A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere

INDEX

N. B.—The most important references are in heavy-faced type; technical names of genera and species are italicized, though most of the specific names are omitted as unnecessary. Extinct groups are indicated by a dagger (†).

Aard Vark, 60
†Abderites, 627, 641 (jaw fig.)
†Achænodon, 273, 361, 369 (skull fig.), 370
†Achænodonts, Bridger, 369;
Uinta, 369;
Wasatch, 370
†Acœlodidæ, 477
Adaptive radiation, 655
†Adinotherium, 462, 473, 474 (restoration)
†Adpithecus, 462
†Ælurocyon, 517, 551
†Ælurodon, 517, 527
Ælurus, 546
Africa, 184, 245, 328, 332, 417, 419, 421, 422, 426, 442, 458, 481, 551, 579, 642, 656;
elephants of, 138;
mammals of, 145;
zoölogy of, 146
Agassiz, L., 129
Age, geological, 15
Agouti, 185 (fig.)
Agouti, 183 (fig.), 185
Agoutis, Pleistocene, 218
†Agriochœridæ, 247, 250, 361, 383, 484, 652;
Eocene, 383;
John Day, 250, 383;
Oligocene, 383;
Uinta, 267, 385;
White River, 268, 383
†Agriochœrids, see †Agriochœridæ
†Agriochœrus, 252 (restoration), 361, 383 (skull fig.), 384 (restoration), 385 (manus fig.)
Alachua stage, 127, 225
Alaska, 103, 106, 197, 199, 202, 203, 332, 418, 419, 420, 427, 433;
†Mammoth in, 40;
Miocene of, 118;
Oligocene of, 113;
Pleistocene glaciation in, 131;
volcanoes, 133;
Pliocene of, 125
†Albertogaudrya, 509, 512
Alce, 65, 151, 156 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 411, 412
Allen, J. A., 141, 161
Alligators, 102
†Allothere, Paleocene., 642 (skull fig.)
†Allotheria, 59, 627, 642
Alouatta, 578, 585
Alps, Arctic animals and plants of, 193;
Eocene, 104
†Alticamelus, 224, 362, 388, 391;
restoration, 236
Amazon, 585;
as barrier to species, 137
†Amblypoda, 60, 443, 508;
Bridger, 269, 445;
Eocene, 443;
Puerco, 286, 454;
Torrejon, 285, 453;
Wasatch, 277, 452;
Wind River, 274, 450, 452
†Amblytatus, 592
Ameghino, F., 228, 263, 467, 471, 476, 496, 497, 613
America, connections of North and South, 123
American †Mastodon, 196;
restoration, 195
Americas, marsupials of, 138
Amherst expedition, 487
Amphibia, 55;
as ancestral to mammals, 643
†Amphicyon, 517, 524, 525, 530
†Amphicyons, 558
†Amphidolops, 627
†Amphiproviverra, 627, 637;
skull fig., 637
†Amynodon, 272, 291, 340, 348, 349
†Amynodontinæ, 291, 340, 341, 346, 350, 351, 353;
Bridger, 272, 350;
Oligocene, 339;
Uinta, 266, 348;
White River, 255, 346.
†Amynodonts, see †Amynodontinæ
†Anacodon, 277, 554, 561
†Analcitherium, 592
†Anaptomorphidæ, 578, 583
†Anaptomorphus, 281, 578, 581;
head restored, 581
†Anchitherium, 290, 299
Ancon sheep, 660
†Ancylopoda, 60, 291, 353;
Bridger, 357;
Miocene, 238, 355;
Pliocene, 224, 355
Andes, 178, 179, 180, 185, 189, 211, 213, 322, 548;
Eocene, 112;
Miocene, 124;
Pleist. glaciation, 133, 134;
Plioc. 128, 129
Andrews, C. W., 422, 435
Antarctic continent, 103, 123, 638
Ant-Bear, 91, 187, 188 (fig.), 206, 591, 355, 600, 601, 615
Anteater, Collared, 187, 188 (fig.);
Lesser, 591;
tree, 591;
Two-toed, 188
Anteaters, 60, 75, 94, 187, 189, 591, 593, 596;
Pleistocene, 218, 596;
Santa Cruz, 245, 596;
scaly, 60, 353;
spiny, 57, 59
Antelope, 202;
bones of, 35;
Mioc. restored, 237;
Prong-horned, 5, 162 (fig.)
Antelopes, 54, 60, 222, 312, 362, 409, 416, 418;
flat-horned, 417;
goat-horned, 417;
Miocene, 235, 417;
Old World, 202;
Pleistocene, 202;
Pliocene, 224;
S. Amer., 213, 215, 221, 418, 466;
strepsicerine, 225, 417;
Tertiary, 419;
twisted-horned, 417
†Anthracotheres, see †Anthracotheriidæ
†Anthracotheriidæ, 259, 266, 361, 370, 381, 384, 386
†Anthracotherium, 259, 361, 371
Anthropoidea, 60, 578, 579, 580, 582
Anthropoids, see Anthropoidea
Antigua, 134
Antilles, Eocene, 112;
Miocene, 123;
Oligocene, 117;
Pliocene, 128
Antillia, 112;
Oligocene, 117
Antilocapra, 162 (fig.), 202, 225, 362, 416, 417
Antilocapridæ, 362, 416
Antilopidæ, 416
Antler, 411
Antwerp, 37
Apar, 592
Apes, 60, 577, 578, 582, 583;
night, 585
†Aphelops, 291
Aplodontia, 153, 233 (see Sewellel)
Aplodontiidæ, 249
Appalachian Mts., 101, 150, 153
Aquatic habits, 2
Araucanian stage, 128
Arboreal animals, 2, 77, 84
Archæan period, 15
†Archælurus, 249, 517, 541, 543
†Archæohyracidæ, 462
†Archæohyrax, 462
†Archæopithecidæ, 462, 477
†Archæotherium, 259, 361, 367;
manus fig., 367;
restoration, 252, 260;
skull fig., 367;
teeth fig., 368
Arctic, archipelago, 125;
islands, 210;
fauna in Pleisto., 128;
mammals, 109;
regions, 128;
Cretac. climate of, 26;
Sea, 106;
shells, Pleisto., 27;
species, distribution of, 141;
zone, 147 (map), 148
†Arctocyonidæ, 554, 557, 561, 575;
Torrejon, 285;
Wasatch, 561
†Arctotherium, 211, 517, 549, 553;
head restor., 549
Argentina, 180, 185, 211, 213, 215, 218, 219, 245, 324, 391, 418, 436, 463, 466, 531, 586, 596, 597;
drought in, 33;
plains of, 133;
Pliocene of, 20, 128;
spread of horses and cattle in, 142
†Argyrohippus, 476
Arid province, 164
Aridity, evidences of, 24
Arikaree age, or stage, 17, 120, 235, 259, 356
Armadillo, 5, 162, 591;
6-Banded, 189 (fig.), 592;
7-Banded, 592;
9-Banded, 190 (fig.), 592, 593;
11-Banded, 592;
Bridger, 268, 616;
Giant, 190, 592, 612, 656;
Pygmy, 592;
restoration of Santa Cruz, 243, 480
Armadillos, 60, 97, 141, 185, 189, 592, 593, 594, 595, 610, 623, 624, 625;
Araucanian, 226;
Casa Mayor, 282, 595;
Deseado, 262, 595, 616;
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, 218, 596, 612, 613;
Santa Cruz, 245, 596, 612.
(See also Dasypoda and Dasypodidæ)
Artiodactyl, †primitive, restoration, 252
Artiodactyla, 54, 55, 60, 69, 247, 284, 310, 355, 358, 402, 459, 460, 491, 507, 514;
Araucanian, 226, 227;
Blanco, 222;
Bridger, 273;
classification, 361;
John Day, 250;
Miocene, 231, 235, 239;
Neotropical, 176;
North American, 176;
Old World, 176, 362;
Pleisto. N. Amer., 201;
S. Amer., 213;
Pliocene, 224;
†Primitiva, 60, 361, 370;
Uinta, 266;
Wasatch, 281;
White River, 255, 257;
Wind River, 275
Ash, volcanic, 29
Asia, 106, 239, 254, 258, 280, 317, 321, 328, 332, 352, 355, 369, 386, 390, 408, 413, 414, 417, 418, 419, 422, 426, 546, 550, 552, 579, 644;
circumpolar area, 148;
elephants of, 138;
hyracoids of, 138;
Minor, 458;
Pleisto. glaciation of, 130;
zoölogy of, 146
†Asmodeus, 462
Asphalt, 31
Ass, 52
Asses, 213, 292, 308
†Asterostemma, 592, 623
Astragalus, 88
†Astraponotus, 509, 512;
Beds, 20, 281, 282, 476, 479, 487
†Astrapothere, Santa Cruz, restoration of head, 243
†Astrapotheres, see †Astrapotheria
†Astrapotheria, 60, 489, 508, 514;
of †Astraponotus Beds, 282;
Casa Mayor, 283, 512;
Deseado, 264, 512;
Patagonian, 512;
Santa Cruz, 247, 508
†Astrapothericulus, 509, 512
†Astrapotheriidæ, 509
†Astrapotherium, 243 (restor. of head), 509, 510 (restor. of head)
Ateles, 578, 584
Atlantic coast, Eocene, 104, 111, 117;
Miocene, 117, 120;
Oligocene, 113, 116;
Paleocene, 101;
Pliocene, 125;
Tertiary mammals of, 369
Atlantic Ocean, 106, 109;
connection with Pacific, 104
Atlas, 70 (fig.)
Auditory bulla, 66
Australia, 14, 21, 57, 58, 138, 140, 307, 340, 426, 461, 520, 550, 634;
marsupials of, 626;
Miocene, 123;
Permian glaciation, 25;
Pleistocene, 632, 634;
rabbits introduced, 142;
zoölogical peculiarity of, 145
Australian region, 640
Axis, 71 (fig.)
Axis, 46, 412
Azara, 34
Baboons, 577, 582
Bad Lands, 107 (fig.)
Badger, 153, 162, 163, 168 (fig.), 517
Badgers, 174, 213, 518, 550, 551, 552;
Pleistocene, 203, 204, 205
Bahia Blanca, 129
Bandicoots, 626
Barriers to spread of mammals, 139
†Barytheria, 60
Basal Eocene, 99
Bassariscus, 517, 546, 547
Bat, 89
Bates, H. W., 585
†Bathyopsis, 275, 443, 450, 451, 455
Bats, 59;
absence from Amer. Tertiary, 39;
in European Tertiary, 39;
West Indian, 191
Bear, Alaska Brown, 156 (fig.);
African, 548;
Black, 90 (pes fig.), 548 (teeth fig.);
Pampean, 622;
Polar, 148 (fig.), 548;
†Short-faced, 549 (restor. of head);
South American, 552;
Spectacled, 172 (fig.), 176, 517, 548
†Bear-dog, 222;
Miocene, 525 (restoration);
primitive, 523 (skull fig.)
†Bear-dogs, 523, 524, 530, 554, 558;
John Day, 249;
Oligocene, 526;
Pliocene, 222;
Pleistocene, 524
Bears, 4, 59, 90, 152, 163, 517, 518, 519, 548, 553, 554;
Old World, 204;
Old World origin of, 518, 549;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 203, 204, 549;
Pliocene, 223;
polar, 141;
†Short-faced, 210, 211, 517, 549;
true, 211, 527, 549.
(See also Ursidæ)
Beast, 1
Beasts of prey, 59, 92
Beaver, 2, 44, 157 (fig.);
dentition, 96 (fig.);
†Giant, 195 (restoration), 205, 311, 222
Beaver Creek, Wyo., 12 (fig.)
Beavers, 60, 95, 153, 182;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 238;
Pliocene, 222;
White River, 254
Beddard, F. E., 580, 587
Bedded rocks, 6
Bering, Sea, 100, 101;
Strait, 197, 588;
opening and closing of, 23;
Pliocene, 125
Berridge, W. L., 160, 171, 174, 175, 181, 183, 184, 185, 189, 320, 584, 633
Bicuspids, 93
Big Horn Basin, 107, 108, 109
Bighorn, 419
Binomial system of nomenclature, 42
Biogenetic law, 648
Birds, 655;
distribution of, 141;
migrations of, 143;
Santa Cruz, 244
Bison, 4, 152, 162, 358;
American, 154 (fig.);
entombment of, 36;
European, 152, 154 (fig.);
Wood, 162, 419
Bison, 202, 362, 420;
B. bison, 152, 154 (fig.), 419;
B. bonasus, 152, 154 (fig.), 420;
B. †crassicornis, 203, 420;
B. †latifrons, 203, 420;
B. †occidentalis, 589
Bisons, 409, 416, 418, 419
Blanco age and stage, 17, 127, 221, 388, 413, 551
Blarina, 163, 173
Blastoceros, 180 (fig.)
†Blastomeryx, 224, 241, 362, 414 (restoration), 657
Boar, Wild, 45 (fig. of sow and young), 46, 363
Bogs, burial of mammals in, 33
Bolivia, 178, 184, 215, 225, 436;
Pleistocene, 20, 211;
Pliocene, 129
Bones, gnawed, 36;
Pleistocene, 40;
preservation of, 36;
Tertiary, 40
†Boöchœrus, 361, 367
Boreal, fauna, 178;
region, 150;
subregion, 150;
zone, 147, 148 (map), 162, 164, 551, 588
†Borhyæna, 244, 494 (restoration), 627, 635, 637 (skull fig.)
Borneo, 137, 327
†Borophagus, 517, 524, 530
Bos, 70
†Bothriodon, 252 (restoration), 259, 361, 370, 371 (restoration)
Bovidæ, 362, 418
†Bow-Tooth, 463
Brachyodont teeth, 95
†Brachypsalis, 517
Brackett, C. F., 368
Bradypus, 186 (fig.), 187, 591
Brain-casts, fossil, 41
Brazil, 118, 181, 190, 201, 213, 215, 218, 219, 221, 245, 324, 391, 436, 527, 530, 552;
caverns of, 19, 30, 133, 211, 218, 221, 586, 596;
Miocene, 596;
Pleistocene, 20
Brazilian subregion, 164, 170 (map), 191
Bridger age and stage, 17, 30, 109, 110, 340, 380, 386, 568;
restorations of mammals, 271
British Columbia, Miocene, 118;
Oligocene, 113;
Pleistocene glaciation, 131;
Pliocene, 125
Brocket, Wood, 181 (fig.)
