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A Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, with a Sketch of Josephine, Empress of the French. cover

A Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, with a Sketch of Josephine, Empress of the French.

Chapter 40: CHRONOLOGY OF THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
By Ida M. Tarbell
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About This Book

This biography traces his progression from provincial youth and military schooling through early artillery service and Revolutionary advancement, recounting major campaigns in Italy and Egypt, the seizure of power in Paris, and the consolidation of authority as lawgiver and emperor. It summarizes administrative, legal, and financial reforms and public works, family and dynastic arrangements, and the expansion of influence across Europe, then describes the costly wars in Spain and Russia that produced decline, abdication, brief return, and final exile and death. An appended portrait examines Josephine’s origins, social influence, marriage, divorce, and her subsequent life.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Age. Date.
Event.
1769.
Aug. 15.—Napoleon Bonaparte born at Ajaccio, in Corsica. Fourth child of Charles Bonaparte and of Lætitia, née Ramolino.
9. 1778.
Dec.—Napoleon embarks for France with his father, his brother Joseph, and his Uncle Fesch.
9. 1779.
Jan. 1—Napoleon enters the College of Autun.
9. 1779.
April 23.—Napoleon enters the Royal Military School of Brienne.
15. 1784.
Oct. 23.—Napoleon enters the Royal Military School of Paris.
16. 1785.
Sept. 1.—Napoleon appointed Second Lieutenant in the Artillery Regiment de la Fère.
16. 1785.
Oct. 29.—Napoleon leaves the Military School of Paris.
16. 1785.
Nov. 5 to Aug. 11, 1786.—Napoleon at Valence with his regiment.
17. 1786.
Aug. 15 to Sept. 20.—Napoleon at Lyons with regiment.
17. 1786.
Oct. 17 to Feb. 1, 1787.—Napoleon at Douai with regiment.
17. 1787.
Feb. 1 to Oct. 14.—Napoleon on leave to Corsica.
18. 1787.
Oct. 15 to Dec. 24.—Napoleon quits Corsica, arrives in Paris, obtains fresh leave.
18. 1787.
Dec. 25 to May. 1788.—Napoleon proceeds to Corsica and returns early in May.
18–19. 1788.
May to April 4, 1789.—Napoleon at Auxonne with regiment.
19. 1789.
April 5 to April 30.—Napoleon at Seurre in command of a detachment.
19–20. 1789.
May 1 to Sept. 15.—Napoleon at Auxonne with regiment.
20–21. 1789.
Sept. 16 to June 1, 1791.—Napoleon in Corsica.
21–22. 1791.
June 2 to Aug. 29.—Napoleon joins the Fourth Regiment of Artillery at Valence as First Lieutenant.
22. 1791.
Aug. 30.—Napoleon starts for Corsica on leave for three months; quits Corsica May 2, 1792, for France, where he has been dismissed for absence without leave.
23. 1792.
Aug. 30.—Napoleon reinstated.
23. 1792.
Sept. 14 to June 11, 1793.—Napoleon in Corsica engaged in revolutionary attempts; having declared against Paoli, he and his family are obliged to quit Corsica.
23. 1793.
June 13 to July 14.—Napoleon with his company at Nice.
24. 1793.
Oct. 9 to Dec. 19.—Napoleon placed in command of part of artillery of army of Carteaux before Toulon, 19th Oct.; Toulon taken 19th Dec.
24. 1793.
Dec. 22.—Napoleon nominated provisionally General of Brigade; approved later; receives commission, 16th Feb., 1794.
24. 1793.
Dec. 26 to April 1, 1794.—Napoleon appointed inspector of the coast from the Rhone to the Var, on inspection duty.
24. 1794.
April 1 to Aug. 5.—Napoleon with army of Italy; at Genoa 15th–21st July.
24–25. 1794.
Aug. 6 to Aug. 20, 1794.—Napoleon in arrest after fall of Robespierre.
25. 1794.
Sept. 14 to March 29, 1795.—Napoleon commanding artillery of an intended maritime expedition to Corsica.
25. 1795.
March 27 to May 10.—Napoleon ordered from the south to join the army in La Vendée to command its artillery; arrives in Paris, 10th May.
25–26. 1795.
June 13.—Napoleon ordered to join Hoche’s army at Brest, to command a brigade of infantry; remains in Paris; 21st Aug., attached to Comité de Salut Public as one of four advisors; 15th Sept., struck off list of employed generals for disobedience of orders in not proceeding to the west.
26. 1795.
Oct. 5 (13th Vendémiaire, Jour des Sections).—Napoleon defends the Convention from the revolt of the Sections.
26. 1795.
Oct. 16.—Napoleon appointed provisionally General of Division.
26. 1795.
Oct. 26.—Napoleon appointed General of Division and Commander of the Army of the Interior (i. e., of Paris).
