| |
|
B.C. |
| Foundation of the colony of Utica (Atiqa) on the N. African (Tunisian) coast by the Phœnicians |
about 1100 |
| Foundation of the colony of Carthage by the Phœnicians |
about 822 |
| Expedition of Dorians founds first Greek colony in Cyrenaica (modern Barka) |
about 631 |
| Pharaoh Niku II of Egypt (son of Psammetik) sends out Phœnician Expedition from Red Sea which is said to have circumnavigated Africa in three years |
about 600 |
| Conquest of Egypt by the Persians under Cambyses |
about 525 |
| Hanno the Carthaginian explores the West Coast of Africa as far south as Sierra Leone and brings back chimpanzees |
about 520 |
| Alexander of Macedon conquers Egypt from the Persians; and founds the city of Alexandria |
332 |
| The Romans take Egypt under their protection |
168 |
| The Romans definitely conquer and destroy Carthage and found the Roman province of Africa (consisting eventually of modern Tunis and part of Tripoli) |
146-5 |
| Numidia (Algeria) annexed to the Roman Empire |
46 |
| Egypt annexed to the Roman Empire |
30 |
| Romans invade Fezzan (Phazania) |
19 |
| |
|
A.C. |
| Mauretania (Morocco) annexed to the Roman Empire |
42 |
| Jewish massacre of Greek inhabitants of Cyrenaica |
117 |
| North Africa torn from the Roman Empire by the Vandals |
429 |
| Recovered partially by the Byzantines |
531-4 |
| Persian armies occupy Egypt |
616 |
| Herodius recovers Egypt from the Persians |
626 |
| The Muhammadan Invasion of Africa: |
|
| |
Amr-bin-al Asi conquers Egypt |
640-2 |
| |
The Arabs invade Tripoli and Tunis, defeat the patrician Gregory and partially destroy Byzantine rule |
647-8 |
| |
Oqba-bin-Nafa is appointed by the Khalif “governor of Ifrikiyah” (669), overruns Fezzan and South Tunis, and founds there the Muhammadan capital of Kairwan |
673 |
| |
Oqba traverses N. Africa till he reaches the Atlantic Ocean |
681 |
| |
Carthage taken by the Arabs (698); Tunisia finally conquered from the Berbers (705); Morocco and Algeria conquered about 708; Spain invaded by Arabs and Berbers |
711 |
| |
First Islamic settlements founded on E. African coast about 720; Kilwa Sultanate founded |
960 |
| |
Aghlabite (Berber) dynasty begins in Tunis in 800 (Morocco contemporaneously ruled by the Idrisites) and comes to an end |
909 |
| |
Rise of the Fatimite dynasty over Tunis, Tripoli, and Egypt (909), by whom Cairo (Al Kahira) is founded |
969 |
| |
Great Arab invasion of North Africa (especially Tunis) |
about 1045 |
| |
About 1050 commences the invasion of N. Africa from the Niger and the Moroccan Sahara by the Berber sect of the Murabitin (Al-moravides), who have conquered all N. Africa and Spain by |
1087 |
| |
Timbuktu founded by the Tawareq |
about 1100 |
| |
The Third Great Berber dynasty of the Muahadim (Al-Mohade) arises in W. Algeria about 1150, conquers Morocco, Spain and Algeria, and finally Tunis (from which the Normans are driven away) |
1160 |
| |
French and German Crusaders occupy eastern part of Nile Delta and garrison Cairo before they are driven out by “Saladin” |
1163-70 |
| |
Hafs dynasty founded in Tunis |
1236 |
| King Louis IX of France (“Saint Louis”) invades Egypt in 1248; is disastrously repulsed, captured and ransomed. Twenty-two years later he invades Tunis, where he dies of fever |
1270 |
| Roman Carthage finally destroyed by the Moors, and Tunis made the capital of “Ifriqiyah” |
about 1271 |
| The Portuguese take Ceuta from the Moors |
1415 |
| The river Senegal reached by Portuguese exploring vessels sent out by Prince Henry |
1446 |
| Diego Gomez reaches and names Sierra Leone |
1460 |
| The Canary Islands, discovered by a Norman adventurer and ultimately sold to Portugal, are transferred by that power to Spain |
1479 |
| Gold Coast, Niger Delta, Fernando Pô, Cameroons and Gaboon discovered by the Portuguese |
1471-80 |
| River Congo discovered by the Portuguese |
1482-5 |
