib.;
• Norman fleet had vanes at the tops of the masts, ii. 289;
• anemoscopes and anemometers described, ib.
• Verdigris, method of making, i. 171;
• used in early periods for plasters, i. 172;
• made formerly in Cyprus and Rhodes, i. 174;
• why called Spanish green, ib.
• Vitriol, white, when first known, ii. 38.
• Water-clocks, i. 82;
• invention ascribed to Ctesibius of Alexandria, i. 83;
• Clepsydræ, when introduced at Rome, ib.;
• modern water-clock described, ib.;
• by whom invented, i. 84;
• latest improvements, i. 85.
• Wheat, attempts to plant it in the time of Sir F. Bacon, ii. 234.
• Windows in Russia, how cleaned when frozen, ii. 154.
• Wire-drawing, i. 414;
• earliest use of gold threads for dresses, ib.;
• cloth of Attalus embroidered with the needle, i. 415;
• wire-drawing not known in Italy in the time of Charlemagne, i. 416;
• brought to great perfection at Nuremberg, i. 420;
• art of wire-making, when known in England, i. 422;
• in France, ib.;
• filigrane work, antiquity of, i. 423.
• Writing-pens, i. 405;
• instruments used by the ancients, ib.;
• still in Persia for writing, i. 406;
• use of quills said to be as old as the 5th century, i. 409;
• oldest certain account of them, ib.;
• mentioned by Alcuin, i. 410;
• used in the 9th, 11th and 12th centuries, ib.;
• substitution of steel pens, i. 413.
• Zinc, ii. 32;
• unknown to the ancients, ib.;
• furnace-calamine, ii. 34;
• use of in making brass, known to Albertus Magnus, ii. 36;
• first brought in use at the furnaces of Rammelsberg, ii. 37;
• the name zinc occurs first in Paracelsus, ii. 40;
• procured from calamine, ii. 42;
• imported from the East Indies, ii. 43;
• origin of its different names, ii. 44;
• zinc works in England, ii. 45.