A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks (Revised)

When the Utah Parks Company took over the Wylie camp in Zion, it was planned to construct a large hotel, but Director Mather firmly refused permission. He finally agreed to the lodge and cabin system, now serving the Park tourists. El Escalante Hotel in Cedar City was ready by the season of 1924. New accommodations were under construction in Bryce Canyon and Cedar Breaks. Reports from elated visitors, improvement of roads and accommodations and consistent advertising all resulted in vastly increased travel. The tourist traffic jumped from 8400 in 1924 to 16,817 in 1925. About half that number visited North Rim and presumably Bryce and Cedar Breaks. The tide was in full flow. For the season of 1925 new tourist busses with demountable tops for viewing the spectacular canyon walls were purchased. Busses, however, served only a small part of the traveling public, for America was on wheels and the roads were now such that auto traffic could roll in easily. The Grotto Campground was enlarged, equipped, and supplied with water. The survey of the Pine Creek road and tunnel was completed and Wayne Wonderland was dedicated.

Richard Evans was borrowed from the U.S. Geological Survey and served as acting superintendent during the tourist season for two years, while Walter Ruesch remained in charge during the balance of the year. Two permanent park rangers assisted Ruesch, Donald J. Jolley, appointed August 1, 1920, and Harold Russell, who had worked summers from 1920 to 1923 and who received permanent appointment in October of the latter year. All three were closely associated with developments and improvements in the canyon. In 1927, E. T. Scoyen was appointed permanent superintendent.

The Nature Guide Service in Yosemite and Yellowstone had proved so successful that it was decided to extend such services to other parks. It was initiated in Zion by the writer, June 19, 1925, and continued to mid-September. There was no precedent to follow, but the work gradually grew through succeeding summers into the Naturalist Service. During the next five summers, museum collections of natural history specimens, pioneer relics, and library books gradually accumulated and a museum was established in 1928. Information concerning the history, flora, fauna and geology of the canyon was collated. Lectures at the camp ground, at the Lodge, and the guided trips along the Narrows trail were developed and pictures and lantern slides were shown. In 1929, a mimeographed publication, the Zion-Bryce Nature Notes, was undertaken and a Natural History Association was organized to handle publications.

In 1926, daily bus service was established from Cedar City around the loop to Zion, North Rim and Bryce. The East and West Rim trails were reconstructed with better grades and locations. The West Rim Trail was dedicated at a ceremony held at the time of the visit of Crown Prince Gustavus and Princess Louise of Sweden, on July 11. A new road was constructed between Rockville and the Park boundary and the proposed Parunuweap road was surveyed.

In 1927, the Utah Parks Company took over the Wylie Camps at North Rim and the bus service from the Parry Brothers, and a lodge and cabins were constructed on the brink of North Rim at Bright Angel Point, so arranged that the Great View into Grand Canyon could be seen from the windows. This was completed in 1928.

In the meantime, Bryce Canyon was being developed by the Utah Parks Company under the direction of the Forest Service, in the expectation that eventually it would be transferred to the Park Service. The lodge and cabins were built some distance from the rim so that the beauties of the canyon could be preserved to best advantage. When Mather yielded to pressure to allow Bryce Canyon to become a national park if all private holdings were eliminated, Congress passed a bill, June 7, 1924, providing for the establishment of a Utah National Park upon the fulfillment of Mather’s conditions. The principal difficulty was that the State of Utah owned a section of land at a strategic point on the rim of the canyon. It took four years to fulfill the conditions, and before they were arranged Congress passed a revised bill. February 25, 1928, nearly doubling the size of the area and changing its name to Bryce Canyon.

When it became certain that the conditions would be fulfilled, the Union Pacific arranged for a large excursion (September 14-17, 1928). The party included: Carl R. Gray, president of the railroad; Stephen T. Mather, Director of the U. S. National Park Service, and Horace M. Albright, his assistant; Henry H. Blood, Chairman of the Utah State Road Commission (later Governor of Utah, 1933-1941); Congressmen Don B. Colton from Utah, and Philip D. Swing of California; Mayor John F. Bowman of Salt Lake City; Charles F. Burke, U. S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs; Thomas H. McDonald, Chief of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads; Heber J. Grant, President of the Mormon Church, and his counselor, Anthony W. Ivins; representatives of the press, chambers of commerce and other organizations, and a host of lesser officials and advisers, including the writer.

After spending the first night in Zion, the party journeyed via Pipe Springs to the Kaibab and North Rim, where on September 15, 1928, the new Kaibab Trail and the Grand Canyon Lodge were dedicated. The next day the visitors reached Bryce Canyon where similar services were held in the evening. Congressman Don B. Colton formally presented deeds of the private land to Director Mather, who declared that the conditions having been fulfilled, Bryce Canyon had become a National Park.

Thus the great scenic areas of southern Utah had finally been established as national parks and monuments, adequate roads and travel accommodations had been provided, and efforts had been made to give the casual tourist a deeper appreciation of the natural treasures at his disposal. Within the next few years many of the immediate projects for facilitating travel through the Park area were completed. The bridge across the Marble Gorge of Grand Canyon, a few miles below Lee’s Ferry, was dedicated June 15, 1929.