Brockets, 181
Brown, B., 210
Brown-tailed Moth, 143
Budorcas, 418
Buffalo, 36, 152
Buffaloes, 409, 416
Bulgaria, 316
†Bunælurus, 517, 551
Bunodont teeth, 360
†Bunomeryx, 361
Buno-selenodont teeth, 371
Buried valleys, 132
Burmeister, H., 496, 497
Burrowers, 45, 79
Burrowing mammals, 77
Bush-Dog, 174, 212, 527, 530, 552
Cabassous, 592, 614, 616
Cacajao, 578, 585
Cacomistle, 162, 517, 546
Cænolestes, 58, 190, 284, 626, 640 (skull fig.), 641, 642
Cænolestidæ, 627
†Cænopus, 238, 252 (restoration), 256 (do.), 291, 333, 336 (molar and skull fig.), 339 (front teeth fig.), 342, 351
†Calamodon, 274
Calcaneum, 88
California, Eocene, 104, 111;
marine Pleisto., 132;
Mesozoic, 23;
Miocene, 118, 121, 127;
Pliocene, 125
Callithrix, 218
Caluromys, 631
Cambrian period, 15;
glaciation in, 25
Camel, 48, 54, 60, 70, 79, 358, 490;
distribution, 138;
family, 178;
Miocene, 232 (restoration);
tribe, 13;
True, 178;
White River, 252 (restor.)
Camelidæ, 362, 386;
distribution, 138
Camel-like animals, 386
Camels, 56, 81, 84, 87, 90, 257, 258, 312, 362, 373, 386, 421, 461, 651, 655;
Bridger, 273, 398;
browsing, 388, 393;
Eocene, 397, 398, 402, 659;
grazing, 393;
John Day, 250, 394;
Miocene, 231, 232, 235, 241, 391;
Old World, 231;
Oligocene, 394, 402, 659;
phyla of, 650;
Pleistocene, 196, 202;
Pliocene, 224, 388;
true, 13, 386, 387, 390, 391;
Uinta, 267, 397;
White River, 257, 394
Camelus, 70, 138, 362, 387
Canada, 257, 357, 565;
Eocene climate, 111;
Paleocene, 102;
White River, 113;
zoölogy, 146
Canadian fauna, 151;
subregion, 147, 150
Canidæ, 173, 223, 517, 518, 520;
fox-like, 529
(See also Dogs)
†Canimartes, 517
Canine teeth, 93
Canis, 152, 517, 522, 529;
C. †dirus, restor., frontispiece, 204, 521;
C. †indianensis, 204;
C. latrans, 162, 165 (fig.), 632;
C. nubilis, 159 (fig.);
C. occidentalis, 62 (skull fig.), 64 (skull fig.), 162.
(See Wolves)
Cannon-bone, 84, 91 (fig.), 410 (fig.)
Cape Fairweather stage, 128
†Capromeryx, 362, 417
Capromys, 184
Capybara, 205.
(See also Carpincho and Water Hog)
Capybaras, Pleistocene, 218
Carboniferous period, 15
Caribbean, region, Miocene, 123;
Sea, Oligocene, 113
Caribou, 4, 181, 202, 207, 208, 210, 412, 413;
Barren-ground, 148;
Pleistocene, 27, 413;
Woodland, 152, 157 (fig.)
Carnivora, 43, 59, 83, 90, 244, 268, 282, 284, 285, 459, 516, 634;
Araucanian, 226;
Blanco, 222;
Boreal, 152;
distribution, 138;
Eocene, 554;
John Day, 249, 528;
marine, 59;
migration to S. Amer., 508, 518;
Miocene, 229, 233, 238;
Neotropical, 173;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 203, 210;
S. Amer., 211;
Plioc., 222;
Sonoran, 163;
Uinta, 265;
White River, 254, 312
Carnivores, see Carnivora
†Carolozittellia, 462, 488
Carpincho, 183 (fig.), 185.
(See also Capybara and Water Hog)
Carpus, 82
Casa Mayor age and stage, 20, 112, 281, 488, 499, 512
Cascade Mts., 121;
Oligocene craters of, 116
Castle, W. E., 657, 660
Castor, 96, 153, 157 (fig.)
†Castoroides, 195, 205
Cat, 222;
Domestic, 546 (manus fig.)
Catamarca age and stage, 20, 129, 226
Catarrhina, 583, 587, 588
Cats, 54, 59, 90, 176, 517, 518, 519, 530, 532, 553, 568;
cursorial, 543;
Miocene, 545;
Native, 634, 638, 640;
Oligocene, 530;
Pleistocene, 545;
Pleisto. S. Amer., 211, 212;
Pliocene, 223, 545;
South America, 552;
true, 249, 517, 530, 543.
(See Felidæ)
Cattle, 95;
spread of, 142
Caves as sources of fossil mammals, 30
Cavia, 183 (fig.), 185
Cavicornia, 328, 411, 412, 416, 421
Cavies, see Caviidæ
Caviidæ, 185, 657;
Araucanian, 226;
Pleistocene, 218;
Santa Cruz, 245
Cavy, Rock, 183 (fig.)
Caxomistle, see Cacomistle
Cebidæ, 172, 578, 584, 585
Cebus, 218, 578, 584 (fig.), 585
Celebes, 579
Cement, 96
Cenozoic era, 15, 16, 17, 18, 99;
South America, 19
Centetes, 173
Central, 83
Central America, 123, 164, 178, 179, 320, 585;
Eocene, 104, 112;
geology, 120;
mammals, 141;
Oligocene, 113, 117;
Paleocene, 103;
tapirs, 137;
Tertiary, 22;
zoölogy, 146
Central American subregion, 164, 170 (map), 191
Cerdocyon, 171 (fig.), 174, 517, 552
†Cervalces, 195 (restoration), 208, 209 (restoration), 362, 413
Cervicornia, 411, 421
Cervidæ, 362, 411, 661;
Neotropical, 179.
(See also Deer)
Cervulus, 412
Cervus, 208, 362;
C. canadensis, 151, 155 (fig.), 202, 208, 411, 412;
C. elaphus, 151;
C. eustephanus, 151.
(See Deer)
Cetacea, 60, 442;
Miocene, 123, 125
Chætomys, 184
†Chalicothere, 240 (restoration), 356 (manus fig.)
†Chalicotheres, see †Chalicotheriidæ
†Chalicotheriidæ, 60, 247, 291, 354, 383, 385, 458, 484, 651;
Bridger, 357;
John Day, 250, 357;
Miocene, 231, 235, 238, 356;
White River, 257, 357
†Chalicotherium, 354
Chamberlin, T. C., 130
Chamois group, 202, 417;
subfamily, 152
†Champsosaurus, 102
Cheeta, 542, 543
Chelodactyla, 60, 290
Chevron-bones, 73
Chevrotains, 54, 60, 408
(see also Mouse-Deer and Tragulina)
Chili, 124, 184, 436;
marine rocks, 112;
Pleistocene, 20;
Pleisto. glaciation, 133
Chilian subregion, 164, 170 (map)
Chinchilla, 184 (fig.), 185
Chinchilla-family, Araucanian, 226
Chinchillas, 185;
Santa Cruz, 245
Chipmunks, 141, 153
Chironectes, 626, 627
Chiroptera, 59
Chlamydophorus, 190, 592
†Chlamydotherium, 218, 592, 596, 612, 614
Cholœpus, 74, 187 (fig.), 591
Chronology, geological, 10;
of rocks, 6
Civet cats, 518, 558
(see Viverridæ)
†Cladoclinus, 627
†Cladosictis, 243 (restoration), 627, 638, 639 (restoration)
†Clænodon, 554, 561
Classification of mammals, 50
Clavicle, 77 (fig.)
Clawed mammals, 59, 74, 456, 459, 460, 492, 514
Climate, as barrier to species, 140;
determining distribution, 24;
Cretaceous, 26;
Eocene, 109, 448;
Miocene, 122;
Mioc. of Patagonia, 124, 244, 586;
Oligocene, 116;
Paleocene, 102;
Pleistocene, 116, 134, 192;
Pliocene, 127;
vicissitudes of, 100
Climatic changes, 14;
affecting distribution, 140;
evidences of, 24;
Pleisto., effects on migrations, 207
Coast Range, elevation, 122;
Miocene, 113, 125
Coati, 162
Coatis, 76, 213, 517, 546, 552
†Cochlops, 592
Coendou, 182 (fig.), 184
†Colodon, 257, 291, 327
Colombia, 626, 640
†Colonoceras, 272, 291, 347, 350
Colouration, animal, 45
†Colpodon, 462
Columbia River valley, Miocene, 118
Comparative Anatomy, 647
Conard Fissure, 30, 210
†Condylarth, 278 (restoration), 457 (skeleton fig.), 459 (restoration)
†Condylarthra, 60, 443, 456, 484, 492, 499, 508, 514, 515, 653;
Puerco, 286, 460;
Torrejon, 285, 459;
Wasatch, 277, 457;
Wind River, 274, 456
Condylura, 152
Conepatus, 174 (fig.), 213, 517, 552
Conies, 60, 458, 481
Conifers, 103
Continental deposits, Eocene, 106, 112;
Miocene, 120;
Oligocene, 113, 117;
Paleocene, 101;
Pliocene, 127, 128
Continental islands, 140
Continuity of development, 660
Convergence, 650, 653, 655, 656
Cope, E. D., 306, 343, 399, 400, 401
Coracoid, 76
†Coryphodon, 275, 277, 279 (restoration), 285, 443, 452, 454, 456
†Coryphodontidæ, 285, 443, 454;
lower Eocene, 456
†Coryphodonts, see †Coryphodontidæ
Costa Rica, 181;
Pliocene, 128
Cotton-rats, 163
Coyote, 162, 165 (fig.)
Coyotes, Pleistocene, 218
†Cramauchenia, 489
†Creodont, 252 (restoration), 563 (restoration)
†Creodonta, 59, 516, 519, 527, 529, 554, 574;
Bridger, 268, 271 (restoration);
Eocene, 633;
Paleocene, 633;
Puerco, 286;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 276;
White River, 253;
Wind River, 274.
(See Flesh-eaters)
Cretaceous period, 15, 16, 103, 112, 117, 261, 281, 443, 460, 514, 642, 643;
climate, 26
Crocodiles, 122, 244;
absent from John Day, 116;
Eocene, 111;
Paleocene, 284;
White River, 116
Crown of tooth, 95
Crustal movements, Miocene, 122
Ctenomys, 184
Cuba, 173, 185;
junction with Central America, 128, 598;
Miocene, 123;
Pleistocene, 134, 604;
Pliocene, 128, 605
Cuboid, 89
Culebra Cut, Tertiary rocks, 22
Cuneiform, 83, 89
Cuvier, G., 44, 654
Cyclopes, 591
†Cyclopidius, 361, 376
†Cynodesmus, 517, 522 (skull fig.), 523, 530
†Cynodictis, 254, 517, 529 (restoration), 530, 547
Cyon, 213, 517, 527
†Cyonasua, 517
Dama, 412
†Daphœnodon, 517, 525 (restoration), 526, 530
†Daphœnus, 254, 517, 523 (skull fig.), 524 (manus and teeth fig.), 526, 528, 530, 537, 546
Darwin, C., 33, 35, 52, 136, 137, 143, 193, 217, 463, 489, 490, 491, 492
Dasypoda, 189, 592, 610.
(See also Armadillos)
Dasypodidæ, 592
Dasyprocta, 185 (fig.)
Dasypus, 189 (fig.), 592, 611, 614, 616
Dasyures, Australian, 638
Dasyuridæ, 632, 634, 640
Deep River age and stage, 17, 121, 233
Deer, 46, 54, 60, 95 (molar fig.), 222, 312, 319, 360 (molar fig.), 362, 409, 411, 461;
American, 153, 162, 202, 208, 409, 412, 414, 420, 657;
Axis, 412;
Barking, 412;
Black-tailed, 5, 202;
Chinese Water-, 412;
earliest, 658;
Fallow, 412;
Florida, 179 (fig.);
Hog, 412;
hornless, 414;
Marsh, 179, 180 (fig.);
Miocene, 232, 235, 414 (restoration);
Mule, 46 (fawns fig.), 167 (fig.);
Musk-, 224, 412, 658;
Neotropical, 179;
North American, 179;
Old World, 151, 179, 181, 202, 412, 415;
Pampas, 180;
Patagonian, 91 (pes fig.), 410 (manus and pes fig.);
Pleistocene, 202, 208, 412;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 224, 226;
South American, 415, 418, 466;
southern, 412, 413;
Tertiary, 412, 419;
Virginia, 4, 166 (fig.), 179, 202, 412
†Deer-Antelopes, 202, 224, 362, 417;
Miocene, 232, 235, 414, 415 (restoration);
Pleistocene, 417
Degu, 184
†Deltatherium, 554
Dental formula, 93
Dentine, 96
Deposits, continental (see Continental deposits);
lake, 37;
river, 36
Dermoptera, 59
Deseado age and stage, 20, 117, 282, 283, 474, 475, 477, 479, 481, 485, 486, 487, 508, 511, 512, 586, 587
Desiccation, Miocene and Pliocene, 128
†Desmathyus, 361
†Desmatippus, 290
†Deuterotherium, 489
Development, convergent, 446, 499;
parallel, 499;
per saltum, 661.
