BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
The titles given below are intended to form a group of selected references for the guidance of students who may desire a more detailed treatment of the various problems of Roman history than has been given in the text. For the sources, as well as for a more detailed bibliography, readers may consult B. Niese, Grundriss der römischen Geschichte, 4th ed., 1910, and G. W. Botsford, A Syllabus of Roman History, 1915.
Introduction
Leuze, O., Die römische Jahrzählung; Lewis, Sir G. C., The Credibility of Early Roman History; Niese, B., Römische Geschichte, pp. 10–17, and passim; Schanz, M., Geschichte der römischen Litteratur; Kornemann, E., Der Priestercodex in der Regia; Wachsmuth, C., Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte.
Chapter I
Duruy, V., Histoire des Romains, i, pp. i–xxxiv; Encyclopedia Brittanica, 11th ed., art. Italy; Kiepert, H., Manual of Ancient Geography, ch. ix; Nissen, H., Italische Landeskunde, vol. i.
Chapter II
The view given in the text follows Jones, H. S., Companion to Roman History (a brief synopsis); Grenier, A., Bologne villanovienne et étrusque; Modestov, B., Introduction à l’histoire romain; and Peet, T. E., The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily. For different reconstructions, see De Sanctis, G., Storia dei Romani, i, chs. ii–iii; Pais, E., Storia Critica di Roma, 2nd ed., i, ch. viii; Ridgeway, W., Who were the Romans? Proc. British Academy, 1907.
Chapter III
I. The Races of Italy. See the references for chapter ii, and De Sanctis, Storia, ii, ch. iii; Niese, Geschichte, p. 23 ff.; Pais, Storia Critica, i, ch. viii; Kretchmer, P., in Gercke und Norden’s Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft, i, p. 172, for the problem of the Italian dialects.
II. The Etruscans. Dennis, G., Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria; Korte und Skutsch, art. Etrusker, Pauly-Wissowa, vi. pp. 730–806; Martha, J., L’art étrusque; Modestov, Introduction, pt. 2; Niese, Geschichte pp. 26 ff.
III. The Greeks. Beloch, J., Griechische Geschichte, i, 2nd ed., pp. 229 ff., Bury, J. B., History of Greece, ch. ii; De Sanctis, Storia, i, ch. ix; Freeman, E., History of Sicily.
Chapter IV
I. The Latins. Beloch, J., Der Italische Bund; Frank, T., Economic His[pg 416]tory of Rome, ch. i; Kornemann, E., Polis und Urbs, Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, 1905; Rosenberg, A., Der Staat der alten Italiker; Zur Geschichte des Latines Bundes, Hermes, 1919.
II. Origins of Rome. Carter, J. B., Roma Quadrata and the Septimontium, Amer. Jour. of Arch., 1908; id., Evolution of the City of Rome, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1909; Frank, Economic History, ch. ii; Notes on the Servian Wall, Am. Jour. Arch., 1918; Jones, Companion, pp. 31 ff.; Kornemann, see I; Meyer, E., Der Ursprung des Tribunats und die Gemeinde der vier Tribus, Hermes xxx; Platner, S. B., Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome, 2nd ed.
III and IV. Early Monarchy and Early Roman Society. Botsford, G. W., The Roman Assemblies, chs. i, ii and ix; De Sanctis, Storia, i, chs. vi, vii, viii, x; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 18–23, 32 ff.; Pais, Storia Critica, i, 2; Pelham, H., Outlines of Roman History, bk. i, chs. i and ii.
Chapter V
Beloch, Der Italische Bund; Cavaignac, E., Histoire de l’Antiquité ii. pp. 378–88, 475–88, iii, pp. 61–92, 173–85; De Sanctis, Storia, ii, chs. xv, xvi, xviii–xxii; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. i–iv; Heitland, W. T., The Roman Republic, i. pp. 75–78, 101–113, 135–74; Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, v, pp. 132 ff.; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 44–55, 64–80; Pais, Storia Critica, vols. ii–iii; Pelham, Outlines, pp. 68–107; Reid, J. S., The Municipalities of the Roman Empire, chs. iii–iv; Rosenberg, A., Zur Geschichte des Latines Bundes; Die Entstehung des so-gennanten Foedus Cassianum und des latinischen Rechts, Hermes, 1920.
