B.
- Bagshot sands, 199.
- Bacillaria, fossil in tripoli, 25.
- Baiæ, Bay of, strata in, 403.
- Bakewell, Mr., on cleavages of Alps, 470.
- Balgray, near Glasgow, stumps of trees in coal, 317.
- Bahia Blanca, fossil remains at, 148.
- Baltic, brackish water strata on coast of, 114.
- Barcombe, chalk flints near, 253.
- Barton Cliff, 198.
- Barrande, M., on trilobites, 358.
- Basterot, M. de, on tertiaries of south of France, 105.
- Basalt, 371.
- columnar in the Eifel, 387.
- columnar, near Vicenza, 386.
- columnar, structure of, 384.
- Basset, term explained, 56.
- Batrachian, eggs of, in Old Red, Scotland, Postscript, x.
- Bayfield, Capt., on fossil shells in Canada, 134.
- on inland cliffs in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 78.
- Bean, Mr., shells similar to those in Norwich crag found in Yorkshire by, 149.
- Bean, Mr., on fossil shells from oolite, 272.
- Beachy Head, chalk cliffs near, 246.
- Beaumont, M. E. de, on rocks of Hautes Alpes, 455.
- on lamination of volcanic rocks, 480.
- on Swiss Alps, 484.
- on quartz, 439.
- on oolite formation in France, 221.
- Beck, Dr., on kelp, 217.
- on graptolites, 357.
- cited, 162. 186.
- Belemnite in Oxford clay, 262.
- Berger, Dr., on rocks altered by dikes, 382.
- Bergmann on trap, 366.
- Berlin, tertiary strata near, 177.
- Bermuda Islands, lagoons in, 216.
- rocks of, 78.
- Bernese Alps, gneiss in, 484.
- Berthier, on augite and hornblende, 369.
- Beudant, M., on Hungary, 421.
- Beyrich, Prof., on tertiary strata near Berlin, 177.
- Biaritz, calcareous cliffs of, 72.
- Bilin, tripoli, composed of infusoria, 25.
- Binney, Mr., on stigmaria and sigillaria, 315.
- Birds, footprints of, 298.
- fossil, scarcity of, Postscript, xix.
- Bischoff, Prof., experiments on heat, 476.
- on steam at a high temperature, 477.
- Blainville, on number of genera of mollusca, 28.
- Boase, Dr., cited, 479.
- Boblaye, M., on inland cliffs, 73.
- cited, 431.
- Bog-iron ore, 26.
- Borrowdale, black-lead of, 38.
- Bordeaux, tertiary deposits of, 171.
- Bosquet, M., on Maestricht beds, 210.
- Bothnia, Gulf of, land upheaved, 45.
- Boué, M., on arrangement of rocks, 95.
- on fossil shells in Hungary, 421.
- on Carrara marble, 482.
- on Swiss Alps, 484.
- Bonelli, on strata in Italy, 106.
- Boulder formation in Canada, 133.
- period, fauna of, 126.
- formation, mineral ingredients of, 126.
- formation in England, 130.
- Boulders, 123.
- striated, 136.
- Boutigny, M., cited, 441.
- Bowen, Lieut. A., R.N., drawings of rocks in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 78.
- Bowerbank, Mr., on fossil flora of Sheppey, 200.
- Bowman, Mr., on coal-seams, 330.
- Bracklesham Bay, characteristic shells of, 199.
- Brash, term, explained, 81.
- Bravard, M., on Auvergne mammalia, 188. 425.
- Breccia on ancient coast lines, 73.
- Brickenden, Captain, on Elgin fossils, Postscript, ix.
- Brighton, elephant bed of, 256.
- Bristol, dolomitic conglomerate near, 305.
- section of strata near, 102.
- Brocchi, on Subapennines, 105. 167.
- Brockedon, Mr., on black-lead, 38.
- Broderip, Mr., cited, 270.
- Brodie, Rev. P.B., on fossil insects, 281.
- cited, 207.
- Bromley, oyster-bed near, 204.
- Brongniart, M. Adolphe, on Eocene flora, 200.
- on flora of cretaceous period, 223.
- on fossil plants in lias, 282.
- on plants of Bunter sandstein, 288.
- on fossil fir-cones, 313.
- on Permian flora, 307.
- on sigillaria, 314.
- on asterophyllites, 314.
- on stigmaria, 315.
- age of acrogens, 316.
- on endogens, 316.
- Brongniart, M. Alex., on Paris tertiaries, 104.
- on Eocene formation, 175.
- on shells of nummulitic formation, 205.
- on coal mine near Lyons, 319.