(See also Evolution)
Devonian period, 15;
glaciation in, 25
Dhole, 213, 249, 517, 527, 530
†Diadiaphorus, 248, 489, 501 (skull fig.), 502 (restoration), 503 (pes fig.), 505, 507, 508
†Diceratheres, see †Diceratherium
†Diceratherium, 238, 239 (restoration), 250, 256, 291, 333, 334, 350, 444
Dicerorhinus, 327, 329
†Dichobunidæ, 361, 398
Didelphia, 57, 59, 626
Didelphiidæ, 627, 630
Didelphis, 161, 626, 627, 631;
D. marsupialis, 161 (fig.), 631
†Didolodidæ, 489
†Didolodus, 489
†Didymictis, 555, 558
Digit, 90
Digital reduction, 658
Digitigrade, 90
†Dinictis, 254, 517, 538, 539 (restoration), 541 (pes fig.), 542, 546
†Dinocerata, 443
†Dinocynops, 517
†Dinocyon, 524
†Dinohyus, 239, 361, 366
†Dinosaurs, 103, 284
†Dinotheres, see †Dinotherium
†Dinotherium, 435, 438, 486
†Diplacodon, 266, 291, 313, 317 (head restored)
Dipodomys, 163 (fig.)
Diprotodonta, 59, 627, 640;
Deseado, 642;
Paraná, 641;
Pleistocene, 641;
Pliocene, 641;
Santa Cruz, 640, 641;
South American, 640
Discontinuity of development, 660
Dispersal of species, 143
†Dissacus, 554, 560
Distribution, discontinuous, 127, 138, 193;
geographical, of mammals, 135
Divergence, see Evolution
†Dœdicurus, 212 (restoration), 219, 618, 619 (restoration)
Dog, 90, 553;
family, 558;
fox-like, 529 (restoration)
Dogs, 90, 173, 517, 519, 520, 548, 553, 554, 558;
Blanco, 522;
early, 550;
John Day, 249, 523, 528, 529;
Miocene, 229, 234, 238, 522, 527, 528, 529;
Oligocene, 523, 547, 553;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 521;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 212;
Pliocene, 522;
Plioc. S. Amer., 226;
†primitive, 537;
†short-faced, 530;
South American, 552;
Uinta, 265;
White River, 254, 529.
(See also Canidæ)
†Dolichorhinus, 272, 291
Dolichotis, 185
Dolphins, 37, 60, 94, 656;
Miocene, 123
Domesticated plants, history of, 288
Douroucoulis, 578, 585
Drainage, the Pleistocene changes of, 132
Drift-sheets, 25, 132
†Dromocyon, 269 (restoration), 271 (restoration), 554, 559
†Dromomeryx, 235, 237 (restoration), 362, 417
Drought, effects of on mammals, 33
Duck-billed Mole, 57, 59
Dugong, 60, 442
Duplicidentata, 59
Dust, volcanic, 29;
wind-blown, 33
East Indian Archipelago, 191
Echidna, 57
Echimys, 184
Ecuador, 178, 284, 391, 548, 626, 640;
Pleistocene, 20, 211;
Pliocene, 129
Edentata, 60, 72, 75, 91, 97, 120, 185, 267, 355, 591;
Araucanian, 226;
armoured, 60, 592, 610;
Casa Mayor, 283, 592, 595;
Deseado, 261, 595;
distribution, 138;
Eocene, N. Amer., 597, 616;
hairy, 60, 591;
Old World, 185, 591;
Paraná, 227;
Pleisto., N. Amer., 205;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 596;
Plioc., N. Amer., 225, 597;
Plioc., S. Amer., 226, 596;
Santa Cruz, 245, 596;
South American, 276, 625
Edentates, see Edentata
†Edvardocopeia, 509
Egg-laying mammals, 59
Egypt, 254, 370, 422, 432, 442, 450, 587;
Eocene, 234;
Oligocene, 234, 264, 583
Ei-á, 585
Eigenmann, C. H., 654
†Elachoceras, 443, 449, (skull fig.), 450, 451, 455
†Elasmotherium, 350, 351
Elephant, 590;
African, 423 (molar fig.);
†Columbian, 195 (restoration), 197, 198 (restoration), 427, 430;
East African, 425;
†Imperial, 199, 427, 485;
Indian, 97 (section of tooth fig.), 197, 423, 425 (manus fig.), 426 (section of fore foot fig.);
tribe, 82;
West African, 425
Elephantidæ, 432
Elephants, 45, 60, 73, 91, 92, 95, 97, 215, 264, 312, 436, 446, 448, 465, 487, 654;
American, 430;
cranial bones of, 63;
distribution, 138;
hairy, 448,
proboscis of, 65;
Pleistocene, 196, 211, 426;
Siberian Pleisto., 39;
true, 423, 438, 439;
tusks of, 97
Elephas, 436, 437 (head and tooth fig.);
E. †columbi, 195 (restoration), 197, 198 (restoration), 427;
E. †imperator, 199, 427, 485;
E. maximus, 97 (section of molar fig.), 197, 423, 425 (manus fig.);
E. †primigenius, 196, 207, 332, 426
Elk, 50, 141, 151, 155 (fig.);
Scandinavian, 151
Elms, 102
†Embrithopoda, 60
Embryology, 648
Emigrants from N. Amer. to Old World, 255, 256, 456
Enamel, 96
England, early Man in, 588;
Paleocene flora, 103;
Pliocene, 127
†Enhydrocyon, 517, 528, 530
†Entelodon, 369
†Entelodontidæ, 250, 361, 366, 445;
Wasatch, 281
†Entelodonts, see †Entelodontidæ, also †Giant Pigs
†Entelonychia, 60, 247, 462, 482, 652;
Casa Mayor, 282;
Deseado, 263.
(See also †Homalodotheres)
Entrerios, 128
†Eoanthropus, 588
†Eobasileus, 443, 449, 451, 455
†Eocardia, 243
Eocene epoch, 17, 104;
climate of, 26;
close of, 111;
Europe, 262, 370, 452, 562, 661;
North America, 104, 105 (map), 201, 250, 251, 253, 273, 287, 291, 325, 369, 421, 519, 529, 554, 557, 574, 644;
South America, 20, 112, 261, 281, 477, 481, 482, 485, 487, 488, 508, 509, 512, 514, 625, 642
†Eodidelphys, 627
†Eohippus, 280, 290, 302, 303 (restoration), 304, 305 (skull fig.), 307 (manus and pes fig.), 308
†Eohyus, 281
†Eomoropus, 291, 357
†Eotitanops, 275, 291, 315
†Eotylopus, 257, 362
†Epigaulus, 223 (restoration)
†Epihippus, 290, 301, 302
†Epithelium, 227, 489, 508
Epoch, geological, 15
†Eporeodon, 361, 375, 379
Equidæ, 290, 291.
(See also Horses)
Equus, 95, 199, 213, 223, 291, 295, 305 (skull fig.), 306 (manus and pes fig.);
American species, 296;
E. asinus, 52;
E. burchelli, 200;
E. caballus, 52, 199, 213, 295;
E. †fraternus, 199;
E. †giganteus, 200, 201, 295;
E. †occidentalis, 200;
E. †pacificus, 201;
E. †pectinatus, 200;
E. przewalskii, 52, 292 (fig.);
E. †scotti, 195 (restoration), 200 (do.);
E. †semiplicatus, 200;
South American species, 307;
E. †tau, 199, 295
Equus Beds, 33, 131, 133, 200, 205.
(See Sheridan)
Era, geological, 15
Erethizon, 151 (fig.), 153, 182, 184, 205
†Eriodes, 578
Ermine, 152, 159 (fig.)
Ethiopian region, 146
†Euceratherium, 202, 362, 418
†Eucholœops, 607
†Eucinepeltus, 592, 623
†Euprotogonia, 457, 459
Eurasia, 110, 548
Europe, 253, 254, 255, 267, 272, 276, 277, 280, 281, 284, 287, 291, 303, 323, 324, 325, 340, 350, 351, 354, 356, 357, 369, 370, 380, 417, 418, 419, 421, 422, 432, 435, 452, 456, 486, 534, 538, 543, 545, 546, 552, 554, 557, 561, 642, 644;
caverns of, 30;
circumpolar area, 148;
Eocene, 104;
Eoc. separation from Asia, 104;
human habitation of, 588;
loess of, 133;
mammals of, 145;
†Mammoth in, 197;
pre-Eocene immigration into, 108;
Miocene, 235;
Mioc. climate, 122;
Pleisto. glaciation, 133;
tapirs in, 138;
Triassic, 642;
zoölogy of, 146
†Eusmilus, 254, 517, 538
†Eutatus, 592, 596, 612, 613
Eutheria, 57, 59
†Eutrachytherus, 263, 462, 477
Extinction of species, 13, 211
Evolution, of †Amblypoda, 454;
of camels, 400;
convergent, 649, 650, 655;
of †Creodonta, 574;
divergent, 18, 139, 650, 655;
of Fissipedia, 553;
of horses, 305, 325, 400;
irreversibility of, 541, 656;
modes of Mammalian, 645;
of †oreodonts, 381;
parallel, 393, 649, 655;
of Proboscidea, 436, 437 (diagram);
of rhinoceroses, 351;
of tapirs, 324;
of †titanotheres, 316, 325
Fallow Deer, 46
Families, distribution of, 138
Fauna, 56;
Araucanian, 226;
Bridger, 265, 267, 273, 315;
Deseado, 261, 638;
mid. Eocene, 267;
John Day, 249;
low Miocene, 237;
Neotropical, 283, 610;
Oligocene, 237;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, N. America, 193, 207;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 211, 226, 597;
Puerco, 285;
Santa Cruz, 26, 124, 242, 638;
Torrejon, 284;
Uinta, 265, 273;
Wasatch, 276;
White River, 251, 265, 266;
Wind River, 274, 275, 315
Faunas, Casa Mayor, 281, 283;
Eocene, N. Amer., 265;
Eoc., S. Amer., 281;
Miocene, 229;
Oligocene, N. Amer., 249;
Oligo., S. Amer., 261;
Paleocene, 283, 286, 644;
Pliocene, N. Amer., 221;
Plioc., S. Amer., 225;
Quaternary, N. Amer., 193;
Quat., S. Amer., 211;
successive mammalian, 192;
Tertiary, 221;
Tertiary, S. Amer., 461
Fawns, 46 (fig.)
Fayûm, 432
Felidæ, 54, 517, 518, 530
Felinæ, 54, 254, 535, 542, 543, 650;
Miocene, 229, 234, 238, 541, 545;
origin of, 659;
Pleistocene, 204, 545;
Pliocene, 545
Felis, 54, 517, 543, 545, 546;
F. †atrox, 204, 545;
F. concolor, 168 (fig.), 544 (skull fig.), 545 (dentition fig.);
F. domestica, 546 (manus fig.);
F. †imperialis, 204;
F. leo, 204;
F. onca, 176, 177 (fig.), 552;
F. pardalis, 176 (fig.), 552
Femur, 84, 85 (fig.)
Ferret, Black-footed, 160 (fig.)
Fiber, 153
Fibula, 86, 87 (fig.)
Field-mice, 141
Filhol, H., 534
Fisher, 152
Fishers, 141, 518
Fishes, Florissant, 121;
Green River, 109;
Panama marine, 23;
South American fresh-water, 652;
teeth of, 92
Fissipedia, 59, 516, 517, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 563, 576
Flesh-eaters, †primitive, 59, 554;
Santa Cruz, 637
Florida, island, 122;
Miocene, 117;
Oligocene, 113;
Paleocene, 101;
Pliocene, 125, 127
Florissant formation, 121
Flower, W. H., 389, 390, 411, 412, 419
Flying Lemur, 59
Forests, Oligocene, 538;
Paleocene, 102;
petrified, 122
Fort Union stage, 17, 99, 102, 642
Fossils, 7, 29;
classification, 55;
entombment, 29;
evidence of climate, 25;
mammals, 61
Fossorial habits, 2
Fox, 191;
Arctic, 148, 149 (fig.), 150 (fig.);
Grey, 165 (fig.), 517;
Red, 158 (fig.), 517
Foxes, 141, 173, 518, 520, 530, 552;
grey, 162;
Pleistocene, 204;
red, 152;
White River, 254, 529
France, 256, 333, 364, 441, 574;
Eocene, of, 108;
Oligocene, 617
Frankstown Cave, 30
Friasian fauna, 509
Fürbringer, M., 655
Gait, varieties of, 90
Galapagos Archipelago, 136
†Ganodonta, 625
†Garzonia, 627, 641 (jaw fig.)
†Garzoniidæ, 627
Gazelle, bones of, 35
†Gazelle-Camel, 241, 242 (restoration), 393, 394, 408
Genera, origin of, 654
Generic area, 137
Genetic series, 56
Genetics, 648
Genus, 53
Geographical changes affecting distribution, 139
Geology, 5
Geomys, 163
Geomyidæ, 265
†Giant Pig, 252 (restoration), 260 (do.)
†Giant Pigs, 250, 259, 266, 361, 366;
Bridger, 273, 370;
John Day, 259, 367;
Miocene, 239, 366, 369;
Oligocene, 281, 368;
Uinta, 369;
Wasatch, 281, 370;
White River, 259, 367
Gidley, J. W., 33, 202, 642
Giraffe, 70, 79, 358, 389
†Giraffe-Camel, 236 (restoration), 391, 392 (restor.)
†Giraffe-camels, 235, 388, 394;
Miocene, 231, 241, 394;
Pliocene, 224, 388
Giraffes, 54, 389, 409, 411
Glacial, accumulations, 25;
climate, 25, 26;
periods, 14, 25;
stages, 17, 130;
theory, 129
Glaciation, Pleistocene, 25, 130;
causes of, 134
Glaciers, Pleistocene, 131
†Glossotherium, 602
†Glyptodon, 212 (restoration), 219, 592, 618, 619 (restor.), 621
†Glyptodont, Santa Cruz, 243 (restoration), 606 (do.)
