FOOTNOTES:
[1] Commons Journals, 18th April 1713. Secretary's Common Letter Book, 29th July 1712, 23rd July 1715. H. O. M. E. B., 26th July 1715. Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), 25th October 1715.
[2] But I can give no authority for the restoration of the 6th, 14th, 28th, and 29th Foot, excepting their reappearance on the active list before the rest.
[3] Newton's, Tyrrell's, Churchill's, Rich's, Molesworth's, and Stanhope's. Millan gives the names of six more, which, however, seem to have begun and ended with the appointment of the colonel.
[4] Stanwix's, Dubourgay's, Lucas's, Pocock's, Hotham's. Here again Millan gives a list of eight more, whose names never appeared on the estimates.
[5] Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), 23rd July 1715. Secretary's Common Letter Book, 25th July 1715.
[6] H. O. M. E. B., 12th March 1719.
[7] Carpenter's force consisted of the 4th Hussars, Molesworth's and Churchill's dragoons. Wills on the west coast had the 2nd Dragoon Guards, 9th Lancers, 11th, 13th and 14th Hussars, 23rd, 26th and 27th Foot. Argyll's regiments at Stirling in October were the Greys, 3rd, 4th and 7th Hussars, and 6th Dragoons, the 11th, 16th, 21st, 25th and Grant's Foot. Newspapers, 6th October 1715.
The casualties at Sheriffmuir were 23 officers and 354 men killed, 11 officers and 142 men wounded. Flying Post, 3rd December 1715.
[8] The regiments present were the 11th, 14th, and 15th Foot, and some foreign troops. The casualties of the English were 1 officer and 14 men killed, 6 officers and 73 men wounded. The total loss of the force was 21 killed, 119 wounded. Newspapers.
[9] The Sir Richard Temple of Marlborough's wars.
[10] The troops employed were one battalion from each regiment of Guards, the 3rd, 19th, 24th, 28th, 33rd, 34th, and 37th Foot.
[11] A rough woodcut of the funeral procession is still preserved in the print-room at the British Museum.
[12] The famous burial-service was composed for the occasion.
[13] Stanley's Westminster Abbey.
[14] Full details of the ceremony are in all the contemporary newspapers.
[15] Weekly Journal, 9th January 1720.
[16] Speech of Sir William Yonge, January 1738, Parl. Hist.
[17] Parl. Hist. 28th November 1739.
[18] See Walpole's Speech, December 1717, Parl. Hist.
[19] Even so, however, regiments of dragoons did not exceed 332, nor battalions of infantry 655 men.
[20] Parl. Hist.
[21] Parl. Hist. 1717.
[22] Gazette, 11th January 1714-15. Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), 30th June 1715. Secretary's Common Letter Book, 17th October 1724, 29th June 1725.
[23] Commons Journals, vol. xviii. p. 708, anno 1718. I may mention that in Article 29 is the first use of the word reveillé that I have encountered in an English official work.
[24] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 5th April 1716.
[25] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 5th November 1725, February 1726.
[26] I am aware that he is popularly supposed to have been in the Blues, but his first commission was in the 1st or King's Dragoon Guards, then the Second Horse. Hence the "terrible cornet of Horse."
[27] Parl. Hist., vol. xiv. p. 479. The succession of Secretaries-at-War during this period was as follows: William Pulteney, 1714; James Craggs, April 1717; Robert Pringle, May 1718; George Treby, December 1718; Henry Pelham, April 1724; Sir William Strickland, May 1730; Sir William Yonge, May 1735.
[28] Mountains of such letters, absolutely worthless, are preserved in the Record Office. H. O. Mil. Papers.
[29] A flagrant instance of the inconvenience came to light in 1729, when the discipline of the Army was for a time suspended because the Duke of Newcastle would not take the trouble to countersign the King's orders for holding courts-martial. Secretary's Common Letter Book, 14th April 1729.
[30] I give as a specimen the quarters of Pembroke's Horse (1st D. G.): 3 troops Newbury, 2 Farnham, 1 Alton, 1 Henley, 1 Oakingham, 1 Maidenhead. Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), vol. cccxxv. p. 147.
[31] Wade's speech, Parl. Hist., 1741. We find, however, that the town of Berwick was sensible enough to ask for barracks in 1717. Warrant Books, vol. lii. p. 314. Edinburgh also petitioned later that some might be built in the Canongate. Ibid., vol. lv., 24th April 1729.
[32] Parl. Hist., Pulteney's speeches, 1741, 1742.
[33] Weekly Journal, 14th April 1722. The sentiments of this organ are shown by the following quotations: "Military men above all should be set aside [as candidates for election]. Those who are bred up in the notion that plunder is lawful must make very hopeful stewards of your liberties."
[34] See Boswell's Life of Johnson. "Johnson. Why, sir, if the lodgings should be yours, you may certainly use them as you think fit. So, sir, you may quarter two life-guardsmen upon him, or you may send the greatest scoundrel you can find into your apartments, or you may say that you want to make some experiments in natural philosophy, and burn a large quantity of assafœtida in his house." The inclusion of the life-guardsmen in the same category with the greatest scoundrels and with assafœtida is instructive.