Chapter VI
Botsford, Roman Assemblies, chs. iii–xiii; Cavaignac, Histoire, ii, pp. 478–83; De Sanctis, Storia, ii, chs. xii, xiv, xvii; Frank, Economic History, chs. iii–iv; Heitland, Roman Republic, ii, chs. viii–xiv, xvi, xx; Kahrstedt, U., Zwei Beiträge Zur älteren röm. Geschichte, Rh. Museum, 1918; Mommsen, Th., Staatsrecht (see Indices); Niese, Geschichte, pp. 81–84; Pais, Storia Critica, as for Chap. V.
Chapter VII
I. Early Roman Religion: Bailey, C., The Religion of Ancient Rome; Carter, J. B., The Religion of Numa; The Religious Life of Ancient Rome, ch. i; Fowler, W. Warde, The Roman Festivals; The Religious Experience of the Roman People, Lectures, i–xii; Mommsen, History of Rome, i, chap. xii; Wissowa, G., Religion und Kultus der Römer, pp. 15–54.
II. Early Roman Society: Heitland, W., Roman Republic, i, chs. vi and xii; Fowler, W. Warde, Rome, ch. iii; Launspach, C. W. L., State and Family in Early Rome, ch. xi.
Chapter VIII
Cavaignac, Histoire, vol. iii, bk. iii, chs. i, iv–vi; De Sanctis, Storia, iii, 1–2; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. vi–vii; Ferguson, W. S., Greek Imperialism, chs. v–vii; Gsell, S., Histoire ancienne de l’Afrique du nord, vols. i, ii, iii; [pg 417]Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. i, chs. xxi–xxvi; Mommsen, History, bk. iii, chs. i–vi; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 96–126.
Chapter IX
Cavaignac, Histoire, vol. iii, bk. iii, chs. vii–viii; Colin, G., Rome et la Grèce; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. viii, ix, x; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. ii, chs. xxvii–xxxii; Mommsen, History, bk. iii, chs. vii–x; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 126–48.
Chapter X
Cavaignac, Histoire, vol. iii, bk. iv, ch. i; Colin, Rome et la Grèce; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. x–xi; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. ii, chap, xxxiii; Mommsen, History, bk. iv, ch. i; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 155–66.
Chapter XI
For the Administration: Arnold, W. T., The Roman System of Provincial Administration, 3rd ed., chs. ii–iii, vi, pt. 1; Botsford, Roman Assemblies, chs. xiii–xv; Cavaignac, Histoire, vol. iii, bk. iii, ch. ix; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. vi, xii; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. ii, ch. xxxiv; Mommsen, Staatsrecht, and History, bk. iii, ch. xi; Greenidge, Public Life, chs. vi and viii; Marquardt, J. R., Staatsverwaltung, bk. i; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 148–53; Rostowzew, Studien zur Geschichte des römischen Kolonats, ch. iii.
For the Social and Economic Development: in addition to the works cited above, see Ferrero, G., Greatness and Decline of Rome, vol. i, ch. ii; Frank, Economic History, chs. vi–vii; Meyer, E., Die Wirtschaftliche Entwickelung des Altertums, Kleine schriften, 79 ff.; Die Sklaverei im Altertum, id., 169 ff.; Mommsen, History, bk. iii, ch. xii.
For Literature, Art and Religion: Fowler, Religious Experience, Lecture xiii; Leo, F., Römische Litteratur, in Hinneberg’s Kultur der Gegenwart; Mackail, J. W., Roman Literature, bk. i, chs. i–iii; Mommsen, History, bk. iii, chs. xiii–xiv; Norden, E., Römische Litteratur, in Gercke und Norden’s Einleitung; Schanz, M., Geschichte der römischen Litteratur, vol. 1, pt. 1; Wissowa, Religion und Kultur, pp. 54–65.
Chapter XII
Cavaignac, Histoire, bk. iv, chs. ii, iv; Drumann-Groebe, Geschichte Roms in seiner Uebergange von der republicanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, vol. ii, art. L. Cornelius Sulla; Ferrero, Greatness and Decline, bk. i, chs. iii, iv, v; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. xii–xv; Greenidge, A History of Rome from 133 B. C.–69 A. D. vol. i, to 104 B. C., Heitland, Republic, vol. ii, ch. xxxv–xlvii; Mommsen, History, bk. iv, chs. i–ix; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 166–205; Oman, Ch., Seven Roman Statesmen, chs. i–v, the Gracchi, Marius and Sulla.