- Brora, coal formation, 272.
- Brora, granite near, 458.
- Brown, Mr. Richard, on stigmariæ, 315.
- on coal formation, 415.
- on Cape Breton coal-field, 324. 334.
- on carboniferous rain-prints, Postscript, xii.
- Buckland, Dr., on cave at Kirkdale, 154.
- on coal plants, 317.
- on coprolites in chalk, 216.
- on fish of Lias, 276.
- on footprints, 291.
- on mountains of Caernarvonshire, 130.
- on oyster bed near Bromley, 204.
- on parallel roads, 87.
- on term Poikilitic, 286.
- on saurians of Lias, 278.
- on sudden destruction of saurians, 280.
- cited, 155. 231. 233. 267. 268.
- Buddle, Mr., on creeps in coal mines, 50.
- on ancient river-channels of coal period, 334.
- Buist, Dr. G., on saltness of Red Sea, 296.
- Bunbury, Mr. C. J. F., on plants of coal-field, 285.
- Bunter sandstein, 288.
- Burmeister on trilobites, 358.
- Burnes, Sir A., cited, 295.
C.
- Caernarvonshire, ancient glaciers of, 130.
- Calamites, figures of, 313.
- near Pictou, 319.
- Calcaire grossier, 193.
- siliceux, 195.
- Calcareous rocks, 12.
- rocks of Gulf of Spezia, 482.
- cliffs of Biaritz, 72.
- Caldcleugh, Mr., cited, 399.
- Caldera of Palma, 392.
- Cambrian group, 361.
- volcanic rocks, 435.
- Campagna di Roma, tuffs of, 408.
- Canada, shells in drift of, 134.
- Cantal, freshwater formation of, 188.
- igneous rocks of, 429.
- freshwater beds of, 429.
- Cape Breton, coal measures of, 324.
- Wrath, granite veins in, 444.
- Caradoc sandstone, 356.
- Carbonaceous shale, 271.
- Carbonate of lime scarce in metamorphic rocks, 487.
- Carbonate of lime in rocks, how tested, 12.
- Carboniferous group, 308.
- flora, 310.
- period, plutonic rocks of, 456.
- period, volcanic rocks of, 432.
- reptiles, 335.
- Carne, Mr., on Cornish lodes, 491. 492.
- Carrara marble, 482.
- Caryophyllia cæspitosa, bed of, in Sicily, 151.
- Castrogiovanni, bent strata near, 58.
- Catalonia, volcanic region of, 408.
- Cautley, Captain, on Sewâlik hills, 173.
- Caves in Europe, 155.
- at Kirkdale, 154.
- in Sicily, 153.
- in Australia, 156.
- Central France, Upper Eocene of, 178.
- Cetacea, fossil, rarity of, Postscript, xxi.
- Chalk, pinnacle of, near Sherringham, 129.
- of Faxoe, 210. and Postscript, xv.
- white, fossils of, 26.
- white, section of, 211.
- white, extent and origin of, 215.
- white, animal origin of, 216.
- pebbles in, 217.
- difference of, in north and south of Europe, 221.
- Chalk cliffs, inland, on Seine, 238.
- needles of, in Normandy, 241.
- flints, bed of, near Barcombe, 253.
- Chambers, Mr., cited, 88.
- Chamisso, cited, 217.
- Chara, in freshwater strata, 31.
- in flints of Cantal, 189.
- in Eocene strata of France, 176.
- in Purbeck beds, 232.
- Charlesworth, Mr. E., cited, on Crag, 162.
- Charpentier, M., on Alpine glaciers, 140.
- on Swiss glaciers, 143.
- Cheirotherium, footprints of, 290. 337.
- Chemical and mechanical deposits, 33.
- Chili, earthquake in, 61.
- gold mines in, 472.
- Chiloe, rocks drifted from Andes to, 144.
- Chlorite schist, 465.
- Christiania, dike near, 380.
- trap rocks, passage of granite into, at, 441.
- granite near, 457.
- gneiss near, 446.
- intrusion of granite into beds near, 446.
- Chronological groups, 101.
- Cinder-bed, Purbeck, 231.
- Claiborne, marine shells of, 206.
- Clausen, Mr., cited, 158.
- Clay, defined, 11.
- Clay-slate, 465. 468.
- Clay-ironstone, 326.
- Clays, plastic, 203.
- Cleavage of rocks, 468.
- Climate of drift period, 139.
- of coal period, 335.
- Coal, zigzag flexures of, near Mons
- group, 308.
- measures, 308. 309.
- how formed, 317.
- pipes, danger of, 318.