| Bartolomeu Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope |
1488 |
| Melilla (N. Morocco) captured by the Spaniards |
1490 |
| Christianity introduced into the kingdom of Congo by the Portuguese |
1491 |
| Vasco da Gama passing round the Cape of Good Hope discovers and names Natal (Christmas, 1497), reaches Sofala and Malindi (East Africa) |
1498 |
| Sofala occupied and Portuguese East African Empire begun |
1505 |
| Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese |
1500-6 |
| The Emperor Charles V grants a charter to a Flemish merchant for the exclusive importation of negro slaves into Spanish America; Slave Trade thus definitely founded |
1517 |
| The Turks conquer Egypt |
1517 |
| Charles V intervenes in the affairs of Tunis (to restore Arab Hafside Sultan and drive out the Turkish corsair Khaïreddin Barbarossa) |
1535 |
| Charles V sustains disastrous repulse at Algiers (from which dates gradual decay of Spanish power over North Africa) |
1541 |
| Delagoa Bay first explored and temporarily settled by the Portuguese |
1544 |
| First British trading ships leave London for the West African coast |
1553 |
| Sir John Hawkins conveys the first cargo of negro slaves to America under the British flag |
1562 |
| The Turks (having through corsairs founded the Regency of Algiers in 1519, that of Tripoli in 1551) once more take Tunis and make it a Turkish Pashalik |
1573 |
| Portugal founds the colony of Angola |
1574 |
| Dom Sebastião, King of Portugal, defeated and slain at the battle of Kasr-al-Kabir; and the Portuguese Empire over Morocco thenceforth crumbles |
1578 |
| Turkey attempts to wrest from Portugal the Zanzibar Coast, |
| but is utterly defeated by the Portuguese Admiral |
| Thomé de Sousa Coutinho |
1584 |
| Abu al Abbas al Mansur, the first “Sharifian” Emperor of Morocco, who was the victor over Dom Sebastião, sends an army across the Sahara and annexes Timbuktu and the Upper Niger to the Moorish dominions |
1590 |
| The first Dutch trading ships appear on the West African Coast |
1595 |
| The Dutch replace the Portuguese at Arguin (N. W. Coast of Africa) and Goree (Dakar) in 1621; and at Elmina (Gold Coast) |
1637 |
| French traders from Dieppe found the Fort of St Louis at the mouth of the Senegal |
1637 |
| Foundation of the French Compagnie de L’Orient for the purpose of colonizing Madagascar |
1642 |
| The British East India Company takes the Island of St Helena from the Dutch |
1651 |
| The Dutch take possession of the Cape of Good Hope |
1652 |
| The dynasty of the Filali Sharifs acquires the possession of the whole Empire of Morocco and Upper Nigeria |
1658 |
| A British African Company chartered by Charles II builds a fort at James Island, at the mouth of the Gambia |
1662 |
| This same Company (afterwards the Royal African Company), taking advantage of the war declared against Holland, seizes and retains several Dutch forts on the Gold Coast |
1665-72 |
| Denmark establishes forts on the Gold Coast |
about 1672 |
| Brandenburg (Prussia) builds the Fort of Grossfriedrichsburg on the Gold Coast |
1683 |
| England, to whom Tangier had been ceded by Portugal in 1662, abandons it to the Sharifian Empire of Morocco |
1684 |
| The rising Arab power of ’Oman had driven Portugal out of all her possessions north of Moçambique by |
1698 |
| The present Husseinite dynasty of Beys (from 1706 to 1881 practically independent sovereigns) is founded in Tunis by a Turkish Agha—Hussein bin Ali Bey |
1706 |
| Sieur André de Brüe, who went out to St Louis in 1697 as the Governor of the French Senegal Company, founds during the next 18 years the French colony of Senegal and returns to France |
1715 |
| The French occupy the Island of Mauritius (Bourbon or “Réunion” not being occupied until 1764) |
1721 |
| The Portuguese (having finally lost Mombasa in 1730) recognize the Maskat Imamate on the Zanzibar coast and decree the Bay of Lourenço Marquez on the south and Cape Delgado on the north to be the limits of their East African possessions |