The next year saw the official opening of the Zion-Mt. Carmel highway, one of the most spectacular engineering feats in the history of road-building. From the canyon floor the road turns to the east up Pine Creek Canyon and spirals upward on a four-mile roadway to a tunnel paralleling the face of the vertical cliffs for 5,613 feet. Five galleries cut from the tunnel to the canyon wall offer the motorist vantage points for viewing the awe-inspiring scenery. Construction within the National Park cost $2,000,000; from the Park to Mt. Carmel a state and federal project, also cut in great part from solid rock, cost in excess of $500,000. Still later the road up the floor of Zion from the checking station on the main highway was reconstructed and made a modern oil-surfaced highway. Thereafter, until America’s entry into World War II, each summer brought greater throngs of visitors into the wonderland.

At long last the nation had awakened to the greatness of the gift nature had bestowed upon it, and in future years unnumbered generations will come to marvel at the wonders of the country which is southern Utah and at the austere majesty of the Great White Throne—generations free from the dread and superstition that made primitive races fear its unimagined heights no less than its long shadows and dazzling brilliance in the sun.

Symbol of Nature’s handiwork, this central and most magnificent of Zion’s features still echoes the distant footfall of Spanish padre and American Frontiersmen passing unwittingly by its dooryard; it is mindful of the day when the first Mormon pioneer lifted uncomprehending eyes to the solitude of its summit, and of that other day when religious fervor called it Zion, the dwelling place of peace. Men have come, cutting their trails, building their roads, roofing their shelters, dreaming their dreams. The human tide around its base has ebbed and flowed, according to human wont, but it remains serene, aloof, alone. It will be so a thousand years from now.

EPILOGUE

Twenty-one years after Bryce Canyon became a national park, a “coming of Age” party was celebrated at Bryce Canyon on September 15, 1949. The Utah Parks Company acted as host. The Park Service cooperated by inviting to the celebration all those that could be found who were present at the dedication in 1928.

The guests began arriving at Bryce Canyon the day before the celebration. A group that met in the dining room that evening included M. R. Tillotson, Regional Director of the Park Service; P. P. Patraw, Assistant Director and former Superintendent of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks; Dr. Harold C. Bryant, Superintendent of Grand Canyon National Park; Dr. Angus M. Woodbury, Professor of Zoology, University of Utah, formerly Park Naturalist of Zion and Bryce; their wives and Mr. Victor Petrosso, formerly manager of El Tovar Lodge at Grand Canyon. Others arrived next day including B. J. Finch, formerly District Engineer of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads; W. P. Rogers, Manager of the Utah Parks Company; Joel L. Priest, Jr. and E. C. Schmidt of the Union Pacific; Mr. and Mrs. David Rust of Provo, Utah; Mr. and Mrs. M. V. Walker, Naturalist of Zion and Bryce National Parks; Jack Christensen of Cedar City; D. C. Dix of the Salt Lake Tribune; and other officials of the Park Service and Utah Parks Company, making a total of 41. Many other invited guests expressed regret at not being able to attend. Those that were present at both the 1928 and 1949 celebrations included the Tillotsons, Finch, Woodbury, Christensen, Schmidt and the Rusts.

Festivities started at noon with a luncheon in the Lodge dining room, after which, about 40 guests were taken on a tour in an ultra modern luxurious Utah Parks bus by Park Naturalist M. V. Walker along the Bryce Rim as far as Rainbow Point and Yovimpa View where everyone enjoyed the friendly greetings of old acquaintances, the superb natural sculptures and the marvelous vistas from the high points where the Aquarius Plateau, the Henry Mountains, the Kaiparowits Plateau, Navajo Mountain and the Kaibab were all to be seen in the unsurpassed landscape.

At 7 p.m., the group converged on the superintendent’s residence where Mr. and Mrs. Smith held open house and dispensed hospitality lavishly.

At 8:15 p.m., the group moved to the lodge dining room where a sumptuous banquet given by the Utah Parks Company was followed by a program at which Superintendent Smith presided and interestingly introduced the speakers. Ranger in charge, John G. Lewis gave the address of welcome. Reminiscences of the early days in the Utah National Parks were related by Dr. Woodbury, who also referred to the outstanding work which Mr. B. J. Finch, formerly of the Bureau of Public Roads, did in pioneering the Zion-Mt Carmel Highway and Tunnel.

Mr. Tillotson gave the main speech of the evening, in which he called attention to the great growth in travel into Bryce from 21,977 in 1929 to 189,493 in 1949, and pointed to the fine work of the Utah Parks Company in making this possible. He also reported that Dr. Thomas H. McDonald, Commissioner of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, who had been present in 1928 but could not come in 1949, wrote that “Bryce Canyon, since I first saw it, has been to me one of the most delightful places in the West. I have long felt that a vacation road from Southwest Colorado crossing the Colorado River and coming into Bryce Canyon through Escalante, if properly developed and controlled, offers the best opportunity in the west ...” and thus kindled a fire under the hopes of all Bryce enthusiasts for it would open up the heart of the great scenic area of southeastern Utah, of which, Zion, Bryce and Wayne Wonderland are on the outskirts.