- mine, near Lyons, 319.
- seam at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, view of, 332.
- conversion of into lignite, 333.
- formation at Brora, 272.
- seams, continuity of, 334.
- period, climate of, 335.
- strata, footprints of reptiles in, 337.
- Coal-field at Burdiehouse, 325.
- of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 69.
- United States, diagram of, 327.
- of Yorkshire, fossils of, 325.
- Coalbrook Dale, beetles in coal of, 335.
- fossil cones in, 313.
- coal measures of, 324.
- faults in, 62.
- Cockfield Fell, rocks altered by dikes, 383.
- Columbia, vinegar river of, 191.
- Colchester, Mr., on mammalian remains at Kyson, 203.
- Côme, ravine in lava of, 427.
- Cones in Val di Noto, 389.
- and craters, absence of, in England, 6.
- and craters, 367.
- Conifers, fossil trees, 316.
- Concretionary structure, 37.
- Conglomerate, or pudding-stone, 11.
- dolomitic, 305.
- vertical in Scotland, &c., 47.
- Connecticut, valley of the, 297.
- beds, antiquity of, 300.
- Conrad, Mr., on cretaceous rocks, 224.
- Conybeare, Mr., cited, 64. 69. 244. 274.
- on Plesiosaurus, 278.
- on oolite and lias, 283.
- on term Poikilitic, 286.
- on crocodiles, 201.
- Cook, Capt., on Fucus giganteus, 217.
- Coprolites in chalk, 216.
- Coralline crag, fossils in, 164.
- Coral islands and reefs, 34. 46.
- rag of Oolite, 260.
- Corals, figures of, in crag, 165.
- of Devonian system, 346.
- of Devonian strata in United States, 349.
- in Wenlock formation, 355.
- Corinth, corrosion of rocks by gases near, 477.
- Cornbrash, 263.
- Cornwall, granite veins in, 445. 474.
- mineral veins in, 490. 494.
- tin of, newer than Irish copper, 499.
- Cotta, Dr. B., on granite in Saxony, 459.
- Crag coralline, fossils in, 164.
- comparison of faluns and, 170.
- of Suffolk, red and coralline, 105. 162.
- fluvio-marine, Norwich, 148.
- Craigleith fossil trees, 40.
- quarry, slanting tree in, 320.
- Crater of Island of St. Paul, 395.
- Craven fault, 64.
- Creeps in coal-mines described, 52.
- Credneria in Quadersandstein, Postscript, xvi.
- Cretaceous rocks of Pyrenees, 455.
- group, 209. 219. and Postscript, xvi.
- strata in South America and India, 225.
- period, plutonic rocks of, 455.
- volcanic rocks, 431.
- rocks in United States, 224.
- Crocodiles near Cuba, 279.
- Croizet, M., on Auvergne fossil mammalia, 188.
- Cromer, contorted drift near, 129.
- "Crop out," term explained, 55.
- Crust of earth defined, 2.
- Crystalline limestone, 302.
- rocks, erroneously termed primitive, 9.
- schists defined, 7.
- Curved strata, 47.
- strata, experiments to illustrate, 49.
- Cutch, Runn of, 295.
- Cuvier, M., on Eocene formation, 175.
- on Amphitherium, 268.
- cited, 192.
- on tertiary strata near Paris, 104.
- on fossils of Montmartre, 191.
- Cyclopian Islands, 401.
- Cypris in Lias, 281.
- in Wealden, 228.
- in marl of Auvergne, 183.
- Cystideæ in Silurian rocks, 358.
D.
- Dana, Mr., on coprolites of birds, 299.
- on coral reef in Sandwich Islands, 216.
- on volcanos of Sandwich Islands, 394. 406. 423.
- Dartmoor, granite of, 456.
- Darwin, Mr., cited, 217.
- on boulders and glaciers in South America, 144.
- on cleavage in South America, 471.
- on coral islands of Pacific, 216.
- on dike in St. Helena, 406.
- on habits of ostrich, 299. and Postscript, xx.
- on fossils in South America, 148.
- on Fucus giganteus, 217.
- on gradual rise of part of S. America, 46.
- on lamination of volcanic rocks, 480.
- on parallel roads, 87.
- on plutonic rocks of Andes, 453.
- on recent strata near Lima, 115.
- on saurians in Galapagos Islands, 279.
- on sinking of coral reefs, 46.
- on Welsh glaciers, 131.
- Daubeny, Dr., on the Solfatara, 477.
- on volcanos in Auvergne, 428.
- Dax, inland cliff at, 72.
- Deane, Dr., on footprints, 298.
- Dean, forest of, coal in, 334.
- Dechen, Prof. von, on reptiles in Saarbrück coal-field, 336.
- De Koninck, cited, 176. 178.
- De la Beche, Sir H., cited, 231. 233. 281.
- on Carrara marble, 482.
- on clay beds, 283.
- on clay-ironstone, 326.
- on coal-measures near Swansea, 309.
- on fossil trees, S. Wales, 318.
- on granite of Dartmoor, 474.
- on mineral veins, 493. 495. 498.
- on term supracretaceous, 103.
- on trap of New Red Sandstone period, 432.
- Deluge, 4.
- Denudation explained, 66.
- of the Weald Valley, 242.
- terraces of, in Sicily, 75.
- Derbyshire, lead veins of, 497.
- Deshayes, M., identification of shells, 176.
- on fossil shells in Hungary, 421.
- on Lower Eocene shells, 196.
- on tertiary classification, 110.
- Desmarest, cited, 183.
- on trappean rocks, 91.
- Desnoyers, M., on Faluns of Touraine, 106.
- Desor, M., on glacial fauna in N. America, 133.
- Devonian flora, 349.
- strata in United States, 349.
- system, term explained, 346.
- Diagonal, or cross stratification, 16.
- Dicotyledonous leaves in chalk, Postscript, xvi.
- Dike in St. Helena, 406.
- Dikes at Palagonia in Sicily, 407.
- trappean, crystalline in centre, 380.
- defined, 6.
- in Scotland, 378.
- of Somma, 404.
- Diluvium, popular explanation of term, 132.
- Dip, term explained, 53.
- Dolerite, or greenstone, 372.
- Dolomite defined, 13.
- Dolomitic conglomerate, 305.
- Doue, M. B. de, on volcanos of Velay, 428.
- Drift contorted, near Cromer, 129.
- in Ireland, 131.
- in Norfolk, 126.
- meteorites in, 145.
- northern, in Scotland, 125.
- northern, in North Wales, 130.
- of Scandinavia, North Germany, and Russia, 121.
- period, climate of, 139.
- period, subsidence in, 135.
- shells in Canada, 134.
- Dudley limestone, 354.
- shales of coal near, 474.
- Dufrénoy, M., on granite of Pyrenees, 475.
- Duff, Mr. P., on reptile of Old Red, Postscript, ix.
- on hill of Gergovia, 430.
- Dunker, Dr., on Wealden of Hanover, 237.
E.
- Echinoderms of coralline crag, 166.
- Echinus, figure of, 23.
- Egerton, Mr., on fossils of Southern India, 225.
- Egerton, Sir P., on fish of marl slate, 304.
- on fossil fish of Connecticut beds, 300.
- on fossils of Isle of Wight, 198.
- on saurians and fish in New Red Sandstone, 289.
- on Ichthyosaurus, 276.
- Eggs, fossil, of snake, 120.
- Ehrenberg, Prof., on bog-iron ore, 26.
- on infusoria, 24.
- Elephant bed, Brighton, 256.
- Elephas primigenius, jaw figured, 159.
- Elvans of Ireland and Cornwall, 498.
- term explained, 457.
- Encrinites, figure of, 264.
- Endogens, 316.
- Eocene, foraminifera, 194.
- formations, 174.
- formations in England, 197.
- granite, 451.
- lower, in France, 176-191.
- middle, in France, 191.
- strata, in United States, 206.
- upper, near Louvain, 177.
- term defined, 111.
- upper, of Central France, 178.
- volcanic rocks, 429.
- Equisetaceæ, 313.
- Equisetum of Virginian oolite, 284.
- Equisetum giganteum, 314.
- Erman on meteoric iron in Russia, 145.
- Erratics, Alpine, 140.
- northern origin of, 123.
- Escher, M., on boulders of Jura, 143.
- Etna, deposits of, 401.
- Eurite, 440.
- Euritic porphyry described, 447.
- Exogens, 316.
F.
- Faluns of Touraine, 106. 168.
- Faluns, comparison of, and crag, 170.
- Falconer, Dr., on Sewâlik Hills, 173.
- Falkland Islands, 88.
- Farnham, phosphate of lime near, 219.
- Fault, term explained, 62.
- Faults, origin of, 64.
- Faxoe, chalk of, 210. and Postscript, xv.
- Felixstow, remains of cetacea found near, 166.
- Felspar, 369.
- Ferns in coal-measures, 310.
- Fife, altered rock in, 383.
- Fifeshire, trap dike in, 434.
- Megalichthys found in Cannel coal in, 336.