1752 |
| The Portuguese lose Mazagão, their last foothold in Morocco |
1769 |
| Spain acquires Fernando Pô in the Gulf of Guinea |
1778 |
| Sierra Leone ceded to the British by the natives |
1787 |
| Spain loses Oran by a terrible earthquake, and with it her last hold over Algeria |
1791 |
| Denmark forbids the Slave Trade to her subjects |
1792 |
| Britain first seizes the Cape of Good Hope |
1795 |
| Mungo Park discovers the river Niger at Segu |
1796 |
| The London Missionary Society’s Agents land in Cape Colony and commence work amongst the Kafirs and Bushmen |
1799 |
| Napoleon Buonaparte conquers Egypt, 1798; Nelson destroys French fleet at Abukir Bay same year; French evacuate Egypt |
1801 |
| Britain finally occupies the Cape of Good Hope |
1806 |
| Sierra Leone and Gambia organized as Crown Colonies |
1807 |
| An Act of Parliament is passed abolishing the Slave Trade in the British dominions |
1807 |
| British capture from the French Seychelles (1794), Mauritius and Réunion in 1810, and Tamatave and Island of St Marie (Madagascar) in |
1811 |
| Muhammad Ali destroys the Mamluks in Egypt |
1811 |
| First Kafir war in South Africa |
1811-12 |
| Cape Colony definitely ceded by Holland to Great Britain |
1814 |
| Island of Réunion (Bourbon) restored to France |
1814 |
| Holland abolishes the Slave Trade in her dominions |
1814 |
| France and Sweden abolish the Slave Trade |
1815 |
| France reoccupies Island of St Marie de Madagascar (first taken in 1750) |
1817 |
| Invasion of the Egyptian Sudan by Muhammad Ali’s forces (1820-22) and foundation of Khartum as its capital |
1823 |
| A British Government Expedition under Oudney, Clapperton, and Denham discovers Lake Chad |
1823 |
| Vice-Admiral W. F. W. Owen completes his great coast survey of Africa, in which for the first time in history the outline of the African Continent was correctly delineated |
1822-9 |
| Governor Sir Charles Macarthy defeated and killed by the Ashanti in 1824; consequent first British war with Ashanti terminates victoriously |
1827 |
| The Brothers Lander sent out by British Government trace the Niger from Busa to the sea and establish its outlet in the Gulf of Guinea |
1830 |
| A French Expedition conquers Algiers |
1830 |
| Portugal abolishes the Slave Trade |
1830 |
| First British steamers (Macgregor Laird’s Expedition) navigate the Lower Niger (1832) and discover the Benué River |
1833 |
| Slavery abolished in all British African possessions, including Cape Colony, by |
1834 |
| Third Kafir War in South Africa |
1834 |
| Turkey sends expedition to Tripoli to restore her direct authority |
1835 |
| First “trekking” of the Boers away from British rule |
1836 |
| Boer emigrants treacherously massacred by Dingane, King of the Zulus |
1837 |
| The Sakalava of N.-West Madagascar place themselves under French protection, and France occupies the islands of Nossi Bé and Mayotta |
1840 |
| Second Niger Expedition despatched from England |
1841 |
| Muhammad Ali the Macedonian (once a Turkish officer of Bashi-bazuks) confirmed in the hereditary sovereignty of Egypt as Pasha and Wali |
1841 |
| The last of the quasi-independent Karamanli Pashas of Tripoli seizes and garrisons the important Saharan towns of Ghadames and Ghat in 1840-41; but is himself removed by the Turks, who annex definitely to the Turkish Empire Tripoli and Barka |
1842 |
| Natal becomes a British Colony |
1843 |
| Gold Coast finally organized as a Crown Colony |
1843 |
| French war with Morocco |
1844 |
| Waghorn’s Overland Route finally established across Egypt |
1845 |
| Independence of the Freed-slave State of Liberia recognized |
1847 |
| Abd-al-Kader surrenders; Constantine (East Algeria) taken by the French |
1847 |
| Foundation of the French Freed-slave settlement of Libreville in the Gaboon |