26. 1796.
March 2.—Napoleon appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army of Italy; 9th March, marries Madame de Beauharnais, née Tascher de la Pagerie.
26. 1796.
March 11, leaves Paris for Italy.
26. 1796.
First Italian campaign of Napoleon against Austrians under Beaulieu, and Sardinians under Colli. Battle of Montenotte, 12th April; Millesimo, 14th April; Dego, 14th and 15th April; Mondovi, 22d April; Armistice of Cherasco with Sardinians, 28th April; Battle of Lodi, 10th May; Austrians beaten out of Lombardy, and Mantua besieged.
26. 1796.
July and August.—First attempt of Austrians to relieve Mantua; battle of Lonato, 31st July; Lonato and Castiglione, 3d Aug.; and, again, Castiglione, 5th and 6th Aug.; Wurmser beaten off, and Mantua again invested.
27. 1796.
Sept.—Second attempt of Austrians to relieve Mantua; battle of Calliano, 4th Sept.; Primolano, 7th Sept.; Bassano, 8th Sept.; St. Georges, 15th Sept.; Wurmser driven into Mantua and invested there.
27. 1796.
Nov.—Third attempt of Austrians to relieve Mantua; battles of Caldiero, 11th Nov., and Arcola, 15th, 16th., and 17th Nov.; Alvinzi driven off.
27. 1797.
Jan.—Fourth attempt to relieve Mantua; battles of Rivoli, 14th Jan., and Favorita, 16th Jan.; Alvinzi again driven off.
27. 1797.
Feb. 2.—Wurmser surrenders Mantua with eighteen thousand men.
27. 1797.
March 10.—Napoleon commences his advance on the Archduke Charles; beats him at the Tagliamento, 16th March; 18th April, provisional treaty of Leoben with Austria.
28. 1797.
Oct. 17.—Treaty of Campo Formio between France and Austria to replace that of Leoben; Venice partitioned, and itself now falls to Austria.
28. 1798.
Egyptian expedition. Napoleon sails from Toulon, 19th May; takes Malta, 10th June; lands near Alexandria, 1st July; Alexandria taken, 2d July; battle of the Pyramids, 21st July; Cairo entered, 23d July.
28. 1798.
Aug. 1 and 2.—Battle of the Nile.
29. 1799.
March 3.—Napoleon starts for Syria; 7th March, takes Jaffa; 18th March, invests St. Jean d’Acre; 16th April, battle of Mount Tabor; 22d May, siege of Acre raised; Napoleon reaches Cairo, 14th June.
29. 1799.
July 25.—Battle of Aboukir; Turks defeated.
30. 1799.
Aug. 22.—Napoleon sails from Egypt; lands at Fréjus, 6th Oct.
30. 1799.
Nov. 9 and 10 (18th and 19th Brumaire).—Napoleon seizes power.
30. 1799.
Dec. 25.—Napoleon, First Consul; Cambacérès, Second Consul; Lebrun, Third Consul.
30. 1800.
May and June.—Marengo campaign. 14th June, battle of Marengo; armistice signed by Napoleon with Melas, 15th June.
31. 1800.
Dec. 24 (3d Nivôse).—Attempt to assassinate Napoleon by infernal machine.
31. 1801.
Feb. 9.—Treaty of Lunéville between France and Germany.
31. 1801.
July 15.—Concordat with Rome.
32. 1801.
Oct. 1.—Preliminaries of peace between France and England signed at London.
32. 1802.
Jan. 26.—Napoleon Vice-President of Italian Republic.
32. 1802.
March 27.—Treaty of Amiens.
32. 1802.
May 19.—Legion of Honor instituted; carried out 14th July, 1814.
32. 1802.
Aug. 4.—Napoleon First Consul for life.
33. 1803.
May.—War between France and England.
33. 1803.
March 5.—Civil Code (later Code Napoleon) decreed.
34. 1804.
March 21.—Duc d’Enghien shot at Vincennes.
34-35. 1804.
May 18.—Napoleon, Emperor of the French people; crowned, 2d Dec.
34. 1805.
May 26.—Napoleon crowned king of Italy at Milan, with iron crown.
36. 1805.
Ulm campaign; 25th Sept., Napoleon crosses the Rhine; 14th Oct., battle of Elchingen; 20th Oct., Mack surrenders Ulm.
36. 1805.
Oct. 21.—Battle of Trafalgar.
36. 1805.
Dec. 2.—Russians and Austrians defeated at Austerlitz.
36. 1805.
Dec. 26.—Treaty of Presburg.
36. 1806.
July 1.—Confederation of the Rhine formed; Napoleon protector.
37. 1806.
Jena campaign with Prussia. Battles of Jena and of Auerstadt, 14th Oct.; Berlin occupied, 27th Oct.