Chapter XIII
Boak, A. E. R., The Extraordinary Commands from 80–48 B. C., Amer. Hist. Rev., xxiv, 1918; Botsford, Assemblies, as above; Cowles, F. H., Gaius Verres; Drumann-Groebe, Geschichte Roms, articles on L. Lucullus, Cn. Pompeius [pg 418]Magnus, M. Crassus Triumvir, C. Julius Caesar, M. Tullius Cicero; Ferrero, Greatness and Decline, chs. vi–xvi; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. xvi; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. iii, chs. 48–52; Mommsen, History, bk. v, chs. i–vi; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 205–27; Oman, Seven Roman Statesmen, chs. vi, viii, Pompey and Crassus.
Chapter XIV
Botsford, Assemblies, as above; Drumann-Groebe, as above; Ferrero, Greatness and Decline, vol. 1, chs. xvii–xviii, vol. ii; Frank, Roman Imperialism, ch. xvii; Fowler, W., Julius Caesar; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. iii, chs. liii–lviii; Meyer, Ed., Caesar’s Monarchie und das Principat des Pompeius; Mommsen, History, bk. v, chs. vii–xi; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 227–257; Oman, Seven Roman Statesmen, chs. vii, ix, Cato and Caesar; Strachan-Davidson, Cicero.
Chapter XV
Political History: Botsford, Roman Assemblies, as above; Drumann-Groebe, as above, and the art. on Octavianus; Gardthausen, V., Augustus und Seine Zeit, i, chs. i–v; Ferrero, Greatness and Decline, vols. iii and iv; Heitland, Republic, chs. lix–lx; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 257–276; Strachan-Davidson, Cicero.
Social and Economic Conditions: Boissier, G., Cicero and His Friends; Frank, Economic History, chs. ix–xvi; Fowler, Social Life at Rome in the Age of Cicero; Louis P., Le Travail dans le monde romain, pt. ii.
Religion, Literature and Art: Duff, J. W., A Literary History of Rome, pp. 269–431; Fowler, Religious Experience, chs. xiv–xvii; Roman Ideas of Deity in the last century before the Christian Era; Leo, Römische Litteratur; Mackail, Latin Literature, bk. i, chs. iv–vii; Mommsen, History, bk. v, ch. xii; Norden, Röm. Litteratur; Schanz, Geschichte d. röm. Litteratur, i, 2; Wissowa, Religion und Kultur, pp. 54–65. For Art and Architecture see the various topics discussed in Cagnat, R., and Chapot, V., Manuel d’archéologie romain, i; Platner, Topography and Monuments; Stuart Jones, Companion to Roman History.
Chapter XVI
Arnold, W. T., Studies in Roman Imperialism, chs. i–ii; v. Domazewski, Geschichte der römischen Kaiser, i, pp. 1–250; Ferrero, Greatness and Decline, vol. v; Gardthausen, Augustus und seine Zeit; Greenidge, Public Life, ch. x; Hirschfeld, O., Die Organization der drei Gallien durch Augustus, Beitr. zur alten Gesch., 1907; McFayden, D., The Princeps and the Senatorial Provinces, Class. Phil., XVI; Meyer, Ed., Kaiser Augustus, in Kleine Schriften, pp. 441 ff.; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 276–304; Pelham, Essays on Roman History, iv and v; Schiller, H., Geschichte der röm. Kaiserzeit, bk. ii, ch. i, §§ 25–31; Stuart Jones, H., The Roman Empire, ch. i; Van Nostrand, J. J., The Reorganization of Spain by Augustus.
Chapter XVII
Von Domazewski, Römische Kaiser, i, pp. 251–305; ii, pp. 1–158; Niese, [pg 419]Geschichte, pp. 304–331; Pelham, Essays, iii, The Early Roman Emperors; Schiller, Römische Kaiserzeit, ii, ch. i, §§ 32–44; ch. ii, §§ 53–56; Stuart Jones, Roman Empire, chs. ii–iv. More special: for Caligula, H. Willrich, Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, 1903, pp. 85 ff., 288 ff., 395 ff.; for Nero, Henderson, B., The Life and Principate of the Emperor Nero; for the period 68–69, Hardy, G. S., Studies in Roman History, 2nd ser., The Four Emperors’ Year; Henderson, Civil War and Rebellion in the Roman Empire.