†Glyptodontia, 60, 245, 246, 592, 593, 594, 595, 617;
Araucanian, 226;
Astraponotus, 281, 595, 625;
Deseado, 262, 595;
Pampean, 212 (restorations), 619 (restorations), 623;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 205, 206, 211, 597, 598;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 221, 596, 597, 620, 624;
Pliocene, N. Amer., 221, 225, 596;
Plioc., S. Amer., 596, 622, 624;
Santa Cruz, 245, 596, 622, 623
†Glyptodontidæ, 592
†Glyptodonts, see †Glyptodontia
†Glyptotherium, 221, 592
Gnawing mammals, 59
Goat, Rocky Mt., 152, 158 (fig.), 202, 416
Goats, 362, 409, 416
†Gomphotherium, 229, 430, 431 (head restored), 434, 436, 437 (head and molar fig.), 438, 439
Gopher, †Horned, 223 (restoration)
Grasses, 273;
Paleocene, 284
Grassy plains, spread of, 233
†Gravigrada, 91, 120, 355, 591, 592, 598, 612;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 205, 597;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 598;
Santa Cruz, 605, 607, 609, 610.
(See also †Ground-Sloths)
Great Basin, 322;
Pleistocene of, 131
Great Britain, 21, 140, 418
Great Plains, 33, 200, 229, 235, 322, 386, 432;
Miocene, 121;
Oligocene climate, 116;
Pleistocene, 131
Greenland, 101, 103, 210;
Pliocene, 125
Green River stage, 109
Gregory, J. W., 35
Gregory, W. K., 641
Grison, 175 (fig.), 517, 552
†Ground-Sloth, giant, 195 (restoration), 603 (restoration);
Pleistocene of Cuba, 598;
Santa Cruz, 243 (restor.), 606 (restor.);
skin of, 40, 602
†Ground-Sloths, 75, 91, 120, 267, 355, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 598;
Araucanian, 226;
Astraponotus, 595;
Casa Mayor, 284, 595;
Deseado, 262, 595;
Miocene, 609;
Mioc., N. Amer., 597;
Pampean, 212 (restoration), 220 (do.), 605, 608, 609;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 205, 206, 211, 219, 597;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 219, 221, 596, 598, 604, 605;
Pliocene. N. Amer., 221, 225, 597;
Plioc., S. Amer., 596, 598;
Santa Cruz, 245, 246, 596, 598, 605, 608, 609.
(See also †Gravigrada)
Ground-squirrels, 164, 181
†Grypotherium, 592, 602
Guanaco, 60, 139, 178, 389 (fig.), 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.), 490, 491;
destruction by cold, 36;
distribution, 138
Guiana, 179
Guianas, Miocene, 596
Guinea-Pig, 185;
four-toed race, 657, 660
Gulf-coast, Eocene, 104, 111, 117;
Miocene, 117;
Pliocene, 125
Gulf of Mexico, Eocene, 106, 113;
Oligocene, 113, 117;
Paleocene, 101
Gulf Stream, Oligocene, 113
Gulo, 152, 155 (fig.), 237, 517
Gypsy Moth, 143
Haeckel, E., 648
Hairless skin, 45
Halicore, 442
†Halmarhiphus, 627
Handwriting, development of, 9, 13, 14
Hapale, 578
Hapalidæ, 172, 578, 582, 583
†Hapalops, 243 (restoration), 592, 605, 606 (restor.), 609 (pes fig.)
Hare, Arctic, 150
Hares, 59, 181, 245, 249;
Miocene, 229, 238;
Plioc., N. Amer., 222;
Plioc., S. Amer., 226;
tailless, or whistling, 153
†Harpagolestes, 554, 559, 560, 571
Harrison stage, 120, 235
Hatcher, J. B., 337, 523, 524
Hayti, 173, 185;
junction with Centr. Amer., 128;
Miocene, 123;
Pliocene, 128
Hedgehogs, 59, 276;
White River, 253
†Hegetotheriidæ, 462, 472
†Hegetotherium, 462, 479
†Helaletes, 272, 291
†Helohyus, 273, 361, 365
†Hemiacodon, 578
†Hemipsalodon, 253, 565
†Henricosbornia, 462
†Heptodon, 275, 291, 327
Herbivora, 516
Herbivorous mammals, 45;
large, 44
†Hipparion, 291
†Hippidion, 212 (restoration), 213, 214 (restor.), 291, 296, 307, 308 (skeleton fig.)
Hippocamelus, 91 (pes fig.), 180, 410 (manus and pes fig.)
Hippopotamus, 45, 54, 60, 70, 92, 358, 654
Hogs, ruminating, 372
Holarctic region, 146, 147, 150, 588
†Homacodon, 273, 361, 398
†Homalodontotheriidæ, 462;
Casa Mayor, 283
†Homalodontotherium, 462, 482
†Homalodothere, 482
†Homalodotheres, 462, 482, 509
†Homo heidelbergensis, 588;
H. †neanderthalensis, 588;
H. sapiens, 588
†Homunculus, 578, 586
Hoofed animals, 74, 77, 81, 83, 89, 312, 313, 461;
Araucanian, 227;
Bridger, 269, 273;
Casa Mayor, 282;
clawed, 651;
Deseado, 262, 264;
massive, 654;
Miocene, 229, 234;
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
†primitive, 492;
Santa Cruz, 246;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 273;
Wasatch, 277;
Wind River, 274
(see Ungulata)
Hoofed mammal, clawed, 484
Hoofed mammals, 60, 456, 459, 460;
even-toed, 54, 60;
odd-toed, 60;
White River, 255
(see Ungulata)
Hooker, J., 193
†Hoplophoneus, 252 (restoration), 517, 535, 536 (restoration), 539, 540, 543
Horn-cores, 416
Horse, 44, 48, 52, 62, 76 (scapula fig.), 79 (humerus fig.), 81 (fore-arm bones fig.), 85 (femur fig.), 87 (leg-bones fig.), 95 (molar fig.), 294, (manus and pes fig.), 359;
Asiatic Wild, 52, 292 (fig.);
†Dawn, 302, 303 (restoration);
†forest, 200;
†Pampas, 212 (restoration), 214 (restoration), 308 (skeleton fig.);
†Texas, 195 (restoration), 200 (restoration);
†three-toed grazing, 298 (restoration);
True, 199, 213, 295;
†White River, 252 (restoration), 300 (restoration).
(See also Equus)
Horses, 56, 60, 81, 95, 97, 289, 290, 291, 312, 319, 330, 353, 360, 382, 397, 458, 461, 499, 504, 651, 653, 655, 656, 658, 661;
Blanco, 222;
bones of, 33;
Bridger, 272, 302;
browsing, 223, 231, 235, 297, 298;
Eocene, 304, 307;
grazing, 223, 231, 235, 297, 298;
John Day, 299;
Miocene, 295, 297, 298, 231, 232, 234, 238, 301;
North American, 39;
Oligocene, 299;
phyla of, 289, 650;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199, 208, 211, 213, 221, 295, 304, 307;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215, 307;
Pliocene, 223, 295, 307, 331;
South American, 307;
spread of, 142, 143;
three-toed, 33, 501;
tridactyl, 658;
true, 292, 308;
Uinta, 301;
Wasatch, 280, 302;
White River, 257, 299, 300;
Wind River, 275, 302, 303, 396.
(See also Equidæ)
Horsfall, R. B., 42
Hrdlička, A., 589
Hudsonian fauna, 151
Hudson’s Bay slope, interglacial forests, 131
Huemul, 180
Humerus, 78 (fig.)
Humid province, 164
Humidity, effect on distribution, 141
Hungary, 316
Hutias, 184
Huxley, T. H., 28
Hyænidæ, 518
†Hyænodon, 252 (restoration), 253, 555, 562, 563 (restoration), 564 (skeleton fig.), 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (teeth fig.), 567, 576
†Hyænodont, primitive, 567 (restoration)
†Hyænodontidæ, 253, 555, 557, 562, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (teeth fig.), 569, 573, 575;
Bridger, 268;
Eocene, 254, 566, 576;
Wind River, 274
†Hyænodonts, see †Hyænodontidæ
†Hyænognathus, 522, 524, 530
Hydrochærus, 183 (fig.), 185, 205
Hydropotes, 412
Hyena, bones of, 35
†Hyena-dogs, 222, 249, 527, 530
Hyenas, 518, 527, 553, 554
Hyoid arch, 67
†Hyopsodonta, 59
†Hyperhippidium, 213, 291, 307
†Hyperleptus, 607
†Hypertragulidæ, 267, 362, 386, 402, 414;
Eocene, 408;
John Day, 251, 404, 407;
Miocene, 241, 258, 404;
White River, 258, 406, 408
†Hypertragulids, see †Hypertragulidæ
†Hypertragulus, 241, 258, 267, 362, 407, 408
†Hypisodus, 258, 362, 408
†Hypohippus, 291, 297, 300
Hypsodont teeth, 95 (fig.);
prevalence of, 232
†Hyrachyus, 271 (restoration), 272, 291, 339, 344 (restor.), 345 (skull fig.), 346, 349, 350
†Hyracodon, 252 (restoration), 255, 266, 291, 341 (restor.), 343 (manus fig.)
†Hyracodontidæ, 291, 403
†Hyracodontinæ, 291, 340, 341, 346, 350, 351, 352;
Bridger, 272, 343;
Eocene, 342;
Uinta, 266, 343;
White River, 255, 256, 341;
Wind River, 275, 276, 344
†Hyracodonts, see Hyracodontinæ
Hyracoidea, 60, 458, 481, 492, 514;
distribution, 138
Hystricomorpha, 245, 262
Ice Age, 25
Ichthyomys, 182
Icticyon, 174, 212, 517, 527, 552
†Ideodidelphys, 627
Ihering, H. von, 124
†Ilingoceros, 362
Ilium, 77
Immigrants from Old World to N. America, 229, 276, 279, 316, 365, 370, 386, 416, 417;
artiodactyls, 201, 202, 259;
bison, 420;
Carnivora, 203;
felines, 258;
†hyænodonts, 254;
insectivores, 253;
mustelines, 238, 254;
otters, 234;
Proboscidea, 422;
rhinoceroses, 234;
sheep, 419;
from North to South America, 171, 211, 226, 227, 242, 461;
from South to North America, 205, 206, 233
Immigration, 266;
Eocene, 324;
Miocene, 233;
Pleistocene, 151;
Pliocene, 151
Incisors, 93
India, 14, 213, 327, 390, 412, 418, 430, 527, 542, 551;
Permian glaciation of, 25
Indian Ocean, 442
Indians, pre-Columbian, 590
†Indrodon, 580
Insect-eaters, 92
Insectivora, 59, 191, 249, 459, 580;
Bridger, 268;
Miocene, 238;
Neotropical, 172;
Paleocene, 284;
Puerco, 286;
Santa Cruz, 245, 587;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 276;
White River, 253;
Wind River, 274
Insectivores, see Insectivora
Inserts, 141;
Florissant, 121;
Green River, 109
Interglacial stages, 17, 130, 207;
climate of, 134;
mammals of, 131
†Interatheriidæ, 462, 476, 479
†Interatherium, 462, 481, 636 (restoration)
Irreversibility of evolution, 541, 656
†Ischyrocyon, 517
†Ischyromyids, Bridger, 270;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 280
†Ischyromys, 254
†Isectolophus, 291
†Isotemnidæ, 462, 485
†Isotemnus, 462
Isthmian region, geology, 120;
Pliocene, 128
Isthmus of Panama, 170;
geology, 21, 22;
Miocene, 123;
Oligocene, 117, 123;
Pleistocene, 122, 134
Jackal, bones of, 35
Jaguar, 176, 177 (fig.), 212, 545, 552
Jamaica, Miocene, 123;
mongoose introduced, 142
Japan, 135
Java, 21, 140, 327
Jefferson, T., 206, 597
Jerboas, 90
John Day age and stage, 17, 30, 116, 375, 543
Jumping Mouse, 153, 160 (fig.);
mice, 182;
shrews, 59
Jurassic period, 15, 16, 642, 643
Kangaroo-rats, 163 (fig.), 182;
Miocene, 238
Kangaroos, 59, 626, 640
Kinkajou, 175 (fig.), 517, 546, 552
Klipdasses, 458, 481
Knight, C. R., 42, 470, 478, 480, 481, 494, 502, 506, 606, 636, 639
Kowalevsky, W., 233, 503
Kudu, 225
Labrador, Pliocene, 125
Lagidium, 185
Lake, Argentine, 36;
Bonneville, 131;
Callabonna, 34;
Lahontan, 131;
Ontario, invasion by sea, 132
Lakes, relation to glaciation, 132;
sediments of, 37
Lama, 138, 362, 388;
L. huanacus, 178, 389 (fig.);
L. vicunia, 178 (fig.)
†Lambdaconus, 489
†Lambdotherium, 275, 291, 315
Land-bridges, 18
Land-connections, how ascertained, 20;
Cuba and Centr. Amer., 128;
Hayti and Centr. Amer., 128;
N. Amer. and Asia, 18, 125, 588;
N. Amer. and Europe, 18, 106, 108, 109, 118, 120;
N. Amer. and Old World, 21, 23, 109, 115, 249, 251, 267, 276, 287;
N. and S. Amer., 100, 120, 123, 233;
S. Amer. and Africa, 103, 112, 124, 587;
S. Amer. and Antarctica, 112, 124;
S. Amer. and Australia, 103, 123, 638;
S. Amer. and Old World, 262;
West Indies and Mediterranean lands, 120
La Plata, estuary, 34
Last Hope Inlet, 60
Latax, 517
Lava-fields, the Columbia River, 121, 127
Lavas, Miocene, 118, 121, 122;
Pleistocene, 133;
Pliocene, 127
Leche, W., 63
Leidy, J., 372
Lemming, 148
Lemmings, 141, 153
Lemur, †monkey-like, 581 (head restored)
Lemur, 578
Lemuroidea, 60, 284, 459, 577, 578, 588;
Bridger, 270, 578;
Eocene, 579;
Wasatch, 281, 580;
Wind River, 275
†Leontiniidæ, 462, 475
†Leontinia, 263 (head restored), 462, 475
Leopard, 45;
Hunting, 543
†Leptarctus, 517, 547
†Leptauchenia, 258, 361, 377 (skull fig.), 378 (restoration), 381
†Leptochœridæ, 361
†Leptochœrus, 361
†Leptomeryx, 258, 267, 362, 407 (skull fig.), 409, 563 (restoration), 657
†Leptoreodon, 362
†Leptotragulus, 267, 362
Lepus, 164
†Lestodon, 602
†Limnocyon, 555, 573
Linnæan system, 51, 56, 57
Linnæus, C., 1, 51, 52, 55, 578
Lion, 45, 48, 92, 204;
cubs, 46
Lions, 210, 212
Lipotyphla, 59
†Listriodon, 364
†Litopterna, 60, 469, 489, 514, 651, 653;
Araucanian, 227;
Casa Mayor, 283;
Deseado, 264;
Pampean, 212 (restoration), 216 (do.);
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, 215, 221;
Santa Cruz, 243 (restorations), 247
Lizards, 102;
Santa Cruz, 244
Llama, 54, 60, 490, 491;
distribution, 138
Llama-like animals, 386
Llamas, 13, 90, 241, 257, 362, 386, 388, 390, 391, 421, 461;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196, 202;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 224;
South American, 231
Loess, 133
Loncheres, 184
Loomis, F. B., 487
†Lophiodontidæ, 257, 272, 291, 319, 325, 326, 341, 343, 348;
Eocene, 326;
Oligocene, 339;
Wasatch 280, 326;
White River, 257, 326;
Wind River, 275, 315
†Lophiodonts, see †Lophiodontidæ
Loricata, 592, 610
Loup Fork age and stage, 17, 121
Loup River stage, 127
Lower Sonoran zone, 148, 164
Lowest Eocene, 99
Loxodonta, 423 (molar fig.)