Mr. W. P. Rogers responded with a witty talk about old times, spoke of the fine cooperation of the Park Service and proposed a further reunion in another five years.

The next day, the writer retraced old trails in Zion Canyon and visited the museum and park headquarters where Naturalist Walker explained the developments taking place. Especially prominent was the great increase in the literature available to the public provided by the Natural History Association that had been organized by the writer in 1929. This included pictures, colored slides and publications, among which the works of Dr. H. E. Gregory on the geology of the region were outstanding.

FOOTNOTES

INDEX

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Adams,

Nate, 179, 180, 189, 190

Orza, 190

River, 127, 128

Adventure, Utah settlement, 148, 150, 151, 153

Affleck, D. A., 193

Agave, (yant), food, 119

Agriculture, 138, 148

Indian, 117, 118

Ahlstrom, brothers, 182

Albright, Horace M., 196-197, 199, 201, 208

Allen, Rufus C., 144, 145

Allred, John J., 153

Alpine, Utah, 153

Alter, J. Cecil, 195

Amelanchier, (sarvis berries), 120

Ames, Clark, 144

Anderson,

J., 139

Miles, 139

Mrs. Nancy, 145

Anderson’s Ranch, 204

Andrus, James, aids against Indians, 168, 169, 171, 174-176

rescue expedition, 189

Animals, predatory, hunted, 192

Argonauts, 132

Armstrong, G. G., 205

Arrows, 118, 119, 121

Arizona, Northern,

colonized, 166

explored, 164-166

Strip, 189

Army, Johnston’s, marches to Utah, 131, 164

Arrowhead Route, 198

Trail Association, 198

Asa Creek, 142

Ash Creek, 117, 124, 127, 133, 139

Ashley, General (Wm. H.), 126

Ashton, Willam, 151, 153

Atkin, Grace, 111

Atwood, S. F., 144

Auerbach, H. S., 123, 128

Automobile roads to Southern Utah Parks, 204, 205

Averet, C. G., 153

Averett. Elijah, 172

Ayers, George, 158

Heber, 158

B

Baker, John, 191

Bamberger, Governor Simon, 200, 203, 205

Bancroft, H. H., 127

Barton,

L., 139

William, 139

Battalion, Mormon, 153

Beale, E. H., 121, 136

Bear Valley, 128

route, 142

Bears, grizzly, 193

Beaver, 140

County protected by militia, 167

Creek, 134

Dam Wash, 127, 128

River, 127

Behunin,

E. C., 112, 152, 155, 159

Isaac, 151, 155-157, 161

Berberis, fremonti, (weump berries), 120

Berry,

Isabel, 170

Joe, 170

Robert, 170

Berryville, Utah, 166, 181

Bigelow, Charles H., 198

Big Springs, 190

Birch Creek, 133

Black, George, 153

“Black Hawk War,” 159, 167

Black,

Joseph, 151, 152, 153

explores Zion, 155

Peter, 152

Rock Canyon, 175

Rock Springs, 123

William, 153

William, Jr., 153

Bleak, James G., 149

Bliss, Orley D., 182

Blood, Henry H., 208

Bolton, H. L., 123

Bows and arrows, 118, 119, 121

Bowman, John F., 208

Bread meal, 119

Brenchley, Julius, 138

Bright Angel Point, Grand Canyon, 197, 208

Brinton, Caleb D., 180

Brooks, Juanita, 146, 165

Brown,

Newman, 153

Robert, 153

T. D.. 144

Bryce Canyon, 201, 202

bus service to, 207

dedicated, 208

lodge and cabins built, 207, 208

made National Monument, 204

modern development of, 194-209

named, 182

publicized, 194

Bryce, Ebenezer, 182

Buckskin Mountains, 189

Bullock, David, 154

Burgess, Hyrum, 144, 145

Burial customs, Indian, 120

Burke, Charles F., 208

C

Cabin, log in Zion Canyon, 155, 156

Cable car across Colorado River, 192

Cable, in Zion Canyon, 161-164

mail, 162

Mountain, 163

Cactus, food, 117, 119

“Call,” the, 135

Camp, Charles L., 128

Canebeds, 142

Cannon,

David H., 168

George Q., 182

Grant and Company, 191

Lewis T., 192

Cannonville, Utah, 182

Canyons (see names of)

