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A History of Science — Volume 1

Chapter 27: CHAPTER XI. A RETROSPECTIVE GLANCE AT CLASSICAL SCIENCE
By Henry Smith Williams
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About This Book

The work surveys the origins and early development of scientific thought, beginning with prehistoric observations and moving through Egyptian and Mesopotamian cosmologies, the development of the alphabet, and the rise of Greek inquiry. It describes Egyptian material cosmology, religious observances, charms and astrological practices, and the visual character of Egyptian thought; outlines Babylonian and Assyrian contributions; traces Greek philosophical beginnings, the Attic and post-Socratic periods, and Alexandrian and Hellenistic advances; considers Roman attitudes toward natural knowledge; and closes with a retrospective synthesis linking these early discoveries to later scientific principles.





CHAPTER X. SCIENCE OF THE ROMAN PERIOD

1 (p. 258). The Geography of Strabo, translated by H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer, 3 vols., London, 1857, Vol. I, pp. 19, 20.

2 (p. 260). Ibid., p. 154.

3 (p. 263). Ibid., pp. 169, 170.

4 (p. 264) Ibid., pp. 166, 167.

5 (p. 271). K. 0. Miller and John W. Donaldson, The History of the Literature of Greece, 3 vols., London, Vol. III., p. 268.

6 (p. 276). E. T. Withington, Medical History fron., the Earliest Times, London, 1894, p. 118.

7 (p. 281). Ibid.

8 (p. 281). Johann Hermann Bass, History of Medicine, New York, 1889.





CHAPTER XI. A RETROSPECTIVE GLANCE AT CLASSICAL SCIENCE

(p. 298). Dion Cassius, as preserved by Xiphilinus. Our extract is quoted from the translation given in The Historians' History of the World (edited by Henry Smith Williams), 25 vols., London and New York, 1904, Vol. VI., p. 297 ff.

(For further bibliographical notes, the reader is referred to the Appendix of volume V.)





TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOR THE FIVE VOLUMES





BOOK I

I. PREHISTORIC SCIENCE

II. EGYPTIAN SCIENCE

III. SCIENCE OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA

IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALPHABET

V. THE BEGINNINGS OF GREEK SCIENCE

VI. THE EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS IN ITALY

VII. GREEK SCIENCE IN THE EARLY ATTIC PERIOD

VIII. POST-SOCRATIC SCIENCE AT ATHENS—PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND THEOPHRASTUS

IX. GREEK SCIENCE OF THE ALEXANDRIAN OR HELLENISTIC PERIOD

X. SCIENCE OF THE ROMAN PERIOD

XI. A RETROSPECTIVE GLANCE AT CLASSICAL SCIENCE





BOOK II. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN SCIENCE

I. SCIENCE IN THE DARK AGE

II. MEDIAEVAL SCIENCE AMONG THE ARABIANS

III. MEDIAEVAL SCIENCE IN THE WEST

IV. THE NEW COSMOLOGY—COPERNICUS TO KEPLER AND GALILEO

V. GALILEO AND THE NEW PHYSICS

VI. TWO PSEUDO-SCIENCES—ALCHEMY AND ASTROLOGY

VII. FROM PARACELSUS TO HARVEY

VIII. MEDICINE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES

IX. PHILOSOPHER-SCIENTISTS AND NEW INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING

X. THE SUCCESSORS OF GALILEO IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE

XI. NEWTON AND THE COMPOSITION OF LIGHT

XII. NEWTON AND THE LAW OF GRAVITATION

XIII. INSTRUMENTS OF PRECISION IN THE AGE OF NEWTON

XIV. PROGRESS IN ELECTRICITY FROM GILBERT AND VON GUERICKE TO FRANKLIN

XV. NATURAL HISTORY TO THE TIME OF LINNAEUS





BOOK III. MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES

I. THE SUCCESSORS OF NEWTON IN ASTRONOMY

II. THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ASTRONOMY

III. THE NEW SCIENCE OF PALEONTOLOGY

IV. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN GEOLOGY

V. THE NEW SCIENCE OF METEOROLOGY

VI. MODERN THEORIES OF HEAT AND LIGHT

VII. THE MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

VIII. THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

IX. THE ETHER AND PONDERABLE MATTER





BOOK IV. MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

I. THE PHLOGISTON THEORY IN CHEMISTRY

II. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN CHEMISTRY

III. CHEMISTRY SINCE THE TIME OF DALTON

IV. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

V. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

VI. THEORIES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

VII. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE

VIII. NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE

IX. THE NEW SCIENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

X. THE NEW SCIENCE OF ORIENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY





BOOK V. ASPECTS OF RECENT SCIENCE

I. THE BRITISH MUSEUM

II. THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR IMPROVING NATURAL KNOWLEDGE

III. THE ROYAL INSTITUTION AND THE LOW-TEMPERATURE RESEARCHES

IV. SOME PHYSICAL LABORATORIES AND PHYSICAL PROBLEMS

V. THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT NAPLES

VI. ERNST HAECKEL AND THE NEW ZOOLOGY

VII. SOME MEDICAL LABORATORIES AND MEDICAL PROBLEMS

VII. SOME UNSOLVED SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS

IX. RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT