A Manual of Elementary Geology / or, The Ancient Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants as Illustrated by Geological Monuments

P.

• Pacific, coral reefs of, 215.
• Palæontology, term explained, 103.
• Palagonia, dikes at, 407.
• Paleotherium magnum, figure of, 192.
• tooth of, 193.
• Palermo, caves near, 74.
• Palma, Isle of, map and view of, 391.
• Parallel roads, 86.
• Pareto, M., on Carrara marble, 482.
• Paris basin, 93.
• Parkinson, Mr., on crag, 105.
• Parrot, Dr. F., on salt lakes of Asia, 295.
• Pebbles in chalk, 217.
• Pegmatite, 440.
• Pentamerus Knightii, 352.
• Pentland hills, Mr. Maclaren on, 125.
• Pepys, Mr., cited, 41.
• Permian flora, distinct from coal, 305.
• formation in Thuringia, 306.
• group, term explained, 301.
• Petrifaction of fossil wood, 39.
• Petrifaction, process of, 43.
• Philippi, Dr., on fossil shells near Naples, 113.
• on marine shells in caves of Sicily, 154.
• on tertiary shells of Sicily, 150.
• Phillips, Prof., cited, 274. 309.
• on cleavage, 471.
• on terminology, 103.
• Phillips, Mr. W., on kaolin of China, 11.
• Phosphate of lime, 219.
• Phryganea, figure of, 185.
• indusiæ of, 186.
• Pictou, Nova Scotia, calamites near, 319.
• Pilla, M., on age of Carrara marble, 482.
• Planitz, tripoli of, 26.
• Plas Newydd, rock altered by dike near, 381.
• Plastic clays, 203.
• Playfair, cited, 45. 92. 383.
• on faults, 62.
• on Huttonian theory of stratification, 60.
• Plesiosaurus, figure of, 277.
• Plieninger, Professor, on triassic mammifer, Postscript, xiii.
• Pliocene, newer period, 121.
• newer, strata, 146.
• strata in Sicily, 150.
• older, in United States, 171.
• strata, 161.
• period, volcanic rocks of, 407. 408.
• term defined, 111.
• Plomb du Cantal, described, 429.
• Plumbago in Massachusetts, 478.
• Plutonic rocks, 7. 446.
• age of, 439.
• of carboniferous period, 456.
• of oolite and lias, 455.
• recent and pliocene, 450.
• of Silurian period, 457.
• age, how tested, 449.
• Plutonic and sedimentary rocks, diagram of, 452.
• Poggendorf, cited, 476.
• Poikilitic formation, 301.
• term explained, 286.
• Pomel, M., on mammalia of Auvergne, 188. 425.
• Ponza Islands, structure of, 387. 480.
• Porphyritic granite, 439.
• Porphyry, 372.
• Portland, Isle of, fossil forest in, 233.
• Portland stone, 259.
• Post-pliocene formations, 111.
• period, volcanic rocks, 401.
• Potsdam sandstone, reptilian, Postscript, vii. xviii.
• Pottsville, coal seams near, 329.
• footprints of reptile near, 340.
• Pozzolana, 36.
• Pratt, Mr., on ammonites, 262.
• on extinct quadrupeds of Isle of Wight, 198.
• Predazzo, altered rocks at, 456.
• Prestwich, Mr., cited, 69.
• on English Eocene strata, 197. 198. 200.
• on coal measures of Coalbrook Dale, 62. 324.
• Prevost, M. C., on Paris basin, 175. 176. 195.
• Progressive development, theory of, Postscript, xvi.
• Psaronites in Germany and France, 307.
• Pumice, 373.
• Purbeck beds, 231.
• Puy de Tartaret, 425.
• Puy de Pariou, 428.
• Puzzuoli, elevation and depression of land at, 403.
• Pyrenees, cretaceous rocks of, 455.
• curvatures of strata, 58.
• granite of, 475.
• nummulitic formation of, 205.

Q.

• Quadrumana fossil, Postscript, xvii.
• Quarrington Hill, basaltic dike near, 398.
• Quartz, 438.
• Quartzite, or quartz rock, 465.

R.

• Radnorshire, stratified trap of, 425.
• Rain-prints, fossil in coal shale, Postscript, xii.
• Ramsay, Prof. A. C., on denudation, 68.
• on granite in Arran, 460.
• on section near Bristol, 102.
• on Welsh glaciers, 131.
• Recent strata defined, 112.
• near Naples, 112.
• Redfield, Mr., on glacial fauna in America, 133.
• on fossil fish, 300.
• Red sandstone, origin of, 293.
• Red Sea and Mediterranean, distinct species in, 100.
• Red Sea, saltness of, 296.
• Reptiles, carboniferous, 335. 336.
• of lias, 276.
• fossil eggs of, 120.
• Reptile, in Lower Silurian, Postscript, vii.
• in Old Red Sandstone of Morayshire, Postscript, ix.
• Rhine, valley, loess of, 117.
• Ripple-mark, formation of, 19.
• River channels, ancient, 334.
• River, excavation through lava by, 413.
• terraces, 85.
• Rock, term defined, 2.
• Rocks, four classes of, contemporaneous, 9.
• classification of, 90.
• composed of fossil zoophytes and shells, 24.
• trappean, 91.
• Roderberg, extinct volcano of, 420.
• Rogers, Prof. H. D., on coal field, United States, 328.
• cited, 340.
• on reptilian footprints in coal, Postscript, xi.
• Rogers, Prof. W. B., on oolitic coal field, United States, 284. 328.
• Rome, formations at, 168.
• Römer, F., on chalk in Texas, 225.
• M. F. A., on flora of Hartz, 350.
• Rose, Prof. G., cited, 374. 434.
• on hornblende, 369.
• Rosenlaui, limestone scratched by glacier of, 122.
• Ross, Captain, on greenstone in Keeling Island, 217.
• Ross-shire, denudation in, 67.
• Rothliegendes, lower, or Permian, 306.
• Rozet, M., cited, 191.
• Rubble, term explained, 81.
• Russia, erratic blocks in, 124.
• fossil meteoric iron in, 145.
• Permian rocks in, 306.

S.

• Saarbrück coal field, reptile found in, 336.
• St. Abb's Head, curved strata near, 49.
• St. Andrews, trap rocks in cliffs near, 432. 433.
• St. Helena, basalt in, 385. 406.
• St. Lawrence, gulf of, inland beaches and cliffs, 78.
• St. Mihiel, inland cliffs near, 77.
• St. Paul, island of, 394.
• St. Peter's Mount, Maestricht, fossils in, 210.
• sand-pipes in, 83.
• Salisbury Crag, altered strata of, 383.
• Salt rock, origin of, 294.
• precipitation of, 294.
• at Northwich, 294.
• lakes of Asia, 296.
• Salter, Mr., on fossil of Caradoc sandstone, 356.
• Sand-pipes near Maestricht, 83.
• or sand-galls, term explained, 82.
• near Norwich, 82.
• Sandstone, siliceous, 218.
• with cracks in Wealden, 230.
• Sandwich Islands, coral reef in, 216.
• volcanos of, 394. 406. 423.
• Saurians of lias, 278.
• thecodont, 306.
• Saussure, M., on moraines, 141.
• on vertical conglomerates, 47.
• Savi, M., on Carrara marble, 482.
• Saxony, granite in, 459.
• Schist, hornblende, and mica, 464. 465.
• argillaceous, 465.
• chlorite, 465.
• Schorl rock and schorly granite, 440.
• Scoresby on icebergs, 122.
• Scoriæ, 373.
• Scotland, carboniferous traps of, 432.
• northern drift in, 125.
• old red sandstone of, 343.
• Scrope, Mr., cited, 181. 263. 419. 423. 425. 427. 430.
• on globular structure of traps, 387.
• on Ponza Islands, 480.
• on trachyte, basalt, and tuff, 374. 400.
• Sea cliffs, inland, 71.
• Section of Wealden, 243.
• Section of white chalk from England to France, 211.
• Section of volcanic rocks, Auvergne, 424.
• Sedgwick, Prof., cited, 309. 383.
• on brecciated limestone, 302.
• on concretionary magnesian limestone, 37.
• on Devonian group, 348.
• on garnets in altered rock, 382.
• on granite, 456. 459.
• on Permian sandstones, 305.
• on joints and cleavage, 469. 471.
• on mineral composition of granite, 444.
• on old red of Devon and Cornwall, 345.
• on structure of rocks, 468.
• on trap rocks of Cumberland, 435.
• Segregation in mineral veins, 489.
• Semi-opal, infusoria in, 26.
• Serpulæ, on volcanic rocks, in Sicily, 151.
• Sewâlik Hills, freshwater deposits, 173.
• Shale, carbonaceous, 271.
• defined, 11.
• Shales of coal near Dudley, 474.
• Sharpe, Mr. D., on mollusca in Silurian strata, 359.
• on slaty cleavage, 471.
• Shells, fossil, in Purbeck, 231.
• fossil, useful in classification, 109.
• in Canada drift, 134.
• recent, in valley of Niagara, 138.
• species of, near Lisbon, 171.
• Sheppey, Isle of, fossil flora of, 200.
• Sherringham, mass of chalk in drift, 129.
• Shetland, granite of, 441. 444.
• hornblende schist of, 478.
• Shrewsbury, coal deposit near, 324.
• Sicily, Fiume Salso in, 191.
• inland cliffs in, 74.
• newer pliocene strata of, 150.
• terraces of denudation in, 75.
• Sidlaw Hills, trap of old red sandstone, 434.
• Siebengebirge, igneous rocks of, 417.
• Sienna, formations at, 167.
• Sigillaria, 314. 318.
• Siliceous limestone defined, 12.
• rocks defined, 11.
• Silliman, Prof., cited, 450.
• Silurian, name explained, 350.
• period, plutonic rocks of, 457.
• rocks, table of, 351.
• strata, mineral character of, 360.
• strata of United States, 359.
• strata, thickness of, 358.
• strata, reptile in, Postscript, vii.
• volcanic rocks, 434.
• Simpson, Mr., on ice islands, 129.
• Sivatherium described, 173.
• Skaptar Jokul, eruption of, 399.
• Skye, rocks of, 383. 456.
• basaltic columns in, 385.
• dikes in Isle of, 380.
• sandstone in, 36.
• Slaty cleavage, 468.
• Slickensides, term defined, 61.
• Smith, Mr., of Jordan Hill, on Pleistocene, 134.
• on shells near Lisbon, 171.
• Snags, fossil, 320.
• Snakes' eggs, fossil at Tonna near Gotha, 120.
• Solenhofen, lithographic stone of, 260.
• Solfatara, decomposition of rocks in the, 477.
• Somma, 404.
• lava at, 380.
• Sopwith, Mr. T., models by, 57.
• Sortino, cave in valley of, 154.
• South Devon and Cornwall, old red of, 315.
• South Downs, view of, 245.
• Sowerby, Mr. G., cited, 162.
• Spatangus, figure of, 23.
• Spezia, gulf of, calcareous rocks in, 482.
• Spitzbergen, glaciers of, 136.
• Sponges, figures of, in chalk, 213.
• Spongilla of Lamarck, in tripoli, 25.
• Springs, mineral. See Mineral Springs, 490.
• Staffa, basaltic columns in, 385.
• Steno on classification of rocks, 90.
• Stigmaria, 310. 315.
• in fossil forest, Nova Scotia, 322.
• Stirling Castle, rock of, altered by dike, 383.
• Stokes, Mr., on petrifaction, 43.
• Stonesfield slate, 266.
• Stonesfield, fossil mammalia, 268. and Postscript, xviii.
• Storton Hill, footprints at, 291.
• Strata, term defined, 2.
• arrangement of, determined by fossils, 21. 22.
• consolidation of, 34.
• curved and vertical, 47. 58.
• elevation of, above the sea, 44.
• fossiliferous, tabular view of, 361.
• horizontality of, 15. 45.
• metamorphic origin of, 467.
• mineral composition of, 10.
• outcrop of, 56.
• tertiary classification of, 134.
• Stratification, forms of, 13. 16. 47.
• unconformable, 59.
• Strickland, Mr., on new red sandstone, 290.
• Strike, term explained, 53.
• Stromboli, lava of, 450.
• Studer, M., on Swiss Alps, 484.
• on boulders of Jura, 143.
• Stutchbury, Mr., cited, 306.
• Subapennine strata, 105. 166.
• Subsidence in drift period, 135.
• Suffolk crag, 162.
• Sullivan, Capt., chart of Falkland Islands, 88.
• Superior, Lake, marl in, 36.
• Superposition of aqueous deposits, 96.
• of volcanic rocks, test of age, 327.
• Supracretaceous, term explained, 103.
• Sussex marble, 228.
• Swansea, coal measures near, 309.
• valley stems of Sigillaria, 317.
• Sydney coal field, Cape Breton, 324.
• Syenite, 440.
• Syenitic granite, 440.
• greenstone, 372.
• Synclinal line, term defined, 48.

T.