Carpenter, William H., 153

Castle Springs, 190

Cattle ranches, 166

Cattle, stolen, 167-179

Cedar Breaks, 201, 203, 207

Cedar Canyon, 136

Cedar City, Utah, 127, 136, 160

described, 137

prepares for tourists, 202

railroad built to, 203

Toquerville road, 195

Cedar Valley, 135

Celebration, 134

pioneer, 135

Census of Southern Utah communities, 154

Center Creek, 134

Chaffant. W. A., 132

Chamberlain,

Solomon, 142

Thomas, 191

Chinle shales, 155

Chittenden, H. M., 127

Circleville Canyon, 132

Clark,

E. S., 191

Oren, 169

Clayton, William, 131

Clear Creek, 127

Cleland, Robert Glass, 127, 132

Clifton, Utah, 182

Cloth, cotton made, 145-147

Clove, James, 192

Coal industry, 136

Cody, “Buffalo Bill,” 190, 191

Cooke, Edward, 180

Coleman, Prime T., 144

Colorado River, 127

crossed by cable car, 192

crossings established, 166

Colton, Don B., 208

Communication in Zion Canyon, 161

Com-o-it Indian tribe, 116, 117

Conservation program instituted, 187

Convicts build road, 195

Copelan, Willis, 174-176

Corn, 143

Corn Creek, 127

Cottam, Margery Brown, 180

Cotton,

grown, 145-150

mill, 154

wave, 149-150

Cougars killed, 192

“Court of the Patriarchs,” Zion Canyon, 155

Cove Fort, 127

Cox, Warren, 198

Coyotes killed, 192

Cram, Alex, 191

Campton, Louis C., 206

Crawford,

family, 161

William, 153

Crickets eat crops, 153

Crosby, Bill, 190

Crops, 148

Indian, 120

“Crossing of the Fathers,” 125

D

Daines, Franklin D., 130

Dale, H. H., 127

Dalton family, 161

Dame, William H., 167

Dams, 145

Dart, John, 142

Death Valley, disaster in, 132

Dellenbaugh, Frederick S., 180, 186

DeMille, Oliver, 151

DeMotte, Harvey C., 190

Park, 190

Dennet, Daniel Q., 153

Dennett,

family, 161

John, 110, 112, 122, 204

Mrs. John, 170, 171

Deseret, Iron Company, 136

State of proposed, 131

Disease brought to Indians, 122

Ditches, 145, 151

Dixie, 137-150, 152

Fruit Festival, 194

Dixon, Robert, 144

Dodge, Enoch, 172

Dominguez, Father, 123

Douglas, Stephen A., 131

Draper, Utah, 153

Draper, William L., 153

Duck Creek, 142

Duncan,

Chapman, 139

Retreat, Utah, census 1864, 154

Utah, abandoned, 159

Dunton, J. H., 139

Dutton, Capt. Clarence E., 185

E

Eight-Mile Spring, 190

Eldridge,

Elnathan, 144

Horace S., 150

Election, pioneer, 135

El Escalante Hotel, 202, 207

Emerald Pool Canyon, (Zion), 157, 206

Emett, Jim, 191, 192

Emigrants, gold, 132

English aristocracy urged to use Kaibab for sport, 190, 191

Epilogue, 210

Erigonum inflatum, 143

Erosion at Kanab, 182

Escalante,

Desert, 124

expedition, 123-126

Fray Silvestre Velez de, excerpt from journal of, 114, 117, 118, 120, 123-126, 128