[35] E.g. Secretary's Common Letter Book, 13th December 1716, 10th January, 14th February and 14th June 1717.
[36] Ibid., 11th October 1715, 13th August 1717.
[37] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 19th February 1717.
[38] Ibid., 24th July 1735.
[39] Ibid., 24th December 1715.
[40] Ibid., 13th January 1733.
[41] Ibid., 16th November 1734. The offenders were two enterprising officers of the 31st Foot.
[42] Ibid., 21st August 1717.
[43] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 21st August 1717.
[44] Ibid., 20th July 1720.
[45] Ibid., 22nd July 1731.
[46] Ibid., 9th May 1727.
[47] Ibid., 15th November 1726.
[48] Frequent instances in the Secretary's Common Letter Book.
[49] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 14th June 1717.
[50] Ibid., 9th December 1718, 2nd January 1719.
[51] Ibid., 15th May 1721.
[52] Ibid., 29th April 1725, 25th August 1729, and frequently.
[53] Ibid., 28th August 1733.
[54] See e.g. Secretary's Common Letter Book, 28th June 1720.
[55] Ibid., 6th July 1733.
[56] Ibid., 30th April 1730.
[57] Ibid., 22nd February 1725.
[58] Ibid., 27th April 1725.
[59] Ibid., 24th April 1728. George II. quickly put a stop to this.
[60] See Lord Stair's complaints on this head during the campaign of 1742, infra.
[61] Parl. Hist.
[62] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 14th April 1716.
[63] Thus Lord Barrymore included in the price of his regiment £3500 as a debt for clothing, and £2362 "lost by an agent." Secretary's Common Letter Book, 15th June 1715. Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), 10th March 1722.
[64] A printed copy of the Regulations will be found in H. O. War Office Papers, vol. i. (R. O.)
[65] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 11th October 1715, 11th August 1716.
[66] Ibid., 8th July, 20th September 1717.
[67] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 27th August 1717.
[68] Ibid., 17th July 1717. Most, if not all of them, however, seem to have been reinstated.
[69] Mahon's History of England, vol. ii. p. 291.
[70] The severity with which men meted out punishment to a comrade varied very greatly. If they really meant to punish him, the strongest man could hardly stand up to receive the whole of his sentence. See the account of a man who drew his sword on a woman and wounded her. Weekly Journal, 4th April 1730.
[71] As to flogging round the fleet, see the first chapters of Marryat's The King's Own.
[72] Secretary's Common Letter Book and Newspapers, passim. The Weekly Journal of 21st July 1739 gives an instance of a deserter who had received five hundred lashes from the 1st Guards, as many from the Coldstreams, and as many from the 3rd Guards, and had been whipped in addition out of three marching regiments.
[73] See an account of a deserter shot by three fellow-deserters. Weekly Journal, 7th May 1720.
[74] There was such a rush to see the first infliction of picketing that several spectators were injured. Daily Post, 9th July 1739. The punishment consisted in hanging up a man by one wrist, with no rest for his bare feet but a pointed stake.
[75] Secretary Treby instructs officers to remit part of a flogging lest the prisoner should be too severely handled, "to prevent the reflections which might be cast upon the Government by malicious people who would be glad of such occasions." The offence was cursing the King, and the sentence was to run the gantlope of the whole regiment sixteen times, the punishment to be divided between two days. Secretary's Common Letter Book, 23rd August 1723.
[76] Postboy, 17th December 1822.
[77] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 10th October 1726.
[78] Daily Post, 13th March 1738. The King instituted "visiting rounds" every two hours in consequence. Ibid., 21st September 1738.
[79] See a letter to the Craftsman, 6th March 1731.
[80] To give but one instance. In 1683 a negro in Barbadoes, who ventured to say to his mistress that some day the blacks would beat the whites, was burned alive. I remember also to have seen in the newspapers an account of the repression of a negro insurrection in Antigua, I think about 1713. The minor offenders were burned alive, and the ringleaders hung up in cages to starve. The references I have unfortunately lost, but I am sure of the facts.
[81] Cal. S. P., Col., vol. i. pp. 30, 113, 155, 430. As to trepanning and spiriting, see Ibid., 1681-1685, Index, White Servants; and compare the story told by George Primrose in the Vicar of Wakefield.
[82] See the letters of Henry Cromwell in Thurloe's State Papers.
[83] In the first Parliament of Richard Cromwell. See Burton's Diary.
[84] The same system still obtains in respect of indentured coolies imported into the tropical colonies from the East Indies. They are, however, protected by stringent statutory regulations and under the care of a highly paid officer, called the Protector of Immigrants.
[85] E.g. Barbados, Cal. S. P., Col. (1661-1668), p. 530.
[86] See the complaints of Governor Stapleton. Cal. S. P., Col., 1678-1680, and 1681-1685.
[87] As, for instance, in the Virginian rebellion of 1682. See Cal. S. P., Col. (1681-1685), Nos. 531, 546.