Lucas, F. A., 337
Lull, R., 437
Lunar, 83
Lutra, 152, 160 (fig.), 164, 175, 213, 517, 551
Lutreola, 152 (fig.)
Lydekker, R., 150, 181, 389, 390, 411, 412, 419
Lyncodon, 175, 552
Lynx, 153, 163, 169 (fig.), 517, 544 (dentition fig.)
Lynxes, 141, 176, 543, 544, 552;
Pleistocene, 204
†Machairodontinæ, 54, 530, 535, 542;
cursorial, 543;
Oligocene, 535
†Machairodonts, see Machairodontinæ, also see †Sabre-tooth tigers
†Machairodus, 517, 534 (skull fig.), 536
†Machairoides, 555, 573
†Macrauchenia, 212 (restoration), 215, 216 (do.), 217, 227, 248, 489, 493, 495, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.), 498
†Macrauchenid, Santa Cruz, 494 (restoration)
†Macrauchenidæ, 248, 489, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.), 651;
Deseado, 264, 499;
Eocene, 499;
Paraná, 228, 496;
Pleistocene, 489;
Pliocene, 493;
Santa Cruz, 248, 493
†Macrotherium, 354
Madagascar, 173, 530;
Pleistocene, 579;
zoölogy of, 146
Magnum, 83
Malagasy region, 146
Malay Archipelago, 146, 191, 580;
islands, 281, 327, 408;
Peninsula, 137, 281
Malleolar bone, 87
Mammal, defined, 1
Mammalia, classification, 50;
evolution of, 645;
geographical distribution, 135;
skeleton and teeth of, 61
†Mammoth, 39, 196, 207, 332, 426, 427, 429;
Siberian, 44
Man, 60, 62, 66, 76 (scapula fig.), 77 (clavicle fig.), 79 (humerus fig.), 80 (fore-arm bones fig.), 82 (manus fig.), 84, 88 (pes fig.), 90, 93, 577, 578, 582;
American Pleistocene, 589;
European Palæolithic, 197;
European Pleistocene, 39, 588;
origin of, 588;
in Western Hemisphere, 588
Manatee, 207, 442
Manatus, 442
†Manteoceras, 272, 317 (head restored)
Manus, 82 (fig.)
Maples, 102
Mara, 185
Marine, fauna, Miocene, 117;
Oligocene, 117;
Pliocene, 127;
habit, 2;
mammals, 37, 45;
rocks, 37;
shells, Pleistocene, 132;
Pliocene of England, 127
Marmosa, 632
Marmoset, 584 (fig.)
Marmosets, 172, 578, 582, 583
Marmot, 150, 152 (fig.)
Marmota, 152 (fig.), 153
Marmots, 60, 141, 153, 181, 245;
Miocene, 229;
Pliocene, 222
Marsh, O. C., 318
Marsupial, †allotherian, 286 (head restored), predaceous, Santa Cruz, 243 (restoration), 494 (do.), 636 (do.), 639 (do.)
Marsupialia, 43, 57, 59, 459, 626;
Araucanian, 226, 634;
Australian, 145, 632, 638;
Bridger, 268;
carnivorous, 59;
Casa Mayor, 282, 638, 642;
Deseado, 261, 638, 642;
distribution, 138;
flesh-eating, 553;
herbivorous, 59;
insectivorous, 59;
Miocene, S. Amer., 226;
Paleocene, 284;
Paraná, 227, 634, 641;
predaceous, 627, 632;
Puerco, 286, 642;
Santa Cruz, 244, 635, 640;
South American, 190, 638;
Torrejon, 285, 642;
Wasatch, 276;
White River, 251
Marten, 551
Martens, 152, 231, 517, 550, 551;
Miocene, 229;
Pleistocene, 204
Martes, 517
†Mastodon, 207, 426, 590;
American, 195 (restoration), 196, 207, 229 (molar fig.), 428, (restoration), 429, 437 (head fig.), 438, 439, 448;
Miocene, 431 (head restored)
†Mastodon, 429, 430, 437 (head and molar fig.);
†M. americanus, see †Mastodon, American;
†M. andium, 436
†Mastodons, 60, 264, 430, 438;
Blanco, 222;
early, 432;
Miocene, 229, 234;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196, 211;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 215, 221, 436;
Pliocene, 225;
Tertiary, 429
Matthew, W. D., 241, 257, 407, 409, 414, 531, 532, 540, 542, 546, 547, 565, 566, 657, 659
Mazama, 180, 181 (fig.), 362
Meadow-mice, 153, 182, 218
Mediterranean, Eocene, 104, 106
†Megalictis, 517, 551
†Megalocnus, 592, 604
†Megalonychidæ, 592, 598, 610
†Megalonychotherium, 592
†Megalonyx, 195 (restoration), 206, 219, 221, 592, 597, 604, 607
†Megamys, 226
†Megatheriidæ, 591, 598, 607
†Megatherium, 206, 212 (restoration), 220 (do.), 591, 597, 599, 602, 604, 608
Mellivora, 551
†Meniscotheriidæ, 457, 458
†Meniscotherium, 457, 458, 459 (restoration)
Menotyphla, 59
Mephitis, 153, 167 (fig.), 517, 552
Merriam, C. H., 140, 141, 147, 148, 150, 161
Merriam, J. C., 31, 32, 538, 543
†Merychippus, 291, 297, 298
†Merychyus, 232, 361, 372, 373, 374, 377, 381, 382
†Merycochœrus, 241, 361, 372, 373 (head restored), 374, 376, 381, 382 (manus fig.)
†Merycodontidæ, 362, 414
†Merycodus, 224, 362, 414, 415 (restoration), 417
†Merycoidodon, 252 (restoration), 258, 259 (do.), 361, 379 (skull fig.), 382 (manus fig.), 536 (restoration)
†Mesatirhinus, 271 (restoration), 314 (do.)
Mesaxonic symmetry, 359
†Mesocyon, 517, 528, 530
†Mesohippus, 252 (restoration), 290, 300 (restor.), 302, 305 (skull fig.), 308 (manus and pes fig.), 326, 342, 343, 396, 397, 505
†Mesonychid, 269 (restoration), 271 (do.)
†Mesonychidæ, 554, 556, 558, 574;
Bridger, 268, 559;
Torrejon, 285, 560;
Uinta, 265, 559;
Wasatch, 277, 560;
Wind River, 274
†Mesonyx, 554, 559 (teeth fig.), 561
†Mesoreodon, 361, 372, 378
Mesozoic era, 15, 16, 18, 23, 103, 284, 574, 632, 643
Metacarpal, 84
Metacarpus, 83
†Metacheiromys, 592, 616
†Metamynodon, 255, 291, 346, 347 (restoration), 352, 510
Metapodial, 90
Metatarsal, 89
Metatarsus, 89
Metatheria, 626
†Meteutatus, 592
Mexico, 33, 179, 181, 199, 200, 207, 229, 419, 427, 585;
Eocene, 104;
lowlands, 142, 146, 164;
mammals, 135, 141, 142;
Miocene, 118, 121;
plateau, 142;
Pliocene, 125
†Miacidæ, 527, 530, 554, 555, 556, 557, 562, 576;
Bridger, 268;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 519, 558;
Wasatch, 277, 279;
Wind River, 274
†Miacis, 555, 558
Mice, 60, 244;
groove-toothed, 182;
John Day, 249;
jumping, 182;
Miocene, 229;
Pleistocene, S. Amer., 218;
vesper, 182;
white-footed, 153, 164, 182;
White River, 254
†Microbiotherium, 627
Microtus, 153, 218
Midas, 578
Migration, of birds, 143;
of mammals, 18, 19, 143;
of †hyænodonts, 567;
between N. and S. Amer., 129;
Oligocene, 254;
Pleistocene, 207, 211;
pre-Wasatch, 108;
of Proboscidea, 441;
White River, 116
Milk-dentition, 94
Mink, 152 (fig.)
Minks, 213, 518, 550;
Pleistocene, 204
Miocene epoch, 17, 33, 112;
North America, 117, 119 (map), 233, 249, 251, 284, 386, 420, 421, 438, 554, 658, 661;
European, 235, 364, 435, 441, 550;
South American, 20, 123, 242, 261, 553, 640
†Miohippus, 290, 299
†Miolabis, 362, 391
Mississippi, Embayment, 104, 117;
Valley, loess of, 133
Missouri River, drowning of bison in, 36
Mitchell, P. Chalmers, 52
†Mœritherium, 434, 437 (head and molar fig.), 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 450
Molars, 93
Mole, 2;
Star-nosed, 152
Moles, 59, 77, 89;
American, 163;
Bridger, 268;
golden, 245;
White River, 253
Mole-shrews, 153
Mongoose, 142
Monkeys, 2, 60, 141, 282, 283, 284, 577, 578, 582;
Bridger, 270;
eastern hemisphere, 172;
howling, 578, 585;
Neotropical, 172, 586;
New World, 583, 587;
Old World, 583, 587;
Pleistocene, 218, 586;
Santa Cruz, 245, 586, 587;
South American, 578, 583, 587;
spider, 578, 584;
Wind River, 275
Monodelphia, 58, 59, 145
Monotremata, 59;
distribution, 138
Monte Hermoso age and stage, 20, 129, 226, 479, 499, 508, 634
Moose, 4, 65, 141, 151, 156 (fig.), 181, 202, 208, 411, 412, 413
Moraine, Great Terminal, 131
Moraines, 25
†Moropus, 238, 240 (restoration), 291, 356 (manus fig.)
†Morphippus, 462
Moschus, 412
Mt. Hood, 121;
Kenya, 134;
Tacoma, 121
Mountain Lion, 153, 168 (fig.)
Mountain ranges, as barriers to mammals, 142;
history of, 23
Mouse, Jumping, 153, 160 (fig.)
Mouse-Deer, 54, 60, 358, 408.
(See also Chevrotains and Tragulina)
†Multituberculata, 642
Mummies of Pleistocene rodents, 40
Muntjac, Indian, 412
Muntjacs, 412, 414, 658
Musk-Ox, 148, 149 (fig.), 202, 207, 211, 418
Musk-Oxen, 27, 141, 208, 210
Muskrat, 2, 151, 153, 182
Mustela, 159 (fig.), 160 (fig.), 517
Mustelidæ, 174, 222, 265, 517, 518, 550, 553, 554;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 238, 551;
Old World origin, 550;
Pleistocene, 551;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
Pliocene, 223, 551;
South American, 552;
White River, 254, 551
Mustelines, see Mustelidæ
Mutation, 662
Mycetes, 585
†Mylagaulidæ, 222, 229, 233
†Mylagaulids, see †Mylagaulidæ
†Mylodon, 206, 212 (restoration), 219, 592, 597, 601, 602, 603 (restoration), 604, 607, 608 (pes fig.)
†Mylodontidæ, 206, 592, 598, 602;
Deseado, 610;
Santa Cruz, 605, 607, 609
†Mylodonts, see †Mylodontidæ
Myocastor, 184
Myodes, 153
Myrmecophaga, 91, 187, 188 (fig.), 206, 355, 591, 600
Myrmecophagidæ, 591
Mystacoceti, 60
Nasua, 162, 176, 213, 517, 546, 552
Nasuas, 141
Navicular, 88
Navidad formation, 124
†Necrolestidæ, 245
†Nematherium, 592, 607
Neogæa, 145
Neogæic realm, 146, 164
†Neohipparion, 33, 291, 298 (restoration), 299 (skeleton fig.)
†Neoplagiaulax, 627
Neotoma, 153, 164
†Neotragocerus, 362
Neotropical region, 146, 147, 164, 170 (map), 322, 363, 418, 436, 461, 552, 583, 591, 630
†Nesodon, 243 (restoration), 462, 467 (skull fig.), 470 (restoration), 473 (pes fig.), 474, 475, 478, 482, 483, 498, 510, 511
Neumayr, M., 663
New Guinea, 634
New York Zoölogical Society, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154-169, 176-180, 182, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 292, 389, 584
Newfoundland, Pliocene, 125
New Zealand, 284;
Miocene, 123
Nicaragua, 218
†Nimravus, 249, 541, 542 (skull fig.), 543
Nomenclature, 50
North America, the circumpolar area, 148;
mammals of, 145;
zoölogical divisions, 146, 147 (map)
†Notharctidæ, 578
†Notharctus, 578, 579
†Nothocyon, 530
†Nothrotherium, 592
†Notohippidæ, 262, 462, 475
Notohippus, 462, 476
Notopithecidæ, 462
†Notopithecus, 462
†Notostylopidæ, 282, 462, 485
†Notostylops, 462
Notostylops Beds, 20, 281
Notoungulata, 461, 489
Nova Scotia, Pliocene, 125
Nyctipithecus, 578, 585
Oaks, 102
Ocelot, 176 (fig.), 212, 552
Ochotona, 153
Octodon, 184
Octodontidæ, 184
†Octodontherium, 262
Odocoileus, 95 (molar fig.), 153, 162, 202, 208, 360 (molar fig.), 362, 413;
O. hemionus, 46 (fawns fig.), 167 (fig.);
O. virginianus, 166 (fig.), 179, 412;
O. virg. osceola, 179 (fig.)
Odontoceti, 60
Okapi, 45
Old World, 101, 258, 266, 295, 327, 331, 332, 335, 341, 351, 353, 358, 386, 390, 413, 420, 426, 518, 550, 554, 558, 562, 583;
camels, 138;
horses, 201;
mammals, 120, 121, 142;
separation from N. A., 146
†Oligobunis, 517, 551
Oligocene epoch, 17;
Europe, 324, 352, 370, 543, 552, 661;
North America, 113, 114 (map), 204, 224, 265, 287, 378, 576, 658;
South America, 20, 117, 282, 456, 485, 508, 512, 625
†Omomys, 578
†Onohippidium, 307
Ontogeny, 648
†Oödectes, 555, 558
Opossum, 161 (fig.), 627;
Water-, 627, 631
Opossum-like forms, Cretaceous, 638
Opossums, 2, 58, 59, 141, 161, 249, 626, 627, 630;
Araucanian, 226;
Bridger, 268;
Casa Mayor, 282;
Cretaceous, 631;
Eocene, 631;
European, 631;
North American, 631;
Oligocene, 631;
Paleocene, 631;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 221;
Santa Cruz, 244;
South American, 190, 221, 631;
White River, 251;
Wind River, 274;
woolly, 631
Opsiceros, 327, 329, 330, 332, 350, 351
Orders, distribution of, 138
Ordovician period, 15
Oreamnos, 152, 158 (fig.), 202, 416
†Oreodon, 379
†Oreodont, White River, 252 (restoration), 259 (do.), 536 (do.)
†Oreodontidæ, 250, 361, 372, 383, 384, 385, 404, 436, 652, 661;
Eocene, 372, 381;
grazing, 232;
John Day, 250, 375, 377, 379;
Miocene, 231, 235, 241, 372, 374;
Pliocene, 225, 373;
Uinta, 267, 380;
White River, 258, 377
Oriental region, 146
Ornithorhynchus, 57
†Orohippus, 272, 290, 302
Osborn, H. F., 18, 59, 102, 193, 194, 199, 207, 235, 241, 265, 273, 288, 297, 331, 340, 341, 345, 357, 406, 409, 414, 427, 450, 554, 655
Otocyon, 656
Ottawa valley, marine invasion of, 132
Otter, 2, 160 (fig.), 175, 213
Otters, 152, 164, 516, 517, 518, 550, 551;
Miocene, 229, 234;
Pleistocene, 204;
South American, 552
Ovibos, 149 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 418
Ovis, 152, 419
Ox, 70
Oxen, 54, 60, 362, 409, 416, 418
†Oxyæna, 274, 277, 555, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), 571, 572 (restoration), 573
†Oxyænidæ, 555, 568, 575;
Bridger, 268, 568, 573;
Uinta, 265, 573;
Wasatch, 277, 571;
Wind River, 274, 571
†Oxyænodon, 555
†Oxyclænidæ, 554, 561, 562, 568, 574
†Oxyclænus, 554
†Oxydactylus, 241, 362, 391, 392 (restoration), 393 (skeleton fig.)
Owen, R., 217, 463, 467, 510, 603, 608
Paca, 183 (fig.), 185
†Pachyæna, 274, 277, 554, 560
†Pachycyon, 522
Pachydermata, 44, 490, 492, 654
†Pachyrukhos, 227, 462, 478, 479, 639 (restoration)
Pacific Coast, Eocene, 104, 111;
mingling of mammals, 140;
Miocene, 117, 120;
Oligocene, 113;
Paleocene, 101;
Pleistocene, 132;
Pleisto. volcanoes, 133
†Palæarctonyx, 555
†Palæomastodon, 432, 434, 435, 436, 437 (head and molar fig.), 438, 439, 440, 441, 450
†Palæonictis, 277, 555, 574
Palæontological method, 9, 11, 29
Palæontology, 29, 649, 660, 663
†Palæosyops, 272, 291, 314 (molar fig.), 317 (head restored), 318 (manus fig.)
†Palæothentes, 627
†Palæotherium, 490, 492, 661
Palæozoic era, 15
†Palæpanorthus, 627
Paleocene epoch, 17, 99, 108, 253, 273, 276, 291, 443, 453, 454, 456, 459, 460, 519, 554, 557, 558, 560, 561, 562, 568, 578, 580, 625, 642
Palms, 103, 111, 116, 122
†Paloplotherium, 661
Pamir, 419
Pampas, 133, 142, 211, 213, 218, 219, 596
Pampean Beds, 19, 133, 136, 228, 248, 463, 471, 478, 489, 493, 496, 498, 586;
mammals, 212 (restorations), 489
Panda, 546
Pangolins, 60, 353
†Panochthus, 592, 618, 620
†Pantodonta, 443, 451
†Pantolambda, 285 (restoration), 453, 454
Paraguay, 164, 178, 189
†Parahippus, 290, 297
†Parahyus, 281, 361, 370
Parallelism, 397, 649, 652, 653
†Paramylodon, 592
†Paramys, 270, 271 (restoration), 280
Paraná age and stage, 20, 128, 242, 493, 499, 507, 635
Paraná River, 34
†Parapithecus, 583, 587
†Parastrapotherium, 509, 512
Paraxonic symmetry, 359
Patagonia, 30, 40, 139, 178, 180, 184, 185, 189, 190, 191, 242, 263, 463, 467, 477, 586, 596;
Cretaceous, 117, 632;
Eocene, 112, 117;
marine rocks, 112;
Miocene, 123, 613;
Oligocene, 117;
Pleistocene glaciation, 133;
Pliocene, 128;
Tertiary, 20
Patagonian age and stage, 20, 123, 474, 475, 479
Patella, 86 (fig.)
†Patriofelis, 271 (restoration), 274, 555, 568, 569 (restoration), 570 (pes fig.)
†Paulogervaisia, 462, 488
Peace Creek stage, 127, 221, 322
Peccaries, 141, 178, 361, 363, 461;
Bridger, 273, 365;
John Day, 250, 365;
Miocene, 232, 235, 239, 365;
Oligocene, 365;
Pleistocene, 201;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 224, 226, 364;
Uinta, 266, 365
Peccary, 33, 60, 161, 177 (fig.), 222, 360 (molar fig.)
Pecora, 54, 60, 362, 387, 402, 409, 420, 421;
Neotropical, 179;
Oligocene, 421;
Pleistocene, 201
†Pelecyodon, 592
†Peltephilidæ, 592
†Peltephilus, 592, 613 (skull fig.), 615
Pelvis, 77
†Pelycodus, 578, 580
Penck, A., 134
†Peraceras, 332
Perameles, 58
Peramys, 631
†Peratherium, 627, 631
†Perchœrus, 361, 365
†Periptychidæ, 443
†Periptychus, 443, 454
Perissodactyla, 60, 247, 248, 284, 288, 310, 353, 354, 358, 359, 360, 383, 402, 450, 458, 484, 485, 491, 499, 507, 514, 651, 653;
Bridger, 270, 344;
†Clawed, 60, 353;
Eocene, 289, 338, 339, 352, 354, 359;
John Day, 250;
Miocene, 230, 234, 238;
Neotropical, 176;
normal, 291, 355;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
Uinta, 266;
Wasatch, 280;
of western hemisphere, 322;
White River, 255;
Wind River, 275
Perissodactyls, see Perissodactyla
Permian period, 15;
climate of, 24, 25;
glaciation, 25
Peru, 178, 179, 180, 184, 356, 393, 548
Petrifaction, 40
Petrified forests, 122
Phacochœrus, 363
Phalangers, Australian, 244, 626, 640, 641, 642
Phalanges, 84
†Pharsophorus, 627
†Phenacodontidæ, 457
†Phenacodus, 277, 278 (restoration), 285, 457 (skeleton fig.), 458, 459
Philippines, 579
Philology, 646
†Phlaocyon, 238, 517, 547
Pholidota, 60, 353
Phylogeny, 648
Phylum, 56
Pichiciago, 190, 592, 611
Pig, 359 (fore-arm bones and manus fig.), 360 (pes fig.);
Wild Texas, 161
Pigs, 281
Pikas, 59, 153, 181
Pilosa, 60, 591, 592
Pinnipedia, 59, 516
Pisiform, 83
Pithecia, 578, 585
Pitheculus, 578
Placenta, 58
Placental mammals, 58, 59, 145
†Plagiarthrus, 481
†Plagiaulacidæ, 627
Plagiodontia, 185
†Planops, 591
Plant-feeders, 92, 95
Plantigrade, 90
Plants, distribution, 141;
Florissant, 121, 122;
Green River, 109;
Miocene, 122;
Miocene of Andes, 124;
Mioc. of Europe, 122;
Oligocene of Alaska, 116;
Oligo. of Europe, 116;
Pliocene, 127
Plateau region, 101, 111, 122;
Pleistocene upheaval of, 133
Plateaus as affecting spread of mammals, 142
†Platygonus, 33, 202, 222, 361, 364
Platyrrhina, 578, 583, 587
Pleistocene epoch, 17, 129, 130, 172, 229, 239, 245, 246, 263, 264, 299, 324, 332, 335, 336, 350, 351, 354, 364, 365, 386, 391, 412, 413, 415, 416-419, 426-429, 436, 438, 439, 448, 485, 499, 518, 524, 530, 531, 545, 549, 551, 552, 586, 588, 614, 631, 632;
climate, 25;
effects of climate on animal distribution, 192;
glaciation, 25;
European, 661;
lowest, 127;
mammals, 195 (restorations);
South American, 19, 20, 133, 296, 465, 476, 479
†Pleurocœlodon, 462
†Pliauchenia, 362
Pliny, letter on eruption of Vesuvius, 30
Pliocene epoch, 17, 112, 125;
North American, 126 (map), 199, 201, 202, 229, 233, 238, 242, 245, 246, 248, 258, 263, 282, 295, 298, 299, 324, 327, 333-336, 340, 353, 354, 356, 357, 364, 365, 370, 372, 373, 386, 388, 390, 391, 413, 414, 416, 417, 421, 427, 429, 430, 435, 436, 485, 486, 493, 499, 507, 508, 524, 527, 530, 531, 534, 536, 545, 546, 547, 549-552, 554, 598, 612, 614, 632;
South American, 20, 128, 466, 467, 479
†Pliohippus, 291, 296, 307
Pocket-gophers, 163, 164, 182;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 229, 238;
Pliocene, 222;
Uinta, 265
Pocket-mice, 191
†Poëbrotherium, 252 (restoration), 257, 362, 394 (restor.), 397, 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)
†Pogonodon, 535, 541
†Polydolopidæ, 627, 642
†Polydolops, 627
†Polymastodon, 286 (head restored), 627
Polyprotodonta, 59, 627, 630, 640, 641
Pompeii, 30
Poplars, 102
Porcupine, Brazilian Tree, 182 (fig.);
Canada, 5, 151 (fig.), 153, 182, 205;
Short-tailed, 150, 182, 205
Porcupine group, 182, 262;
suborder, 245
Porcupines, 59, 184;
short-tailed, 141;
tree, Pleistocene, 218;
tree, Santa Cruz, 245
Porpoises, 3, 37, 45, 60, 94, 442, 656
Port Kennedy Cave, 30, 210
Port St. Julian, 489
Portugal, caverns, 40
Potos, 175 (fig.), 517, 546, 552, 558
Pouched mammals, 57, 59.
(See also Marsupialia)
†Prœuphractus, 592
Prairie-Dog, 169 (fig.)
Prairie-dogs, 164, 181
Praopus, 611
Pre-Cambrian eras, 15
Premolars, 93
Pre-occupation, 142
†Prepotherium, 591, 607, 608
†Preptoceras, 202, 203 (restoration), 362, 418
Primates, 60, 577;
Bridger, 270;
Eocene, 577;
Santa Cruz, 587;
South American, 587;
Wasatch, 281, 580
Priodontes, 190, 592, 610, 612, 614, 616
†Proadinotherium, 262, 462
†Proasmodeus, 462
†Proborhyæna, 627, 638
Proboscidea, 60, 230, 254, 264, 269, 422, 442, 446, 448, 449, 454, 455, 469, 487, 488, 514;
African origin of, 234;
American, 485;
Eocene, 434;
Miocene, 234, 238, 430;
Oligocene, 432, 441;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 436.
(See also Elephants and †Mastodons)
Proboscis, 65
†Procamelus, 232 (restoration), 362, 391, 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)
†Procladosictis, 627
†Procynodictis, 517, 529, 530
Procyon, 163, 175, 213, 517, 546, 547;
P. cancrivorus, 552;
P. lotor, 153, 166 (fig.), 547 (dentition fig.), 552;
P. †ursinus, 552
Procyonidæ, 517, 518, 546;
Miocene, 238, 547;
South American, 552
†Prodasypus, 592
†Proectocion, 489
†Proeutatus, 592, 614, 615 (skull fig.)