Valley, 172

Evans, Richard, 207

Everett,

Edward, 133

Expedition,

against Indians, 174-176

to Zion Canyon, early, 123

Explorations of Southern Utah,

early, 123-130

Mormon, 130-149

Eyring, Henry, 174

F

Fair, World’s at St. Louis, Zion pictures at, 186, 187

Famine in “Dixie,” 154

Farish, T. E., 127

Farm implements, pioneer, 157

Farming, community, 160

Farms,

Indian, 117-120, 140, 141, 143

of Zion Canyon, 155

Farnsworth,

Lovina, 147

Moses M., 180

Ferries established on Virgin River, 166

Fifer of Mormon Battalion, 153

Fillmore,

railroad to, 203

Utah, 134

Financial, panic, effect on Utah, 159

Finch, B. J., 205, 206

Fire at Kanab fort, 180

Fish, Joseph, 172

Fisher, Frederick Vining, 198

Flag raised, Mormon, 134

Flanigan,

David, 163

family, 161

Tom, 116, 153

Floods, 151, 153, 182

Forest, Kaibab National, 189-194

Fort, 145

at Kanab, 180, 181

Pearce, 124

Sanford, 169

Forts, built in Kane County, 179

Fox Creek, 142

Frauschum, Mr., 153

Fredonia, Arizona, 182, 183

Freeman, Capt., 175

Fremont, Capt. John C.,

explorations of, 128-130

report of, 131

Frost, Allen, 180

Fruit orchards, 148

G

Gallatin, Albert, 127

Galliego, Jose, 121

Galloway, Nathan, 193

Game,

conservation of, 192

Indian, 119

Garcia, Arze, Expedition, 126

Gardner, Henry, 166

Georgetown, Utah, 182

Gifford,

family, 161

Oliver D., 112, 156, 161, 186, 204

Samuel K., 153

Gillespie, R. H., 139

Glen Canyon Ford, 166

Glendale, Utah, 166, 181

Golding, Robert J., 150

Gould, Samuel, 133

Goulding, Daniel, 182

Gould’s Ranch, 172

Grafton, Utah, 151, 154, 159

Graham, Utah, 181

Grapes, wild, 120

Grapevine Springs, 140

Grand Canyon,

Cattle Company, 191

Highway Association, 196

Transportation Company, 191

Grand Canyon of the Colorado, 124, 125

artist assigned by U. S. Government, to paint, 190

auto pathfinding trip to, 193, 195, 197

bridge in, 209

bus service to, 207

Jacob’s Lake Highway, 195

Lodge dedicated, 208

modern development of, 194-209

National Game Preserve, 192

Monument established, 193

North Rim, early history of, 189-194

publicized, 194

surveyed, 185

trail built across, 191, 192

visited by J. C. Alter, 195

West Rim Trail, 207

Grand Wash Cliffs, 166

Grant, Heber J., 202, 208

Gray, Carl R., 198, 203, 208

Grazing,

in the Kaibab, 190

in Zion Canyon stopped, 200

Great Organ, Zion Canyon, 199

Great Red Arch, Zion Canyon, 161

Great White Throne, Zion Canyon, 161, 163, 199, 209

Green,

Sam, 116

James, 153

Greenland Peninsula, 192

Gregory. Dr. Herbert E., 123, 185, 190

Grey, Zane, 192

Grimes, Oliver J., 201

Grist mill, 152

Grotto campground, Zion Canyon, 204, 207

Guards against Indians, 173

Guide, tourist, 192

Gunnison River, 123

Gustavus, Crown Prince, 208

Gypsum, 133

H

Haight, Isaac C., 133, 147

Hall,

John C., 151, 153

Thomas, 153

Halloran, W. J., 205

Halterman, S. A., 201

Hamblin, Jacob, 144, 145, 164-165

aids against Indians, 175

holds peace conference with Navajos, 177-179

in Kaibab region, 189

missionary among, Indians, 179

Hamblin, Walter, 191

Hanchett, Lafayette, 205

Hancock, Cyrus, 173, 174

Hanna, P. T., 127

Harding, President Warren G., visits Southern Utah Parks, 204

Hardy, Augustus P., 144, 145

Harmony, Utah, 143

Harriman, Edward H., 198

Harris,

Mountain Pass, 142

W. R., 123

Harrison, Peter (Indian), 122

Harrows, 157

Harry, Philip, 123

Haskell,

Maria Woodbury, 146

Thales H., 144, 146, 165

Hastele, (Indian), 177

Hatch,

Ira, 144, 145

Meltair, 182

Utah, 182

Heap,

G. H., 121, 136

William, 157

Heap’s farm, 156

Hediondilla, (creosote bush), 124

Heller, Edmund, 203

Henefer, William, 144

Henrie, James, 182

Henrieville,

Creek, 182

Utah, 182

Hepworth, Thornton, Jr., 163

Hewlett, Sylvester, 133

Higbee, J. M., 171

Highway 89 prospected, 194

Highway 91, 196, 198

Logan to St. George, 194

Highways built to Southern Utah Parks, 194-209

Hillers, Jack, 186

Hillsdale, Utah, 181

Hirschi,

Claud, 198

David, 186-187, 196

Hogs slaughtered, 156

Hole-in-the-Rock, 183

Horne, Joseph, 147

Horses stolen, 121, 167-179

Hotel El Escalante, 202, 207

Hough, Emerson, 203

Houserock Valley, 191

Houses, adobe, 136, 189, 190

Howell, Joseph, 192

Hoyt,

Silas, 166

T. C., 191, 192

Huber,

Albert, 153

Edward, 153

Hunt, Capt. Jefferson, expedition, 131, 132, 135, 136

Hunting, 192, 193, 195

Indian, 118, 119

in the Kaibab, 190-193

Huntington, Al, 191

Hurricane,

Fault, 124

Utah, road convention at, 196

Hyde, Orson, 131

I

Implements, Indian farming, 120

Indian,

baskets, 118

burial customs, 120

camps, 118

chief, 121

contribution to present culture, 113

cooking, 119

depredations, 129, 159, 165-179

force concentration of pioneers, 159

food, 117-120

grinder, 119

law, 116

moccasins, 118

myths, 112, 113

ornaments, 118

pictographs, 133