Chapter XVIII
Von Domazewski, Römische Kaiser, ii, pp. 168–318; Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. Bury, i, chs. i–xii; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 331–376; Schiller, Römische Kaiserzeit, vol. i, ch. ii, §§ 57–59; chs. iii–iv; Stuart Jones, chs. v–ix. More special: Gregorovius, F., The Emperor Hadrian; Platnauer, M., The Life and Reign of Septimius Severus; J. Stuart Hay, The Amazing Emperor Heliogabalus.
Chapter XIX
The Imperial Administration: In addition to the general historical works cited for the preceding chapters, see Boissier, G., L’opposition sous les Caesars; Bussell, F. W., The Roman Empire, Essays on Constitutional History, i, chs. i–iii; Greenidge, Public Life, ch. x; Hirschfeld, O., Die kaiserliche Verwaltungsbeamten bis auf Diocletian (indispensable); Keyes, C. W., The Rise of the Equites in the Third Century of the Roman Empire; McFayden, D., History of the Title Imperator under the Roman Empire; The Princeps and the Senatorial Provinces; Mattlingly, H., Imperial Civil Service of Rome; Mommsen, Staatsrecht, ii, 2, Der Principat; Schulz, O., Das Wesen des römischen Kaisertums im dritten Jahrhundert. On the spirit of Roman imperialism: Bryce, The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India; Cromer, Ancient and Modern Imperialism; Lucas, E. P., Greater Rome and Greater Britain.
The Army: Cagnat, L’Armée romain d’Afrique, 2nd ed.; L’Armée d’Occupation de l’Egypte sous la Domination romaine; Chapot, V., La Frontière de l’Euphrate; Cheesman, G. L., The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army; Von Domazewski, Die Rangordnung des römischen Heeres, Bonner Jahrbücher, 117; Hardy, Studies in Roman History, 2nd ser., i, The Army and Frontier Relations of the German Provinces; Pelham, Essays, viii, The Roman Frontier System; ix, The Roman Frontier in Southern Germany; Stuart Jones, Companion to Roman History.
The Provinces: Arnold, The Roman System of Provincial Administration, chs. iv, vi, pt. 2, vii; Bouchier, The Roman Province of Syria; Carette, E., Les Assemblées provinciales de la Gaule romaine; Chapot, V., La province romaine proconsulaire d’Asie; Guiraud, P., Les Assemblées provinciales dans l’empire romain; Halgan, C., L’Administration des provinces sénatoriales sous l’empire romain; Hardy, Studies in Roman History, 1st ser., xiii, Provincial Concilia from Augustus to Diocletian; Haverfield, F. J., The Romanization of Roman Britain, 3rd ed.; Jullian, C., Histoire de la Gaule, vols. iv, v; Mommsen, The Provinces of the Roman Empire; Milne, J. G., A History of Egypt under [pg 420]Roman Rule: Wilcken, U., for Egypt, in Mitteis und Wilcken, Grundzüge und Chrestomatie der Papyruskunde, i, 1.
The Municipalities: Dill, S., Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, bk. ii, chs. ii, iii; Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Reiche; Hardy, Roman Laws and Charters; Reid, J. S., Municipalities of the Roman Empire, chs. vii–xv; Waltzing, J. P., Les Corporations professionelles chez les Romains.
Colonate: Pelham, Essays, xiii, The Imperial Domains and the Colonate; Rostowsew, Studien zur Geschichte des römischen Kolonats; art. colonus, in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften; Wilcken, see Provinces, above.
Chapter XX
Social Conditions: Dill, S., Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius; Frank, Economic History, chs. xi–xvi; Friedländer, L., Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire, vols. i–ii; Louis, P., Le Travail dans le monde romain; Waltzing, Les Corporations professionelles.
The Imperial Cult and Paganism: Burlier, E., Le Culte imperial; Cumont, F., Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism; Dill, Roman Society; Ferguson, W. S., Legalized Absolutism en route from Greece to Rome, Amer. Hist. Rev., 1912; Friedländer, Roman Life and Manners, vol. iii; Geffcken, J., Der Ausgang des griechisch-römischen Heidentums, 1920; Glover, T. R., Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire; Heinen, H., Zur Begründung des römischen Kaiserkults, Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, 1910; Kornemann, E., Zur Geschichte der antiken Herrscherkulte, id., 1900; Reitzenstein, R., Die hellenisteschen Mysterienreligionen; Wissowa, Religion und Kultur, pp. 66–83.
Christianity and the Roman State: Guimet, E., Les chrétiens et l’empire romain, la Nouvelle Revue, 1909; Hardy, Studies in Roman History, 1st ser., chs. i–x; Harnack, A., The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries; Flick, A. C., The Rise of the Medieval Church, see contents (excellent bibliography); Juster, J., Les Juifs dans l’empire romain; Manaresi, A., L’impero romano e il cristianesimo; Ramsay, Sir W., The Christian Church in the Roman Empire before 170 A. D.; Walker, W., A History of the Western Christian Church, pp. 1–108.
Literature and Art: Beloch, J., Der Verfall der antiken Kultur, Hist. Zeitschr. 1900; Cagnat and Chapot, Manuel d’archéologie romaine; Friedländer, L., Roman Life and Manners; Leo, Römische Litteratur; Mackail, Roman Literature, pp. 91–259; Norden, E., Römische Litterature; Schanz, Geschichte der röm. Litteratur, pts. ii–iii; Strong, E., Roman Sculpture; Stuart Jones, Companion to Roman History; Walters, H., The Art of the Romans.
Chapter XXI
Cambridge Medieval History, vol. i, chs. i–iii, vii, viii, with exhaustive bibliography; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ed. Bury, chs. xiii–xxvii; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 376–402; Schiller, Röm. Kaiserzeit, vol. ii; Seeck, O., Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt; Stuart Jones, Roman Empire, chs. x–xi. Special: Geffcken, J., Kaiser Julian.
[pg 421]Chapter XXII
General: Bury, J. B., A History of the Later Roman Empire, bk. i, ch. iv; Bussell, The Roman Empire, bk. ii, chs. i–ii; Reid, J. S., Camb. Med. Hist., vol. i, ch. ii; Karlowa, O., Römische Rechtsgeschichte, i, pp. 822–929; Schiller, Römische Kaiserzeit, ii, bk. iii, ch. i; Seeck, Geschichte, vol. ii, bk. iii.
Special: Bell, N., The Byzantine Servile State in Egypt, Jour. Egypt. Arch., iv; Boak, Roman Magistri in the Civil and Military Service of the Empire, Harvard Studies in Class. Phil., 1915; The Master of the Offices in the Later Roman and Byzantine Empires; Hirschfeld, Die Ranktitel der röm. Kaiserzeit, Sitzungsbericht der Berliner Akademie, 1901; Liebenam, Städteverwaltung; Rostowzew, see chap, xix, colonate; Waltzing, Corporations Professionelles; Wilcken, see chap. xix, provinces.
Chapter XXIII
Bury, Later Roman Empire, i, chs. ii–vi; Bussell, Roman Empire, i, bk. ii, chs. ii–iv; bk. iii, ch. i; Cambridge Medieval History, i, chs. ix–xvi; Gelzer, H., Abriss der Byzantinischen Geschichte, i, Die vorjustinianische Epoche; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chs. xxix–xxxix; Lavisse et Rombaud, Histoire General, i, chs. ii–iv; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 402–21.
Chapter XXIV
Bury, Later Roman Empire, i, bk. iv, chs. i–x; Bussell, Roman Empire, i. bk. iii, ch. ii; Cambridge Medieval History, ii, chs. i, ii, iv, vi; Diehl, Ch., Justinien et la civilization byzantine au 6 siècle; Gelzer, Abriss, ii, Das Zeitalter Justinians; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chs. xl–xliv; Holmes, W. G., The Age of Justinian and Theodora; Lavisse et Rombaud, Histoire Generale, see chap, xxiii; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 422 ff.
Chapter XXV
Religion: Boissier, G., La Fin du paganisme; Cambridge Medieval History, i, chs. iv–vi, xvii–xviii; Geffcken, see ch. xx, religion; Flick, Medieval Church, chs. vii–ix, xiii–xiv; Walker, W., Western Church, period iii; Wissowa, Religion und Kultur, pp. 84–90. See also the historical works cited for the preceding chapters.
Literature and Art: Dalton, O. M., Byzantine Art and Archaeology; Diehl, Ch., L’art byzantine; Mackail, Latin Literature, pp. 260–286; Norden, Römische Litteratur; Krumbacher, K., Byzantinische Litteraturgeschichte; Schanz, Geschichte der röm. Litteratur, pt. iv; Camb. Med. Hist., i, xxi, Early Christian Art.
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