1848 |
| Krapf and Rebmann discover the snowy Mountains of Kenya and Kilima-njaro |
1848 |
| Slavery had been abolished throughout all the French possessions in Africa by |
1849 |
| Denmark cedes her Gold Coast forts to England |
1850 |
| Livingstone and Oswell discover the Central Zambezi |
1851 |
| Independence of the Transvaal Republic recognized by Great Britain |
1852 |
| Representative Government established in Cape Colony |
1853 |
| General Faidherbe appointed Governor of Senegal in 1854; he breaks the Fula power in Senegal and greatly extends the French possessions by |
1856 |
| A British Expedition is sent out in 1849 under Richardson, Oberweg, Vogel and Barth to explore North Central Africa: Oberweg navigates Lake Chad, ascends the river Shari and is killed in Wadai; Barth visits the Upper Benué, Timbuktu, etc., and returns to England |
1855 |
| Livingstone makes his famous journey from Cape Colony to Angola and from Angola to the Indian Ocean, exploring the Zambezi from source to mouth, and returns to England |
1856 |
| Burton and Speke discover Lake Tanganyika, and Speke reaches south end of the Victoria Nyanza |
1858 |
| Livingstone and Kirk discover Lake Nyasa |
1859 |
| Spanish War with Morocco |
1859-60 |
| Zanzibar separated as an independent State from the Imamate of ’Oman |
1861 |
| Lagos becomes a British Crown Colony |
1863 |
| Speke and Grant establish the Victoria Nyanza Lake as the main source of the Nile, visit Uganda, and follow the Nile down to Cairo |
1860-4 |
| (Sir) Samuel Baker discovers Lake Albert Nyanza |
1864 |
| Second Government Expedition under Dr Baikie sent out to explore rivers Niger and Benué (1854); Dr Baikie made Consul for the Niger, founds Lokoja at Niger-Benué confluence and explores Benué (1857) and greatly extends British influence; but dies in 1863; Consulate abolished |
1866 |
| Discovery of a diamond near the Orange River in Cape Colony |
1867 |
| Lakes Mweru and Bangweulu and the Upper Luapula (Congo) R. discovered by Livingstone in 1867 and |
1868 |
| Basutoland placed under British protection |
1868 |
| British Army enters Abyssinia to release captives of King Theodore and wins victory of Magdala |
1868 |
| Establishment of Triple Control over Tunisian finances |
1869 |
| Opening of Suez Canal |
1869 |
| Sir Samuel Baker appointed Governor of the Equatorial province, Egyptian Sudan |
1869 |
| Dr Schweinfurth discovers the R. Wele-Mubangi, the great northern affluent of the Congo |
1870 |
| Livingstone discovers the Lualaba or Upper Congo at Nyangwe; is met at Ujiji and relieved by Stanley |
1871 |
| Insurrection against French in Eastern Algeria suppressed |
1871 |
| Responsible Government introduced into Cape Colony |
1872 |
| Sultan of Zanzibar signs treaty forced on him by England for abolition of the Slave Trade |
1873 |
| Second Ashanti War: Sir Garnet Wolseley takes and burns Kumasi |
1873-4 |
| Dr Livingstone dies |
1873 |
| Cameron crosses Africa from Zanzibar to Benguela, mapping Tanganyika correctly for the first time |
1873-5 |
| Stanley circumnavigates the Victoria Nyanza and traces the river Congo from Nyangwe to the Atlantic Ocean—the greatest journey in African Exploration |
1874-7 |
| Transvaal annexed by Great Britain |
1877 |
| The Dual Control of France and England imposed on Egyptian Government (1876); Ismail Pasha deposed |
1879 |
| War between Great Britain and the Zulus |
1879 |
| The International Association founded by the King of the Belgians, having developed a special branch, the “Comité d’Études du Haut Congo,” sends out H. M. Stanley to found what becomes six years later the “Congo Independent State” |
1879 |
| De Brazza secures part of the Upper Congo for France |
1880 |
| The Transvaal revolts against Great Britain and obtains recognition of its independence under British suzerainty |
1881 |
| French force enters Tunis and imposes French protection on that country |
1881 |
| French conquests reach the Upper Niger |
1881-2 |
| Arabi’s revolt in Egypt (1881), abolition of Dual Control, bombardment of Alexandria and defeat of Arabi at Tel-el-Kebir by Lord Wolseley; British occupation of Egypt begins |
1882 |
| Italy occupies Assab Bay on Red Sea coast and commences creation of colony of Eritrea |
1882 |
| Occupation of Obok by France |
1883 |
| The commencement of the African Scramble: Germany establishes her protectorate over South-West Africa, and over Togoland and the Cameroons in West Africa, France occupies Grand Bassam and Porto Novo (Ivory and Slave Coasts); Gordon is despatched to the Sudan (which revolted from Egypt in 1883); and the Berlin Conference on African questions is summoned |
1884 |
| Death of General Gordon at Khartum and temporary loss of Egyptian Sudan |
1885 |
| Recognition by all the powers of Congo Independent State |
1885 |
| Bechuanaland taken under British protection |
1885 |
| Germany founds her East African possessions in the interior of the Zanzibar Sultanate |
1885 |
| Great Britain declares protectorate over Niger Coast and river Niger and grants Charter to Royal Niger Company: Joseph Thomson makes a Treaty for latter Company with the Sultan of Sokoto |
1885 |
| Portugal extends her territory to the south bank of the Congo and to Kabinda |
1884-5 |
| France concludes treaty with Madagascar which gives her predominant influence over that island (declares protectorate over Komoro Islands 1886) |
1885 |
| The Anglo-Egyptian forces sustain severe defeats near Suakin at the hands of the Sudanese under Osman Digna: Suakin is retained, but Egyptian rule in the Nile valley is restricted to Wady Haifa. Italy occupies Masawa |
1885 |
| Great discoveries of reef gold in the Transvaal; founding of Johannesburg |
1886 |
| War breaks out in N. Nyasaland between British settlers and Arab slave traders |
1887 |
| In Oil rivers (Niger Delta) Jaja, King of Opobo, is arrested and banished; access to interior markets is then obtained |
1887 |
| French Senegambian possessions definitely extended to the Upper Niger |
1887 |
| Imperial British East Africa Company receives Charter |
1888 |
| Serious rebellion against the Germans breaks out in East Africa (is not finally subdued by von Wissmann till 1890) |
1888 |
| British protectorate over N. Somaliland first organized |
1889 |
| Italian protectorate established over East Somaliland: and treaty concluded with Menelik of Ethiopia by which Italy claimed to control foreign relations of Abyssinia |
1889 |
| Charter given to British South African Company |
1889 |
| British Central Africa declared to be under British protection: British flag hoisted on Lakes Tanganyika and Nyasa |
1889 |
| In 1887 Stanley conducts an expedition by way of the Congo to relieve Emin Pasha. He discovers the Edward Lake and Ruwenzori Mountains and reaches Zanzibar |
1889 |
| Anglo-German Agreement concluded relative to East Africa: Zanzibar taken under British protection; Great Britain recognizes French protectorate over Madagascar and French Sphere of Influence between Algeria, the Niger, and Lake Chad; and France recognizes the British Control over Sokoto and the Lower Niger |
1890 |
| Cecil Rhodes, managing director of the British South Africa Company, becomes premier of Cape Colony |
1890 |
| French expeditions reach the river Shari from the Congo Basin and secure that river to French influence |
1890-1 |
| Captain (afterwards Colonel Sir Frederick) Lugard establishes British predominance ever Uganda |
1891 |
| A German force annihilated by Wa-hehe in south central part of German East Africa |
1891 |
| Paul Crampel, the first explorer crossing from the Congo basin to, the Shari river, is killed by a subordinate chief under Rabah Zobeir on the borders of Dar Banda |
1891 |
| Belgians establish posts in Schweinfurth’s Wele |
1892 |
| Natal receives responsible government |