raids, 166-179

robes, 118

school, 144

squaws—work of, 120

sugar, 119, 120

superstitions re: Zion Canyon, 112-113, 148

trading expedition, 177

treatment of the infirm, 120, 121

tribes, extinct, 122

water jugs, 118

weapons, 118, 119, 121

Indians,

baptized, 145

disarmed, 171

Ingram, Lord, 191

Iron Company, Deseret, 136

Iron,

County, colonized, 134

protected by militia, 167

industry, 135, 139

Military District, 167

Springs, 135

ore, 133, 134

Irrigation, 182

Indian, 120

I-u-goon, derivation of word, 115

Ivins, Anthony W., 191, 198, 205, 208

J

Jacob’s Lake, 189

Well, 190

Jeffers, LeRoy, 201

Jepson, James, 159

Jennings,

Henry, 175

James H., 153, 156, 161

Johnson,

Benjamin, 181

George, 181

Joel H., 181

Joseph, 181

Nephi, 144, 147, 150, 151, 182

Seth, 181, 182

Sixtus E., 173

“Twist,” 148

Utah, 181

William, 181

Johnston’s Army, 131, 164

Jolley,

Bryant, 184

Donald J., 207

Henry B. M., 166

William J., 166

Jones,

Col. C. J., (Buffalo Jones) (Buffalo Bill) 139, 192, 193

Kumen, 183

Randall L., 202, 203, 205

Stephen V., 185

Jordan River, 153

Judd, Zadock, 139

K

Kaibab,

Indian derivation of name, 114

Land and Cattle Company, 191

National Forest, 164, 189-194

buggy driven to, 191

established, 191

stocked with cattle and horses, 190

used by English aristocracy, 190, 191

Plateau, 189

tribe, (Indian), 117

Kaibabit Indians, survivors of, 122

Kai-ne-sava, Indian spirit, 112, 113

Kanab,

Creek, 166

fort, 180, 181

Indian derivation of name, 114

Trail, dedicated, 208

Utah, 166, 180, 181

erosion at, 182

raided by Indians, 168, 169

region explored, 177

resettled, 179, 180

Wash, 182

Kanarra,

Indian chief, 141

source of name, 114

Utah, 133

Kane County,

expanded, 179-182

explored and settled, 164-166

protected by militia, 167

Kane Springs, 189

Kenner, Dr. S. A., 151, 153

King, Wesley, 188

Klapper, Charlie, 151, 153

Klingensmith, Philip, 148

Knell, Benjamin, 144

Knight,

Jesse, 192

Samuel, 144, 145

Knives, skinning, 118

Kolob Promontory, 133

L

Lady Mountain, Zion Canyon, 206

Lakes, (see names)

Lamb, Ed., Jr., 191

Lances, Indian, 121

Lane, Franklin K., 196

Langston,

Clarinda, 163

John, 153

LaVerkin Creek, 124, 128

promontory, 133

Leany, Hyrum, 119

Lee,

John D., 135, 148, 179

in Kaibab region, 189

leads exploration of Virgin River, 139-141

leads southern settlement, 137-144

ranch, 181

raided, 172

settles at Ash Creek, 143

Lee’s Ferry, Arizona, 166

Lemon, James, 151

Levearskin (LaVerkin) River, 139

Lewis, David, 145

Liberty pole, 134

Limestone, 133

Lion, mountain, captured, 192, 195

Little, James, 177

Littlefield, David O., 182

Little Salt Lake, 135

Livestock,

in Kaibab Forest, 190, 191

stolen by Indians, 166-179

Logan-St. George highway, 194

Long Valley, 142, 166

abandoned, 171, 172

Canyon, 142

Utah, 179, 181

Louise, Princess, 208

Lost River, 127

Lott, John, 144

Lumber transported, 161-164

Lumbering, 142

Lunt, Henry W., 197-199

M

Mail cable, 162

Maize, 117, 118

Mammoth Creek, 142

Manderfield, J. H., 198

Mangum, John (Mangram), 179

Manly, William Lewis, 132

Manti, Utah, 132

Marble Gorge Bridge of the Grand Canyon of Arizona, 209

Marysvale Canyon, 127

Marshall, E. J., Co., 191

Massacre, 170

Mather, Stephen T., 197, 202, 206, 208

Maxwell, W. B., 166, 171

Maxwell’s ranch raided, 172

Mabey, Charles R., 205

Mayo, Tommy (Indian), 114

McArthur, D. D., 174

McConnell, Jehiel, 179

McDonald,

Graham, 192, 193

Thomas, 208

McFate,

Jim, 153

Joe, 153

McKinnon, Major, 191

McIntyre, Robert, 168-169, 189

Means, Howard C., 205, 206

Measles among the Indians, 122

Meeks, Priddy, 142, 166

Merriam, C. H., 127

Mestes Expedition, 126

Mexican War, 130

Mill,

cotton, 154

flour, 152

molasses, 153

saw, 181

steam, 190

shingle, 163

Military posts established in Southern Utah, 173

Militia, in Southern Utah, organized against Indians, 137, 167-176

Millard County, 115

Millett,

Alma, 151

Joseph, 153

Milmey, Lord, 191

Minerals, iron, 133

Mission sites located by Escalante, 125, 126

Missionaries, Mormon, 144-149

Missionary expedition, between the Virgin and Colorado Rivers, 164-166

Mitchell, Dr. Charles, 182

Moccasin, Arizona, 166

Springs, 180

Moencopi, 178

Molasses mill, 153

Monument, National,

Act, 187

Zion Canyon made, 164

Monuments, National, 187, 191, 193

Moqui Indians, mission to, 164-166

Mojave Desert, 127

Moran, Thomas, 190

Morgan,

Dale L., 131

John, 180

Mormon,

Battalion, 131, 153

missionaries among Indians, 144-149, 179

policy re: Indians, 137

settlement, early, 130-151

Trail, 131

Mormons,

colonize Southern Utah, 135

effect of upon Paiute government, 122

explore Southern Utah, 130-149

Morris, Hyrum, 153, 158

Mountain Meadows, 128

visited by Fremont, 129

Mountains, (see names of)