- Fishes, fossil, of Upper Cretaceous, 214.
- of Old Red Sandstone, 343.
- of Wealden, 229.
- fossil, of brown coal, 416.
- Fissures filled with metallic matter, 490.
- See mineral veins.
- Fitton, Dr., on division of lower cretaceous formation, 219.
- cited, 227. 231. 233. 237. 244. 247.
- Fleming, Dr., on scales of fish in Old Red, 343.
- on trap-rocks in coal-field of Forth, 432.
- on trap dike in Fifeshire, 434.
- Flora, carboniferous, 310.
- cretaceous, 223.
- Devonian, 349.
- of London Clay, 200.
- permian, 305. 307.
- Flötz, term explained, 91.
- Flysch, explanation of term, 206.
- Footprints of birds, 297. and Postscript, xx.
- of reptilians, 337.
- fossil, 289. 290. 291. 297.
- Foraminifera in chalk, 26.
- Eocene, 194.
- Forbes, Prof. E., on Caradoc sandstone, 359.
- on Cystideæ, 358.
- on shells in crag deposits, 162.
- on cretaceous fossil shells, 224.
- on fossils of the faluns, 169.
- on fossils in drift in South Ireland, 131.
- on deep-sea origin of Silurian strata, 360.
- on echinoderms of coralline crag, 166.
- on fauna of boulder period, 125.
- on migrations of mollusca in glacial period, 166.
- on fossils of Purbeck group, 231. 233.
- on strata at Atherfield, 219.
- on changes of Wealden testacea, 235.
- on volcanic rocks of Oolite period, 432.
- on depth of animal life in Ægean, 35. 137.
- cited, 225.
- Forbes, Prof. James, on zones in volcanic rocks, 480.
- on the Alps, 143.
- Forchhammer, on scratched limestone, 122.
- Forest, fossil, in Norfolk, 127. 130.
- Forfarshire, Old Red Sandstone in, 479.
- Formation, term defined, 3.
- Fossil, term defined, 4.
- Fossils of chalk and greensand, figures of, 212.
- in chalk at Faxoe, 210.
- of coralline crag, 164.
- of Devonian system, 346. and Postscript, x. xi.
- of Eocene strata in United States, 207.
- in faluns of Touraine, 169.
- freshwater and marine, 27.
- of Isle of Wight, 198.
- of Lias, 274.
- of Ludlow formation, 352.
- of mountain limestone, 340.
- of London Clay, 200.
- of Maestricht beds, 209.
- of Lower Greensand, 220.
- of New Red Sandstone, 287. and Postscript, xiii.
- of Oolite, 259. 266.
- of Red Crag, 164.
- of Silurian rocks, 353. and Postscript, vii.
- of Solenhofen, 260.
- of Upper Greensand, 218.
- of Wealden, 236.
- test of the age of formations, 98.
- Fossil fish of Permian limestone, 303.
- of Connecticut beds, 300.
- of Richmond, U. S., strata, 285.
- of Old Red Sandstone, 343.
- scales of Permian, figured, 305.
- footsteps, 289. 290. 291.
- ferns in carbonaceous shale, 271.
- forest in Nova Scotia, 321.
- forest near Wolverhampton, 319.
- forest in Isle of Portland, 233.
- plants in Wealden, 230.
- plants of Lias, 282.
- plants of Bunter sandstein, 288.
- trees erect, 317.
- wood, petrifaction of, 39.
- wood perforated by Teredina, 24.
- remains in caves, 154.
- shells from Etna, 401.
- shells near Grignon, 193.
- shells of Mayence strata, 178.
- shells in Virginia, 172.
- Fossiliferous strata, tabular view of, 361.
- Fournet, M., on mineral veins of Auvergne, 493.
- on disintegration of rocks, 476.
- on quartz, 439.
- Fox, Mr. R. W., 472.
- on Cornish lodes, 497.
- Fox, Rev. Mr., on extinct quadrupeds of Isle of Wight, 198.
- Freshwater beds of Isle of Wight, 197.
- deposits in valley of Thames, 146.
- land shells numerous in, 27.
- Freshwater formations of Auvergne, 186.
- Freshwater formation, how distinguished from marine, 27. 28. 30.
- remains of fish in, 32.
- associated with Norfolk drift, 127.
- Chara in, 31.
- Cypris in, 31.
- Freshwater shells in brown coal near Bonn, 417.
- Fucus giganteus, 217.
- vesiculosus, growth of, in Jutland, 217.
- vesiculosus in Lym-Fiord, 33.
- Fundy, Bay of, impressions in red mud of, 297.