†Proglires, 59
†Promerycochœrus, 235, 251, 361, 375, 376 (restoration)
†Pronesodon, 262, 462
Prong Buck, 202, 225, 416, 417, 420. (See Antelope, Prong-horned)
†Pronomotherium, 231, 361, 374, 375 (head restored), 376, 381
†Propalæohoplophorus, 243 (restoration), 592, 606 (restor.), 623
†Propolymastodon, 627
†Propyrotherium, 462, 487
†Prosthennops, 361
†Protagriochœrus, 267, 361, 383, 385
†Protapirus, 257, 291, 323 (skull fig.), 324 (head restored), 325 (teeth fig.)
†Proteodidelphys, 627
†Proterothere, single-toed, 506 (restoration);
three-toed, 502 (restor.)
†Proterotheres, see †Proterotheriidæ
†Proterotheriidæ, 227, 248, 489, 499, 507, 653;
Araucanian, 227, 508;
Deseado, 264, 489;
Paraná, 228, 499;
Santa Cruz, 248, 501
†Proterotherium, 248, 489, 504
†Protheosodon, 489, 499
†Prothoatherium, 489
†Prothylacynus, 243 (restoration), 244, 627, 635, 636 (restor.), 637
†Protitanotherium, 266, 313
†Protobradys, 592, 595
†Protoceras, 252 (restoration), 258, 362, 405 (restor.), 406 (skull fig.), 407, 445
†Protodonta, 59
†Protogonodon, 457
†Protohippus, 291, 305 (skull fig.), 306 (manus and pes fig.)
†Protolabis, 362, 391
†Protomeryx, 241, 251, 362, 391
†Protopithecus, 218
†Protoreodon, 267, 361, 380 (skull fig.), 381
Prototheria, 57, 59, 76
†Protylopus, 267, 362, 397, 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)
†Protypotherium, 243 (restoration), 462, 479, 480 (restor.)
Province, zoölogical, 145
†Prozaëdius, 592
†Pseudælurus, 517, 545
†Pseudocladosictis, 627
†Pseudolabis, 362
†Pseudolestodon, 592
†Pterodon, 253, 555, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), 567, 576
†Ptilodus, 627, 642 (skull fig.), 643 (head restored)
Pudu, 180
Pudua, 180
Puerco age and stage, 17, 99, 101, 454, 460, 561
Puma, 168 (fig.), 212, 544 (dentition fig.), 545 (skull fig.);
South American, 552
Pumas, 153, 163, 176;
Pleistocene, 204
Pyramidal, 83
Pyrenees, 104
†Pyrotheres, see †Pyrotheria
†Pyrotheria, 60, 462, 485, 500;
Casa Mayor, 283, 488;
Deseado, 262, 485
†Pyrotherium, 264, 462, 485, 486 (head restored)
Pyrotherium Beds, 20, 117, 261, 486
Quadrumana, 582
Quadruped, 1
Quaggas, 292
Quaternary period, 15, 17, 61, 100, 129, 267, 319;
South America, 19
Quicksands, burial of mammals in, 37
Rabbit, 218
Rabbits, 59, 141, 142, 164, 245;
White River, 254
Raccoon, 153, 162, 163, 166 (fig.), 175, 547 (dentition fig.), 553;
Crab-eating, 552
Raccoon-family, Miocene, 238;
Pliocene, S. Amer., 226
Raccoons, 5, 90, 213, 517, 518, 519, 546, 553;
Miocene, 229, 547;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 204;
Tertiary, 547
Race, geographical, 52
Radius, 80
Raised beaches, 113, 134
Rancho La Brea, 31
Rangifer, 70, 152, 157 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 412
Ratel, 551
Rats, 60, 245;
fish-eating, 182;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218;
spiny, 184
Rattlesnake stage, 127
Ray. J., 51
Realm, zoölogical, 145
Recent epoch, 17, 132, 335, 336;
South American, 19
Reduction of parts, 656
Region, zoölogical, 145
Reindeer, 70, 141, 412;
Lapland, 152;
Pleistocene, 27
Reptiles, see Reptilia
Reptilia, 55;
as ancestral to mammals, 643;
distribution, 141;
Mesozoic, 284;
Oligocene, 117;
Paleocene, 284;
Santa Cruz, 244;
teeth of, 92;
Triassic of S. Africa, 644
Republican River age, 17, 127
Restorations, how made, 42
Rheithrodon, 182
Rhinoceros, 350, 490, 492;
African, 327, 328, 329, 337;
†aquatic, 347 (restoration);
Bornean, 44;
Broad-lipped, 329, 351, 448;
†cursorial, 252 (restor.), 341 (do.), 343 (manus fig.), 344 (restor.);
†hornless, 252 (restor.), 256 (do.), 335 (skull fig.);
Indian, 44, 327, 328, 329;
Javan, 327, 328 (skull fig.), 473;
†paired-horned, 239 (restor.);
†primitive, 271 (restor.);
†small-horned, 230 (restor.);
Sumatran, 327, 329;
White, 329;
†Woolly, 332
Rhinoceros, 327;
R. sondaicus, 327, 328 (skull fig.), 473;
R. unicornis, 329
Rhinoceroses, 45, 56, 60, 63, 91, 289, 312, 382, 461, 510, 654, 655, 661;
African, 346;
†aquatic, 291, 340;
†aquatic, Bridger, 272;
†aquatic, Uinta, 348;
†aquatic, White River, 346;
bones of, 35;
†cursorial, 291, 340;
†cursorial, Bridger, 272, 343;
†cursorial, Uinta, 266;
†cursorial, White River, 255, 340;
†cursorial, Wind River, 275;
Eocene, 338, 339;
hairy, 448;
John Day, 250, 256, 333;
Miocene, 230, 234, 238, 256, 332, 333;
North American, 39, 199;
Oligocene, 333;
Pliocene, 224, 331;
†paired-horned, 256, 444;
phyla of, 289, 650;
Siberian, 39;
true, 291, 326, 340, 346, 350, 351;
true, Uinta, 266;
true, White River, 255, 333;
White River, 255, 333
Rhinocerotidæ, 291, 326, 340, 350
†Rhynchippus, 462
Ribs, 74 (fig.);
sternal, 74
Rio de La Plata, 128
River deposits, 36
Robin, 50
Rocky Mts., 101, 150, 153;
Pleistocene glaciers, 131
Rodent, †primitive, 271 (restoration);
Santa Cruz, 243 (do.)
Rodentia, 5, 59, 282, 283, 284, 459, 629;
Araucanian, 226;
Boreal, 153;
Bridger, 270;
Deseado, 587;
distribution, 138;
John Day, 249;
jumping, 90;
Miocene, 229, 233, 237;
Neotropical, 183 (figs.);
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 134, 205;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218;
Pliocene, 222;
Santa Cruz, 245;
simplicidentate, 628;
Sonoran, 163;
South American, 181;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 280;
White River, 254;
Wind River, 275;
West Indian, 191
Rodents, see Rodentia
Roots of teeth, 95
Rootless teeth, 96
Rosebud stage, 120, 235
Ruminants, 81, 84, 87, 281, 373, 651;
hollow-horned, 328;
Miocene, 232;
true, 54, 201, 362, 387, 402, 409, 446
Russell, I. C., 589
Sables, 141
†Sabre-tooth, 32;
cat, 252 (restoration);
cats, 659;
false, 542 (skull fig.);
primitive, 539 (restor.);
Tiger, frontispiece (restor.), 195 (restor.), 517, 531 (skull fig.), 534 (do.), 536 (restor.);
tigers, 54, 210, 530, 552;
Miocene, 229, 234, 534;
Oligocene, 535;
Pleistocene, 204;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 211;
Pliocene, 223
†Sabre-tooths, 265, 650;
false, 249, 541;
John Day, 249, 535, 541, 542;
Miocene, 238;
White River, 254.
(See also †Machairodontinæ)
Sacramento Valley, Miocene, 118
Sacrum, 73 (fig.)
†Sadypus, 592
Sagittal crest, 63
Saiga, 65
Saiga Antelope, 65
St. Elias Alps, 101
St. Lawrence Valley, invasion of, by sea, 133
Sakis, 578, 585
Saline water, 34
Salisbury, R. D., 130
Salt Lake, Utah, 131
Salt lakes, 24
Sand, wind-blown, 33
Santa Cruz age and stage, 20, 30, 124, 262, 263, 264, 282, 283, 467, 470, 473, 474, 475, 477, 479, 481, 482, 485, 493, 499, 500, 501, 504, 508-512, 586, 587;
mammals, 243 (restorations)
Santa Cruz Mts., Calif., 118
Santa Cruz River, as barrier to armadillos, 139
Sapajou, 584 (fig.)
Sarcophilus, 634
Sarmiento, 143
†Scalibrinitherium, 489, 493, 495, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.)
Scalops, 163
Scalpriform teeth, 96 (fig.)
Scapanus, 163
Scaphoid, 83
Scapho-lunar, 83
Scapula, 76 (fig.)
†Scelidotherium, 592, 601, 602, 604
†Schismotherium, 592
†Schizotherium, 291, 357
Schlosser, M., 262, 380, 514, 555, 583, 625, 661
Schuchert, C., 105, 114, 119, 126
†Sciuravus, 280
Sciuromorpha, 270
Sciuropterus, 164
Sciurus, 164 (fig.)
†Sclerocalyptus, 219, 592, 618, 620
Scleropleura, 592, 611
Scott, D. H., 288
Sea-Cow, 60, 207, 442
Sea-Otter, 517, 518
Seals, 1, 2, 3, 37, 56, 59;
Pleistocene, 132
Seas, barriers to land mammals, 139
Section, geological, 7, 9 (diagram)
Sedimentary rocks, 6
Sediments, 6
Selenodont tooth, 360 (fig.);
origin of, 651
Sewellel, 153, 233
Sewellels, 249;
Miocene, 238
Shales, Florissant, 129;
Green River, 109
Sheep, 54, 60, 93, 362, 409, 416, 418, 419, 420;
Rocky Mt., 152, 419
Shells, fossil, 662
Sheridan stage, 33, 131, 133, 200
Shrews, 59, 141, 173, 191;
American, 163;
jumping, 59;
Old World, 152;
tree, 59
Siberia, 197, 207, 332, 350, 426;
frozen carcasses in, 39
Sierra Nevada, 101, 122, 150, 153;
Miocene, 118;
Pleistocene glaciers, 131
Sigmodon, 163
Silurian period, 15
Simiidæ, 583
Simplicidentata, 60
Sinclair, W. J., 107, 437
†Sinopa, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), 633
Sirenia, 60, 442
Sitomys, 153, 164, 182
Skeleton, 61;
significance of, 42
Skull, 61
Skunk, 163, 167 (fig.), 213, 517;
Argentine, 174 (fig.);
Little, 174 (fig.);
Spotted, 517
Skunks, 153, 163, 174, 210, 518, 550, 551;
Pleistocene, 204;
South American, 552
Sloth, Three-toed, 186 (fig.), 591;
Two-toed, 74, 187 (fig.), 591
Sloths, 2, 60, 97, 186, 189, 592;
Araucanian, 226;
Pleistocene, 218;
Santa Cruz, 245
†Smilodon, frontispiece (restoration), 195 (do.), 204, 211, 517, 531 (skull fig.), 532 (teeth fig.), 535, 536, 537, 544, 553, 622
Smith, Perrin, 23
Smith, William, 7, 9
Smith River stage, 121
Snake Creek age and stage, 17, 127, 222, 388
Snakes, 244;
Paleocene, 284
Solenodon, 173 (fig.)
Solitary species, 38
Sonoran region, 146, 147 (map), 152, 153, 161, 176, 178, 191, 363
Sorex, 152
South Africa, 14;
Permian glaciation, 25;
Triassic reptiles, 644
South America, Eocene separation from N. Amer., 104;
Miocene junction with N. Amer., 120;
Permian glaciation, 25;
Pleistocene Man, 589;
zoölogical divisions, 173 (map);
zoölogy, 146
South Australia, dry lakes of, 34
South Shetland Islands, 124
Sparnacian stage, 108
Species, definition, 51;
distribution, 136;
origin, 20
Specific area, 136
Spermophilus, 163 (fig.), 164
†Sphenophalus, 362
Spilogale, 174 (fig.), 517, 552
Spiny rats, Pleistocene, 218
Sports, 660
Squirrel, Grey, 164 (fig.);
suborder, 270
Squirrels, 2, 60, 245;
flying, 164;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 229, 238;
true, 164, 181;
White River, 254
Stag, 358;
European, 151;
Thian Shan, 151
†Stag-Moose, 195 (restoration), 208, 209 (restor.), 413
Stage, geological, 15
Stalagmite, 30
Stations, 136
†Stegodon, 430, 439
†Stegodonts, 438
†Stegotherium, 243 (restoration), 480 (do.), 592, 614, 615 (skull fig.)
†Stenomylus, 241, 242 (restoration), 362, 393, 408
Sternum, 75 (fig.)
†Stibarus, 361
Stirling, E. C., 34, 35
Straits, of Lombok, 135;
of Magellan, 143
Stratified rocks, 6
Stream-channels, White River, 113
†Stylinodon, 274
†Stypolophus, 555
Subregion, zoölogical, 145
Subsidences, Pleistocene, 132
Subungulata, 514
Suillines, 661
Suina, 54, 60, 361, 362
Sumatra, 21, 140, 327
Superposition of beds, 7, 8 (diagram)
Sus, 359 (fore-arm bones fig.), 363
Swamps, burial of mammals in, 33
Swan, 70
Swine, 54, 60;
American, 363;
Old World, 363, 364;
Pleistocene, 201;
true, 364, 365.
(See also Peccaries)
Swine-like animals, 361, 362
Sycamores, 102
†Symbos, 208, 362, 418
Synaptomys, 153
†Syndyoceras, 241, 258, 362, 403 (restoration), 404, 406, 407
Syria, 481
†Systemodon, 280, 291, 324
†Tæniodontia, 60, 276, 625;
Bridger, 267;
Puerco, 286;
Wind River, 274
Tagassu, 161, 177 (fig.), 178, 360 (tooth fig.), 361, 363 (dentition fig.), 364
Tagassuidæ, 361, 363
Takin, 418
†Taligrada, 443
Tamandua, 187, 188 (fig.), 591
Tamias, 153
Tapir, 47 (fig. of young), 81 (fore-arm bones fig.), 87 (leg-bones fig.), 289 (manus fig.), 290 (pes fig.), 320 (adult fig.), 321 (skull fig.), 471, 490, 492;
Asiatic, 321;
Pinchaque, 322;
White River, 323 (skull fig.), 324 (head restored)
†Tapiravus, 291
Tapiridæ, 60, 65, 89, 141, 176, 289, 291, 312, 315, 319, 330, 341, 348, 359, 461, 651, 653;
American, 322;
Bridger, 272;
distribution, 137;
Eocene, 323;
John Day, 250;
Miocene, 231, 234, 322;
North American, 39;
Oligocene, 323, 339;
Pleistocene, 199, 201, 208, 210, 322;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 223, 322;
South American, 324;
Uinta, 266;
Wasatch, 280, 324;
White River, 257, 322
Tapiroid, 272, 315
Tapiroids, 321
Tapirs, see Tapiridæ
Tapirus, 176, 291;
T. †haysii, 201, 322;
T. roulini, 322;
T. terrestris, 47 (young fig.), 87, 201, 289 (manus fig.), 290 (pes fig.), 320 (adult fig.), 321 (skull fig.), 322, 325 (upper teeth fig.)
Tardigrada, 186, 591, 592, 610;
Araucanian, 226.
(See also Sloths)
Tarija Valley, Pliocene, 129, 225
Tar-pools, 31;
Pleistocene, 32
Tarsier, 281, 580
Tarsiids, 583
Tarsius, 281, 580
Tarsus, 88
Tasmania, 138, 632, 634
Tasmanian Devil, 627, 634;
Wolf, 43, 226, 244, 626, 632, 633 (fig.)
Tatu, 160, 190 (fig.), 592, 593, 612
Taurotragus, 202
Taxidea, 153, 162, 168 (fig.), 517
Tayra, 175 (fig.), 213, 517, 552
Teeth, 92;
importance of fossil, 38
†Teleoceras, 291, 331, 332, 333, 350
†Telmatherium, 291
†Temnocyon, 517, 528, 530
Temperature as a barrier to species, 140, 141
Tenrecs, 173
†Tephrocyon, 517, 522, 527, 530
Tertiary period, 15, 17, 19, 99, 267, 319, 369, 413, 460, 531;
Central America, 22;
Culebra, 22;
Great Plains, 36;
Patagonia, 20;
South America, 20, 248, 461, 463;
Tierra del Fuego, 20
Terrestrial habit, 2
†Tetrabelodon, 430, 437
Thalarctus, 148 (fig.)
†Theosodon, 243 (restoration), 248, 489, 493, 494 (restor.), 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.), 498 (manus fig.)
Thian Shan, 419
†Thinohyus, 361
†Thoatherium, 243 (restoration), 248, 489, 500, 501, 504, 505 (skull fig.), 506 (restor.), 507 (pes fig.)
†Thomashuxleya, 462, 485
Thomomys, 164
Thorax, 74
Thousand Creek age and stage, 17, 127
Thylacine, 43, 632, 633 (fig.), 634, 635.
(See also Tasmanian Wolf)
Thylacynidæ, 627, 632
Thylacynus, 43, 226, 244, 632, 633 (fig.)
Tibet, 224, 418
Tibia, 86, 87 (fig.)
Tierra del Fuego, 20, 178
Tiger, 45
†Tillodontia, 59, 276;
Bridger, 267;
Wasatch, 276;
Wind River, 274
Time, geological, 16
†Titanothere, 253 (restoration), 271 (do.), 309 (do.), 314 (restor. and fig. of molar)
†Titanotheriidæ, 291, 308, 317 (heads restored), 334, 352, 353, 357, 366, 445, 446, 458, 465, 654, 661;
Bridger, 270, 313;
Oligocene, 310, 314, 315, 339;
Uinta, 266, 313;
White River, 255, 310, 313, 315;
Wind River, 275, 276, 315
†Titanotherium, 253 (restoration), 291, 309 (restor.), 310 (molar fig.), 311 (skull fig.), 317 (head restored), 318 (fig. of manus)
Tolypeutes, 189, 592, 611, 616
Toronto, interglacial beds near, 130
Torrejon age and stage, 17, 99, 101, 286, 453, 561
Tortoises, 244;
Paleocene, 244
†Toxodon, 212 (restoration), 215, 217 (restor.), 462, 463, 466 (skull fig.), 467, 468, 469, 471, 472 (pes fig.), 473, 477, 487
†Toxodont, 498;
horned, 228 (head restored), 263 (do.);
Pampean, 212 (restoration), 217 (do.);
Santa Cruz, 243 (restor.), 467 (skull fig.);
Santa Cruz horned, 474 (restor.)
†Toxodonta, 60, 282, 462, 463, 477, 482, 483, 487, 500, 509, 511, 652;
Araucanian, 227;
Deseado, 262, 264, 474;
Paraná, 228;
Santa Cruz, 246, 467
†Toxodontia, 60, 355, 461, 478, 485, 489, 492, 500, 514;
Pleistocene, 215, 221
†Toxodontidæ, 462, 474
†Toxodonts, see †Toxodonta
Tragulina, 54, 60, 408, 409, 410. (See Mouse-Deer)
Transition zone, 147 (map), 153
Trapezium, 83
Trapezoid, 83
Tree-sloths, 591, 593, 594, 595, 596, 609;
Pleistocene, 596;
Santa Cruz, 596.
(See also Sloths)
Tremarctos, 172, 176 (fig.), 517, 548, 552
Trèves, 10
Triassic period, 15, 16, 642, 643;
climate, 24
†Triconodonta, 59
Trier, cathedral of, 10
†Trigodon, 227, 228 (head restored), 462, 466, 473, 474
†Trigonias, 256, 291, 336, 337 (skull and front teeth fig.), 338, 339 (manus fig.), 351
†Trigonolestes, 281, 361, 398
†Trigonolestidæ, 361
†Trigonostylopidæ, 509, 512
†Trigonostylops, 509
†Triisodon, 554, 561
†Trilophodon, 229
Trinidad, 170
Trinomial system of nomenclature, 52
†Triplopus, 266, 272, 343 (manus fig.), 345
†Tritemnodon, 271 (restoration), 555, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), 567 (restor.), 576, 633
†Trituberculata, 59
Tropical species, distribution, 141
Tse-tse Fly, 142
Tuatara, 284
Tubulidentata, 60
Tuco-tuco, 184
Tuff, Miocene, 112, 122;
Santa Cruz, 124
Turkestan, 419
Turtles, 102
Tusks, 92
Tylopoda, 54, 60, 362, 386, 409, 410;
Pleistocene, 202
†Typothere, 243 (restoration), 480 (do.), 636 (do.), 639 (do.)
†Typotheres, see †Typotheria
†Typotheria, 60, 215, 372, 462, 476;
Araucanian, 227;
Casa Mayor, 282, 479;
Deseado, 263, 264;
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, 215, 221, 476;
Santa Cruz, 246, 479;
Tertiary, 215
†Typotheriidæ, 462, 476
†Typotherium, 215, 217, 263, 462, 476, 477
Uakaris, 578, 585
Uinta age and stage, 11, 17, 110, 270, 271, 272, 301, 339, 345, 349, 365, 369, 370, 380, 383, 385, 386, 397-400, 409, 443, 519, 527, 529, 557, 559, 573, 579
Uinta Mts., 106, 108;
Pleistocene glaciers, 131
†Uintacyon, 555, 558
†Uintatheres, see †Uintatheriidæ
†Uintatheriidæ, 285, 443, 444, 445 (skull fig.), 451, 452, 454, 465, 509, 532;
Bridger, 269, 443;
Wasatch, 279, 451;
Wind River, 274, 450
†Uintatherium, 51, 271 (restoration), 443, 444, 445 (skull fig.), 447 (restoration)
Ulna, 80
Unciform, 83
Unconformity, 312
Ungual phalanx, 84
Ungulata, 60, 513, 516;
primitive, 460;
Santa Cruz, 481, 511;
†short-footed, 443;
South American indigenous, 461, 466, 469, 486, 489, 490, 500, 509, 511, 513, 514;
White River, 258
Ungulates, see Ungulata
Unguligrade, 91
University of California, 31, 32
Upheavals, Pleistocene, 132, 133;
Pliocene, 132
Upper Sonoran zone, 148, 164
Ural, Mts., 106;
Sea, 106, 108
Urocyon, 162, 165 (fig.), 517
†Urotrichus, 153
Ursidæ, 517, 518, 548
Ursus, 90 (pes fig.), 156 (fig.), 163, 517, 549
Uruguay, 585
Variant, 53
Varieties, 52, 662
Vegetation, Eocene, 111;
Paleocene, 283.
(See also Flora and Plants)
Vermilingua, 187, 591
Vertebra, 68;
caudal, 73 (fig.);
cervical, 70 (fig.);
dorsal, 69 (fig.), 72 (fig.);
lumbar, 72, 73 (fig.);
sacral, 73 (fig.);
thoracic, 69
Vertebral column, 67
Vertebrata, 55
Vesuvius, 30
Vicuña, 178 (fig.)
Virgin Valley stage, 127
Viscaccia, 183 (fig.), 185
†Viverravus, 555, 558
Viverridæ, 518, 553, 554, 558
Viverrines, see Viverridæ
Viviparous mammals, 59
Vizcacha, 183 (fig.), 185
Vizcachas, Pleistocene, 218
Volcanic ash, 29;
Bridger, 110, 115;
John Day, 116;
Santa Cruz, 124;
White River, 115
Volcanic dust, 29
Volcanic material, 6;
Florissant, 121;
Miocene, 118;
Pliocene, 125
Volcanoes, 133
Voles, 182
Voltaire, 646
Vulcanism, Miocene, 118, 121;
Pliocene, 127
†Vulpavus, 555, 558
Vulpes, 149 (fig.), 150 (fig.), 158 (fig.), 517
Waagen, W., 662
Wallace, A. R., 136, 139, 150, 170, 171
Walnuts, 102
Walruses, 1, 45, 207, 210, 516;
Pleistocene, 27, 132
Wapiti, 50, 151, 155 (fig.), 181, 202, 208, 411, 412, 413
Warm Temperate region, 161
Wart Hog, 363
Wasatch age and stage, 17, 106, 273, 274, 275, 285, 316, 325, 370, 398, 400, 451, 452, 453, 455, 457, 459, 560, 561, 566, 568, 571, 572, 580, 581
Wasatch Mts., Pleistocene glaciers, 131
Wasatch-Sparnacian stage, 115
Water Hog, 183 (fig.), 185, 205, 211.
(See also Capybara and Carpincho)
Weasel, 551;
family, 174;
Miocene, 238;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
tribe, 518
Weasels, 59, 152, 517;
Miocene, 229, 238;
Pleistocene, 204, 205
Weber, M., 426
Western Hemisphere, marsupials, 626
West Indian, islands, 164, 191;
shells on N. J. coast, 113;
subregion, 170 (map)
West Indies, 583;
Eocene, 112;
Oligocene, 113;
Paleocene, 103;
Pleistocene, 134;
zoölogy, 146
Whale, Right, 48
Whales, 1, 2, 3, 37, 45, 60, 74, 442;
Miocene, 123;
Pleistocene, 132;
toothed, 60;
whalebone, 60, 94
White Mts., Labrador plants of, 193
White River age and stage, 11, 12, 17, 113, 250, 266, 267, 270, 271, 272, 312, 325, 326, 340, 341, 346, 350, 357, 365-371, 375, 377-380, 382-385, 394-396, 399, 405, 407, 408, 523, 528-530, 535, 538-541, 546, 557, 562, 563, 565, 566, 631;
mammals, 252 (restorations)
Wild-cats, 141
Willamette Valley, Miocene, 115
Williston, S. W., 33, 589
Willows, 102
Wind River age and stage, 17, 109, 273, 315, 316, 326, 339, 350, 400, 450, 452, 456, 457, 460, 568, 571
Windward Islands, Pleistocene, 134
Winter, destruction of mammals by, 36
Wisent, 152
Wolf, 32, 62 (skull fig.), 64 (do.), 69 (dorsal vertebra fig.), 70 (atlas fig.), 71 (axis fig.), 72 (cervical and dorsal vertebræ fig.), 73 (lumbar and caudal fig.), 74 (ribs fig.), 75 (ribs and sternum fig.), 76 (scapula fig.), 77 (hip-bone fig.), 78 (humerus fig.), 80 (fore-arm bones fig.), 82 (manus fig.), 85 (femur fig.), 86 (femur and patella fig.), 87 (leg-bones fig.), 88 (pes fig.), 92, 93 (dentition fig.);
Fox-like, 171 (fig.);
Grey, 152, 159 (fig.);
Large-eared, 656;
Miocene, 522 (skull fig.);
Timber, 159 (fig.), 162
Wolverene, 141, 152, 155 (fig.), 213, 238, 517, 551;
Pleistocene, 204
Wolves, 59, 164, 173, 249, 517, 518, 520, 523, 525, 530;
fox-like, 173, 212, 552;
Pleistocene, 204;
Pliocene, 222;
White River, 254
Wombats, 640
Woodchuck, 152 (fig.), 153
Wood-rats, 141, 153, 164
Wortman, J. L., 383, 385, 399, 570, 571
†Xotodon, 462
Yapock, 631
Yellowstone Park, petrified forests, 122;
Miocene lava, 122;
Pliocene lava, 127
Young animals, colour pattern of, 46
Yucatan, 128
Yukon Valley, Miocene, 118
Zaëdyus, 190, 592
Zapus, 153, 160 (fig.)
Zebra, 44;
bones of, 35;
Burchell’s, 200
Zebras, 213, 292, 308
†Zeuglodontia, 60
Zittel, K. von, 601
Zoölogy, Experimental, 648, 663
†Zygolestes, 627, 641
Zygomatic arch, 65

A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere

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INDEX