Mt. Carmel,

Highway, 209

Utah, 166, 181

Mount Zion, 206

Muddy River, 128

Mukuntuweap, (see Zion Canyon)

Munk,

Mrs. Eunice, 157

Peter, 152

Murdock,

and Fotheringham, Beaver, Utah, 191

John R., 144

Museum at Zion Canyon, 207

Musser, Milton A., 180

Mustache, Frank, (Indian), 114, 115

N

Names, place, in Zion, 199

National Monument Law, 187

National Monuments, 191, 193

Zion Canyon made, 187

National Park Transportation and Camping Company, 203

Naturalist Service, 207

Navajo Indian,

depredations, 167-179

hold peace conference, 177

raids, 166-179

Navajo Indians unfriendly to missionaries, 165

Neff, Andrew L., 131

Neihardt, J. G., 127

Neslen, C. Clarence, 202

New Harmony, Utah, 145

Newman, Elijah, 151, 153, 161

Noble, Edward A., 180

North Rim of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado,

early history of, 189-194

Highway in, 195

Northrop, Utah, 151, 154, 159

O

Oak Creek, 148

Oak Spring, 190

Observation Point, Zion Canyon, 187

Occupations, pioneer, 138

Old Grafton, Utah, abandoned, 151

Old Spanish Trail, established, 126, 128

Ookie berries, 120

Orderville, Utah, 183

Otter Creek, 140

Otters, 140

Owen, Jim “Uncle,” 192, 198

P

Pah-Utah Indians (Paiute), 121

Pahvant Valley, 115

Paiute Indians,

cultivation, 140, 141

depredations, 167-179

legends, 113

Mormon effect upon, 122

territory occupied by, 113, 114

mode of life, 115, 116

Palmer, William R., 114, 116, 117

Panguitch Lake, 141

Utah, 128

fortified, 170

re-settled, 181

Valley, 142

Paragonah, Utah, 128, 132, 136

Parashont Mountains, 189

Parks, Southern Utah, history of, 184-209

Park-to-Park Highway conference, 203

Paria, (Pahrea)

Indian derivation of name, 114

River, Lee’s Ferry at, 189

Utah, 114, 179

Parowan,

Canyon, 135, 141

Utah, 134, 137, 171

Par-roos River, Indians of, 117

Parrusis Indians, 117, 118

Parrusit Indians,

habits and customs, 115-122

survivor of, 122

Parunuweap Canyon, 147

Indian derivation of name, 114

settlement, 155

Parry,

Chauncey, 199, 203

Gronway, 203

Pathfinder tour to Grand Canyon, 195, 197

Peace council, Navajo, 177

Pearce, J. D. L., 173-175

Pearce’s Ferry, 166

Pendleton, Mark A., 184

Peopling of Little Salt Lake Valley, celebration, 134

Petty,

Albert, 152, 153, 159

Frank, 164

Frank, Jr., 164

George, 151

Photographer, pioneer, 179

of Zion, (Major J. W. Powell’s Exploration Party), 186

Phragmites (Indian sugar), 119, 120

Pilar River, 117

Pinchot, Gifford, 187

Pine Creek route road, 206

Pine nuts, 120

Pine Spring, 190

Pioneer,

farm instruments, 157

occupations, 138

wagon raided by Indians, 172, 173

Pipe Springs, Arizona, 166, 180

council of war at, 171

Place names,

Indian, 114, 115

in Zion Canyon, 199

Spanish, 128

Pleasant Valley, 142

Plows, hand, 157

Pollock, Samuel, 147

Polygamy, 183

Potato Valley, (Escalante), 172

Powell, Maj. J. W., 114, 177, 180, 185, 186, 190

Pratt,

Orson, 131, 150, 151

Parley P., 132, 136, 144, 148

exploration of Southern Utah, 133-134

Prunus, (choke cherries), 120

Q

Quinnarrah, Indian chief, 141

R

Railroads,

built in Southern Utah, 203

developed in Northern Utah, 138

Railroad officials visit National Parks, 197

Red Creek, 132, 135

Red Desert, 124

Reeves, Josiah, 147

Remy, Jules, 138, 146

Richards, Franklin D., 136

Richie, Robert, 144

Riddle, Isaac, 144

Rider, John, 180

Rigg Springs, 190

Riggs,

B. A., 162

William, 147

“Rio de Los Angeles,” 128

Rio del Pilar (Ash Creek), 124

Rio Virgin Manufacturing Company, 154

Rishel, W. D., 195, 197

Rivers, (see names)