1893 |
| France conquers and annexes Dahomé |
1893 |
| Rabah Zobeir becomes Sultan of Bornu by conquest |
1893 |
| First Matebele war; death of Lobengula; Buluwayo becomes the capital of Rhodesia |
1893 |
| French occupy Jenne and Timbuktu on the Upper Niger |
1893-4 |
| The Belgian forces under Baron Dhanis capture all the Arab towns on the Lualaba (Upper Congo) and destroy the Arab power in Congoland |
1892-4 |
| Witboo Hottentot outbreak against Germans in Southwest Africa |
1894 |
| Uganda declared a British protectorate; Charter of British East Africa Company withdrawn and British East Africa henceforth administered under British Commissioner |
1894-5 |
| Arabs finally defeated and expelled from Nyasaland Protectorate |
1895 |
| Major Mouzinho de Albuquerque captures the Zulu king Gungunyana and firmly establishes Portuguese dominion in South-east Africa |
1895 |
| Captain Bottego establishes Italian post at Lugh on the Jub river |
1895 |
| France conquers and annexes Madagascar |
1894-6 |
| Jameson raid into Transvaal; Matebele revolt and second Matebele war |
1896 |
| Italy sustains terrible defeat in North Abyssinia. Her protectorate over Abyssinia withdrawn and that country’s independence recognized |
1896 |
| Anglo-Egyptian army reconquers Dongola |
1896 |
| Conquest of Nupe by the Royal Niger Company |
1897 |
| Zululand incorporated with Natal |
1897 |
| Railway completed to Buluwayo |
1897 |
| Emile Gentil reaches Shari river and Lake Chad from Congo, and establishes French protectorate over Bagirmi |
1897 |
| Benin city and kingdom conquered by a British Naval Expedition (after a massacre of a pacific expedition under J. R. Phillips) |
1897 |
| German East Africa declared a German colony |
1897 |
| Revolt of Sudanese soldiers temporarily imperils British position in Uganda. Col. Sir J. R. L. Macdonald’s expedition reveals geography of region between Lake Rudolf and Nile; Sir Harry Johnston reorganizes the administration of Uganda protectorate and concludes a new treaty with kingdom of Buganda |
1897-98-1900 |
| Anglo-French agreement signed with regard to Niger |
1898 |
| Anglo-German agreement relative to Delagoa Bay and Other Portuguese possessions in Africa signed in |
1898 |
| Samori, the last great warrior chief of Senegal-Niger, defeated and captured by the French |
1898 |
| Serious rising against the British Sierra Leone protectorate |
1898 |
| Railway opened from Lower Congo to Stanley pool |
1898 |
| Khartum captured by Sir H. (since Viscount) Kitchener and Anglo-Egyptian influence established over the Sudan; Wadi Halfa-Dongola railway continued towards Khartum |
1898 |
| Major Marchand, who is sent to Fashoda by French Government, is withdrawn thence on British protests |
1898 |
| The British and French Governments conclude an appendix to the Niger Convention of 1898 which determines approximately the boundaries of British and French influence in the Eastern Sudan |
1899 |
| Ashanti rising and final conquest of Ashanti |
1900 |
| Northern Nigeria taken over for administration by the British Government |
1900 |
| The Khalifa and nearly all his remaining generals perish in the battle of Omdubreikat (Kordofan) in November, 1899, and Osman Digna is captured near Suakin in January. Sir Reginald Wingate becomes Governor-General of Sudan |
1900 |
| Rabah Zobeir, the Sudanese conqueror of Bornu, etc., dies in battle with the French |
1900 |
| The Sadd or obstructive water vegetation of Mountain Nile is cut through by Major Malcolm Peake and navigation opened up between Khartum and Gondokoro (Uganda) |
1900-1 |
| Railway from Wadi Halfa reaches Khartum |
1901 |
| Sleeping sickness begins in Uganda in the autumn of |
1901 |
| War breaks out in South Africa between Boer Republics and Great Britain (October 1899); Bloemfontein and Pretoria taken, 1900; Orange Free State and Transvaal annexed to British Empire, 1900; peace concluded |