• Table Mountain, strata horizontal, 45.
• Mountain, granite veins in, 443.
• Talcose granite, 440.
• Tartaret, Puy de, cone of, 425.
• Teeth of fossil mammalia, figures of, 160.
• Teredina, fossil wood bored by, 24.
• Teredo navalis boring wood, 23.
• Terra del Fuego, 139.
• Fucus giganteus in, 217.
• Tertiary, term explained, 104.
• strata, tabular view of, 362.
• Touraine, faluns of, 168.
• Trachyte, 372.
• of Hungary, 442.
• Trachytic rocks, older than basalt, 400.
• Transition, term explained, 92.
• Trap, term explained, 366.
• dike in Fifeshire, 434.
• globular structure of, 387.
• intrusion of, between strata, 384.
• various ages of, 432. 434.
• passage of granite into, 441.
• in Radnorshire, 435.
• rocks, relation to lava, 387.
• rocks, lithological character of, 400.
• in Lower Eifel, 420.
• Trappean rocks, 91.
• Trap-tuff, 374.
• Tertiary deposits, 171. 177. 178.
• Texas, chalk in, 225.
• Thames valley, freshwater deposits in, 146.
• Thecodont Saurians, 306.
• Saurians, age of, Postscript, xv.
• Thirria, M., on oolitic group in France, 283.
• Thurmann, M., cited, 55. 252. 266.
• Thuja occidentalis in stomach of mastodon, 138.
• Till, term explained, 121.
• origin of, 123.
• Tilestone, 351.
• Tilgate Forest, remains in, 229.
• Tin, veins of, in Cornwall, 490. 498.
• Tiverton trap, porphyry near, 432.
• Travertin, how deposited, 34.
• Tree ferns in Permian formation, 307.
• Trias, or new red sandstone, 286. 289. and Postsc., xiii.
• in Cheshire and Lancashire, 290. 295.
• Trilobite in Devonian strata, 348.
• Trilobites of Lower Silurian, 357.
• Trimmer, Mr., on sand-galls, 82.
• on shells in drift near Menai Straits, 130.
• Tripoli composed of infusoria, 24.
• Tuff, volcanic, and trap, 6. 374.
• Tuffs on Wrekin and Caer Caradoc, 434.
• Tuomey, Mr., cited, 208.
• Turner, Dr., cited, 41. 42.
• Tuscany, volcanic rocks of, 408.
• Tynedale fault, 64.
• Tynemouth Cliff, limestone at, 302.

U.

• Uddevalla, shells of, compared with those near Naples, 108.
• Underlying, term applied to granite, 8.
• United States, coal field of, 326.
• cretaceous formation in, 224.
• Devonian strata in, 349.
• Eocene strata in, 206.
• older Pliocene and Miocene formations in, 171.
• oolite and lias of, 284.
• Silurian strata of, 359.
• Upsala, strata containing Baltic shells near, 124.

V.

• Val di Noto, composition of, 407.
• igneous rocks of, 389.
• inland cliffs in, 76.
• Valleys, origin of, 70.
• transverse of Weald, 244.
• Valorsine granite, 445.
• Veins, mineral. See Mineral Veins, 488.
• Veinstones in parallel layers, 493.
• Velay, volcanos of, 428.
• Venetz, M., on Alpine glaciers, 140.
• Verneuil, M. de, on Devonian Flora, 350.
• on horizontal strata in Russia, 124.
• on the old red sandstone in Russia, 348.
• on Pentamerus Knightii, 353.
• on Permian flora, 305.
• Vesuvius, eruption of, 405.
• Vicenza, basaltic columns near, 386.
• Vidal, Capt., survey by, 393.
• Virginia, U. S., fossil shells in, 172.
• Virlet, M., on corrosion of rocks by gases, 477.
• on geology of Morea, 431.
• on inland cliffs, 73.
• Volcanic mountains, form of, 5. 390.
• dikes, 378.
• Volcanic rocks, age of, 397.
• described, 5. 385.
• analysis of minerals in, 377.
• Cambrian, 435.
• composition and nomenclature, 368.
• of Hungary, 421.
• post-pliocene period, 401.
• test of age of, 400.
• Silurian, 434.
• Volcanic tuff, 374.
• Volcanos of Auvergne, 422.
• extinct, 408. 420. 422.
• newer, of Eifel, 418.
• in Spain, age of, 414.
• round Olot in Catalonia, 410.
• Von Buch, Baron, cited, 373. 456. 457.
• on boulders of Jura, 143.
• on Canary Islands, 392.
• on Cystideæ, 358.
• on land rising, 45.
• Von Dechen, M., on granite veins in Cornwall, 445.
• Oeynhausen, M., cited, 415.