Road,

Commission, Utah State established, 194

Commissioner, Utah State, 199

concrete, 205

convention, 196

through Zion Canyon, 158, 162

wagon, 134, 194

Roads,

to Southern Utah Parks, 204, 205

constructed, 194-209

Federal aid for, 204, 205

Robinson, Richard, 144-145

Rock Creek, 134

Rockville, Utah, 116, 151, 153, 154, 171

Rolf, John, 157, 159, 161

Roosevelt, President Theodore enacts National Monument Act, 187

in Grand Canyon, 195

Ross, George, 179

Roundy, Lorenzo W., 144, 169, 189

Rubus, (raspberries), 120

Ruesch, Walter, 200, 202, 205, 207

Russell,

family, 161

Harold, 207

Major, 173

Rust, David D., 188, 191, 192, 193

S

Salina Canyon, 128

Salt Lake Tribune sponsors auto pathfinding tour to Southern Parks, 195, 197

San Juan,

County explored, 183

River settlements, 183

Santa Clara Creek, 127, 133

dam, 145

Santa Clara,

Indian Reservation, 122

Mission, 148

River, 128, 140

route used by Jedediah S. Smith, 127

Valley, 140

Saunders, B. F., 191

Savage, C. R., (pioneer photographer), 179

Sawmill, 164, 181, 190

Scoyen, E. T., 207

Scutumpah, Utah, 181

Seegmiller,

Carol, 184

Dan, 190, 191

Emma, 184

William W., 114

Sevier River, 127, 128, 132, 141

country raided, 169

Sevy, George W., 181

Sheep stolen, 167

Shelton, Marion J., 165

Shin-na-wav (Indian Spirit), 112, 113

Shingle mill, 163

Shivwits Indians, 112, 117

survivors of, 122

“Shunes” (Indian), 151

Shunesburg, Utah, 150, 151, 153-155, 159

derivation of name, 114

Shurtz, Peter, 143, 169, 189

Silver Reef, Utah, 122

Skins, used for clothing, 118

Skull Cap Valley, 142

Slavery, Indian, 121

Smith,

George A., 135, 150, 205

visits Kanab, 179

George Albert, Jr., 165

J. C. L., 141

Jedediah Strong, 117, 128, 148

expedition, 126, 127

John L., 142

Joseph, 131, 157

Silas S., 169, 170

Thomas S., 135

Smoot, Reed, 192, 196, 202

Snow,

Erastus, 136, 150, 167

General of Militia, 173, 175

Joseph S., 198

Leo A., 187, 202

Soap Creek, 114

Southern Utah,

and Arizona Parks linked by road, 204, 205

colonized by Mormons, 135

early explorations of, 123-130

early Mormon settlement in, 130-151

Indians, 111-123

martial law declared in, 170

Parks, history of, 184-209

Parley P. Pratt’s exploration of, 133-134

roads constructed in, 194, 209

settlements, abandoned, 159

Spanish Fathers’ explorations, 123-126

Spanish place names, 128

Spanish Trail, Old, established, 126, 128

Spencer, D. S., 197

Spencer, Howard O., 184

Springdale, Utah, 151, 153, 154, 159, 161

Springs, hot sulphur, 124

Spry, Governor William, 194, 197, 198, 202

Squashes, 117, 143

Staples, George, 153

State of Deseret proposed, 131

Steele, John, 139, 141, 173

Stevens,

Amos, 153

Barney, 153

Charles, 153

Ezra, 152, 153

Henry, 153

Hyrum, 151, 153, 172

Stewart,

George R., 182

Isaac, 150

Levi, 178-180

ranch and sawmill, 190

Margery, 180

Quinby, 164

Scott P., surveying party, 164

St. George, Utah, settled, 149

Dixie Fruit Festival at, 194

—Logan Highway, 194

Stockraising, 138

Stocks, Henry, 151, 153

Stout,

Alfred P., 163

Eliza, 163

family, 161

Lionel, 163

Mrs. Mary Jane, 163

Strawberry Creek, 142

Strong,

Ezra, 153, 166

Hyrum, 153

Sullivan, Maurice, 117, 127

Sulphur Creek, 128

River, 124

Summit Creek Canyon, 135

Surveying,

expedition to Zion Canyon, 187

party in Zion Canyon, 164

Swains Creek, 142

Swing, Phillip D., 208

T

Tamarisk trees, 124

Taylor, Orson, 158

“Temple of Sinawava”, Zion Canyon, 155, 206

“Temples and Towers of the Virgin”, Zion Canyon, 185

Tenney, Nathan, 151

Terry,

family, (John R.) 161

Jacob E., 153

James P., 153

Thaxton, James, 153

Thompson, William, 180

Thorley, Richard A., 199, 202

Thornton,

Amos G., 144

J. W., 152

Three Patriarchs, Zion Canyon, 199

Tillohash, Tony, (Indian) 112, 115

Tobacco, wild, 156

Tonaquint, Utah, 145, 147, 148

Tonaquintit Indians, 117

Toquer, Chief, 144

Toquerville,

source of name, 114

Utah, settled, 147

settlers, move to, 171

—Cedar City road, 195

Tourist busses, 207

guide, 192

travel in Parks, 207

Trail built across Grand Canyon of the Colorado, 191, 192

Mormon, 131

Old Spanish, established, 126, 128

Trails in Zion Canyon, 206

Trappers, 126, 128

Transportation to Zion Canyon, mode of, 158

Travel in Parks, 207

Tropic, Utah, 182

Trumbull Mountains, 189

Tufts, W. O., 199

Tullis, David, 144

Tunnel in Zion Road, 206

Tut-se-gavits, Indian chief, 121