1902 |
| Fadl-Allah, son and successor of Rabah, dies after his defeat by the French on the frontiers of Bornu |
1902 |
| Right Hon. Cecil Rhodes dies at Muizenburg near Cape Town, March |
1902 |
| German occupation of Lake Chad districts |
1902 |
| The final conquest of Northern Nigeria begins 1902. (Yola, Bauchi, Bornu) and finishes (Kano and Sokoto) |
1903 |
| Uganda railway from Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza open for through service in |
1903 |
| Mr E. D. Morel commences his public denunciations of King Leopold’s misgovernment of the Congo State in 1902; (Sir) Roger Casement sent out to investigate and report |
1903-4 |
| British-Somali War |
1902-4 |
| Anglo-French Agreement, allotting Morocco to a French and Egypt to a British Sphere of Influence |
1904 |
| King Leopold sends an international commission to the Congo basin to investigate truth of charges brought against his administration (1904); the commission reports |
1905 |
| Mauretania (land between Senegal and Moroccan Sahara) taken under French administration |
1904-5 |
| Lagos and Niger coast united as “Southern Nigeria” |
1904 |
| Rhodesian “Cape to Cairo” railway reaches and bridges Zambezi at Victoria Falls |
1905 |
| French conquest of Wadai, the great slave-raiding state of the Central Sudan, begins |
1904 |
| Italian government takes on direct management of Italian Somaliland |
1905 |
| German Emperor decides to pay state visit to Morocco at Tangiers and thereby calls in question the allotment of Morocco to France as a sphere of influence |
1905 |
| The Congress of Algeciras meets in southern Spain to discuss the future of Morocco |
1906 |
| Railway from Khartum-Berber to Port Sudan (Red Sea) opened |
1906 |
| Grant of responsible.government to the Transvaal |
1906 |
| In 1903 the Hottentots rebel against German authority in South-west Africa. In 1904 the Ova-herero (Damaras) join the rebellion, which is not finally crushed until |
1906-7 |
| Responsible government granted to Orange River Colony (Orange Free State) |
1907 |
| Diamonds found in German South-west Africa |
1908 |
| Belgium annexes the Congo Independent State |
1908-9 |
| In 1908 serious troubles break out in Western Morocco (Shawia country) obliging France to land a large force and occupy Casa Blanca and the neighbourhood; Mulai Hafid defeats his brother (Abd-el-Aziz) and becomes Sultan in his place; France and Germany come to a temporary arrangement which recognizes France’s “political interests” in Morocco |
1909 |
| Union of South Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange State) proclaimed |
1909 |
| Spaniards send an army of 50,000 men to conquer and occupy Rif country (North-east Morocco) |
1909-10 |
| France conquers the Arab and Berber nomad tribes of Adrar (Mauretania) |
1909-10 |
| France finally conquers Wadai |
1910 |
| Rhodesian “Cape to Cairo” railway opened as far as Congolese frontier in Katanga |
1910 |
| Viscount Kitchener becomes British Agent in Egypt |
1911 |
| “Cape to Cairo” railway extended from Khartum to El Obeid (Kordofan) |
1911 |
| The “Panther,” sent to Agadir on the south-west coast of Morocco by Germany, reopens the Morocco question; but the incident ends in a German recognition of a French protectorate over Morocco |
1911 |
| Italy lands 80,000 men at Tripoli and eventually annexes all Tripoli and Barka |
1911-12 |
| France cedes to Germany important territories which connect the Kamerun colony with the Mubangi river and the main Congo, making Germany a “Congo” power |
1911-12 |
| Railway from Lagos to Kano (Hausaland) finished |
1912 |
| Liberian Republic entrusts the management of its finances and interior police to officials appointed by United States President |
1911-12 |
| France and Spain definitely settle their partition of Morocco; and France occupies all important Moroccan towns except Tangier |
1912 |