[88] Afterwards James II.
[89] Collingwood's, afterwards disbanded.
[90] The first of the surviving regiments to go to the West Indies were the 12th, 22nd, and 27th.
[91] Drafted from the 22nd Foot on its return to England.
[92] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 25th October 1737.
[93] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 5th December 1730.
[94] Warrant Books, 18th December 1716. Secretary's Common Letter Book, 30th September 1742.
[95] Warrant Books (1723), vol. viii. p. 339.
[96] Governor Kane, Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), 1729.
[97] Cal. Treas. Papers (1714), p. 12.
[98] Jamaica, by a local Act, granted an allowance of provisions to all ranks. Antigua, in 1739, offered not only barracks, but light, fuel, and additional pay to all ranks, with a bounty or a free passage home, and a Chelsea pension to every man at the close of ten years' service.
[99] The 38th Foot remained in the West Indies for nearly sixty years, 1716-1765. The 40th Foot was continuously on foreign service from 1717-1763. The 13th Foot went to Gibraltar in 1710 and remained there twenty-eight years; the 9th served at Gibraltar and Minorca from 1718-1746; the 17th from 1723-1748; the 18th from 1718-1742. Instances might be multiplied.
[100] Parl. Hist., 27th January 1742.
[101] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 1729.
[102] Inoculation was, of course, already in practice, but as yet confined only to the wealthier classes.
[103] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 23rd September 1720, 18th December 1739.
[104] Ibid., 8th January 1729, 31st July 1731 (Minorca).
[105] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 4th October 1720, 14th December 1726.
[106] Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), 2nd April 1735 (Minorca).
[107] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 1729.
[108] See e.g. ibid., 22nd February 1728, 20th September 1742.
[109] Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), vol. dxxvii. pp. 26-41, 18th May 1743.
[110] A great number of Borgard's letters will be found at the Record Office, F.O. Mil. Aux. Expeditions, 1707-1713.
[111] Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), 12th May 1725.
[112] Stewart (Highland Clans) ignores these earlier companies of 1710-1717, and gives the date of the new companies as 1727 or 1729, and their number at six. The order, however, is dated as above, and the number given is four, but the estimates provide for six, and the Home Office Military Entry Book, 1st June 1725, mentions three Highland and three garrison companies.
[113] London Daily Post, 30th November 1739.
[114] One of the two, John Campbell, was killed later at Ticonderoga, having reached the rank of captain.
[115] Oglethorpe's, at Carolina, ranked until disbandment as the Forty-second.
[116] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 25th July, 7th August 1716.
[117] Ibid., 18th September 1718.
[118] Ibid., 1st December 1724.
[119] Home Office Military Entry Book, 9th May 1726.
[120] Weekly Journal, 26th April 1718.
[121] Ibid., 29th April 1718.
[122] Ibid., 30th October 1727.
[123] Weekly Journal, 6th July 1728.
[124] Fog's Weekly Journal, 22nd March 1729.
[125] Ibid., 11th November 1747.
[126] Newspapers, February 1732.
[127] Pitt's first commission bears date 9th February 1731, Cornet in Cobham's Horse (1st Dragoon Guards). As to the veterans, see London Daily Post, 19th January 1740, account of John Holland, who had served in all Cromwell's wars, also under Charles II. and James II., through all King William's wars, and through Marlborough's until 1708, when he was discharged. He, aged one hundred and five, and his wife, aged eighty-five, were found dead in their bed, supposed from cold, at Moyard, in Ireland. See also London Daily Post, 19th July 1736, account of an old cavalier, aged one hundred and twenty-three, still living at Ribchester, Lancs, who had had two horses shot under him and had been wounded in the arm at Edgehill. See also in Secretary's Common Letter Book, 15th February 1731, mention of William Hasland, aged one hundred and eleven, who had fought at Edgehill and with King William in Flanders, and was now granted a Chelsea pension of a shilling a day.
[128] Parl. Hist., 14th February 1739.
[129] Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), 12th June, 27th August 1739.
[130] Daily Post, 18th August 1739.
[131] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 19th June, 9th October 1739.
[132] Parl. Hist., 21st and 28th November 1739.
[133] Miscellaneous Orders (Guards and Garrisons), 29th November 1739. Millan gives the dates as the seven consecutive days from the 17th to the 22nd November.
[134] Secretary's Common Letter Book, 21st December 1739, 13th January 1740. Nine regiments turned over half of their men, and a tenth regiment turned over more than one-third.
[135] Cathcart to Newcastle, 1st April 1740.
[136] Cathcart to Newcastle, 17th June 1740. The regiment was the 27th Foot. Cathcart's description of the recruits is pithy: "They may be useful a year hence, but at present they have not strength to handle their arms." The fatuity of the proceedings cannot be appreciated unless it be remembered that the transfer of every man from one regiment to another entailed also a transfer of cash, and an adjustment of regimental accounts (on an extremely complicated system) between regiment and regiment, to say nothing of the primary evils of drafting.
[137] Cathcart to Newcastle, 25th July 1740.
[138] Ibid.