37. 1806.
Nov. 21.—Berlin decrees issued.
37. 1807.
Feb. 8.—Battle of Eylau with Russians, indecisive; 14th June, battle of Friedland, decisive.
37. 1807.
July 8 and 9.—Treaty of Tilsit signed.
38. 1807.
Oct. 27.—Secret treaty of Fontainebleau between France and Spain for the partition of Portugal.
38. 1808.
March.—French gradually occupy Spain; Joseph Bonaparte transferred from Naples to Spain; replaced at Naples by Murat.
39. 1808.
Sept. 27 to Oct. 14.—Conferences at Erfurt between Napoleon, Alexander and German sovereigns.
39. 1808.
Nov. and Dec.—Napoleon beats the Spanish armies; enters Madrid; marches against Moore, but suddenly returns to France in January, 1809, to prepare for Austrian campaign.
39. 1809.
Campaign of Wagram. Austrians advance, 10th April; Napoleon occupies Vienna, 13th May; beaten back at Essling, 22d May; finally crosses Danube, 4th July, and defeats Austrians at Wagram, 6th July.
40. 1809.
Oct. 14.—Treaty of Schönbrunn or of Vienna.
40. 1809.
Dec.—Josephine divorced.
40. 1810.
April 1 and 2.—Marriage of Napoleon, aged 40, with Marie Louise, aged 18 years 3 months.
41. 1810.
Dec.—Hanseatic towns and all northern coast of Germany annexed to French Empire.
41. 1811.
March 20.—The King of Rome, son of Napoleon, born.
43-43. 1812.
War with Russia; June 24, Napoleon crosses the Nieman; 7th Sept., battle of Moskwa or Borodino; Napoleon enters Moscow, 15th Sept.; commences his retreat, 19th Oct.
43. 1812.
Oct. 22-23.—Conspiracy of General Malet at Paris.
43. 1812.
Nov. 26-28.—Passage of the Beresina; 5th Dec., Napoleon leaves his army; arrives at Paris, 18th Dec.
43-44. 1813.
Leipsic campaign. 2d May, Napoleon defeats Russians and Prussians at Lützen; and again, on 20th-21st May, at Bautzen; 26th June, interview of Napoleon and Metternich at Dresden; 10th Aug., midnight, Austria joins the allies; 26th-27th Aug., Napoleon defeats allies at Dresden, but Vandamme is routed at Kulm on 30th Aug., and on 16th-19th Oct., Napoleon is beaten at Leipsic.
44. 1814.
Allies advance into France; 29th Jan., battle of Brienne; 1st Feb., battle of La Rothière.
44. 1814.
Feb. 5 to March 18.—Conferences of Chatillon (sur Seine).
44. 1814.
Feb. 11.—Battle of Montmirail; 14th Feb., of Vauchamps; 18th Feb., of Montereau.
44. 1814.
March 7.—Battle of Craon; 9th-10th March, Laon; 20th March, Arcis sur l’Aube.
44. 1814.
March 21.—Napoleon commences his march to throw himself on the communications of the allies; 25th March, allies commence their march on Paris; battle of La Fère Champenoise, Marmont and Mortier beaten; 28th March, Napoleon turns back at St. Dizier to follow allies; 29th March, empress and court leave Paris.
44. 1814.
March 30.—Paris capitulates; allied sovereigns enter on 1st April.
44. 1814.
April 2.—Senate declares the deposition of Napoleon, who abdicates, conditionally, on 4th April in favor of his son, and unconditionally on 6th April; Marmont’s corps marches into the enemy’s lines on 5th April; on 11th April, Napoleon signs the treaty giving him Elba for life; 20th April, Napoleon takes leave of the Guard at Fontainebleau; 3d May, Louis XVIII. enters Paris; 4th May, Napoleon lands in Elba.
45. 1814.
Oct. 3.—Congress of Vienna meets for settlement of Europe; actually opens 3d Nov.
45. 1815.
Feb. 26.—Napoleon quits Elba; lands near Cannes, 1st March; 19th March, Louis XVIII. leaves Paris; 20th March, Napoleon enters Paris.
45. 1815.
June 16.—Battle of Ligny and Quatre Bras; 18th June, battle of Waterloo.
45-46. 1815.
June 29.—Napoleon leaves Malmaison for Rochefort; surrenders to English, 15th July; sails for St. Helena, 8th Aug.; arrives at St. Helena, 15th Oct.
51 yrs. 8 mos. 1821.
May 5.—Napoleon dies, 5.45 P. M.; buried, 8th May.
1840.
Oct. 15.—Body of Napoleon disentombed; embarked in the “Belle Poule,” commanded by the Prince de Joinville, son of Louis Philippe, on 16th Oct.; placed in the Invalides, 15th Dec., 1840.