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Participle: visto, vista, seen.

The Verbs composed of ver, are conjugated in the same manner, as:

prever, rever, antever.

12. Perder, to lose.

The irregularity of this Verb consists in the following tenses changing the d into c.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
perco,	I lose
perdes,	thou losest
perde,	he loses
perdemos,	we lose
perdeis,	you lose
perdem,	they lose.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu perca,	that I may lose
	tu percas,	that thou mayest lose
	elle perca,	that he may lose
	nós percamos,	that we may lose
	vós percais,	that you may lose
	elles percão,	that they may lose.
Imperative Mood.
	perde tu,	lose thou
	perca elle,	let him lose
	percamos nós,	let us lose
	perdei vós,	lose ye
	percão elles,	let them lose.

13. Valer, to be worth,

changes l into lh, in the following tenses.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu valho,	I am worth
tu vales	regular
elle vale
nós valemos
vós valeis
elles valem

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu valha,	that I may be worth
	tu valhas,	that thou mayest be worth
	elle valha,	that he may be worth
	nós valhamos,	that we may be worth
	vós valhais,	that you may be worth
	elles valhão,	that they may be worth.
Imperative Mood.
	vale tu,	be thou worth
	valha elle,	let him be worth
	valhamos,	let us be worth
	valei vós,	be ye worth
	valhão elles,	let them be worth.

14. Ler, to read.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu leio,	I read
tu lês,	thou readest
elle lê,	he reads
nós lemos,	we read
vós ledes,	you read
elles lêm,	they read.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu lêia,	that I may read
	tu lêias,	that thou mayest read
	elle lêia,	that he may read
	nós lêiamos,	that we may read
	vós lêiais,	that you may read
	elles lêião,	that they may read.
Imperative Mood.
	lê tu,	read thou
	lêia elle,	let him read
	lêiamos,	let us read
	lede vós,	read ye
	lêião elles,	let them read.

The Verb “crer” to believe, is conjugated in the same manner.

15. The Verbs ending in “ger”

change g into j in all persons when it is followed by o or a, for the sake of pronunciation. As:

eleger,	to elect;
elejo, que eu eleja,	etc.

15.
THIRD CONJUGATION.

16. Ir, to go.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu vou,	I go
tu vas,	thou goest
elle vai,	he goes
nós vamos,	we go
vós ides,	you go
elles vão,	they go.
Imperfect.
eu hia,	I went
tu hias,	thou wentest
elle hia,	he went
nós hiamos,	we went
vós hieis,	you went
elles hião,	they went.
Perfect.
eu fui,	I have gone
(like the Perfect of “ser” to be).
Pluperfect.
eu fora,	I had gone
(like the Pluperfect of “ser”).

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu vá,	that I may go
	tu vás,	that thou mayest go
	elle vá,	that he may go
	nós vámos,	that we may go
	vos vades,	that you may go
	elles vão,	that they may go.
Imperfect.
que	eu fora,	that I might go
	tu foras,	that thou mightst go
	elle fora,	that he might go
	nós foramos,	that we might go
	vós foreis,	that you might go
	elles forão,	that they might go.
Perfect.
que	eu fosse,	that I may have gone
que	(like “ser”).
Future.
quando	eu for,	when I shall go
quando	(like “ser”).
Imperative Mood.
	vai tu,	go thou
	vá elle,	let him go
	vamos,	let us go
	ide vós,	go ye
	vão elles,	let them go.

17. Vir, to come.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu venho,	I come
tu vens,	thou comest
elle vem,	he comes
nós vimos,	we come
vós vindes,	you come
elles vem,	they come.
Imperfect.
eu vinha,	I came
tu vinhas,	thou camest
elle vinha,	he came
nós vinhamos,	we came
vós vinheis,	you came
elles vinhão,	they came.
Perfect.
eu vim,	I have come
tu vieste,	thou hast come
elle veio,	he has come
nós viemos,	we have come
vós viestes,	you have come
elles vierão,	they have come.
Pluperfect.
eu viera,	I had come
tu vieras,	thou hadst come
elle viera,	he had come
nós vieramos,	we had come
vós viereis,	you had come
elles vierão,	they had come.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu venha,	that I may come
	tu venhas,	that thou mayest come
	elle venha,	that he may come
	nós venhamos,	that we may come
	vós venhais,	that you may come
	elles venhão,	that they may come.
Imperfect.
que	eu viera,	that I might come
	tu vieras,	that thou mightst come
	elle viera,	that he might come
	nós vieramos,	that we might come
	vós viereis,	that you might come
	elles vierão,	that they might come.
Perfect.
que	eu viesse,	that I may have come
	tu viesses,	that thou mayest have come
	elle viesse,	that he may have come
	nós viessemos,	that we may have come
	vós viesseis,	that you may have come
	elles viessem,	that they may have come.
Future.
quando	eu vier,	when I shall come
	tu vieres,	when thou shalt come
	elle vier,	when he shall come
	nós viermos,	when we shall come
	vós vierdes,	when you shall come
	elles vierem,	when they shall come.
Imperative Mood.
	vem tu,	come thou
	venha elle,	let him come
	venhamos,	let us come
	vinde vós,	come ye
	venhão elles,	let them come.

Participle: vindo, vinda, come.

18. Pedir, to request,

changes d in ç in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu peço,	I request
(the other persons are regular: pedes, pede, etc.).

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu peça,	that I may request
	tu peças,	that thou mayest request
	elle peça,	that he may request
	nós peçamos,	that we may request
	vós peçais,	that you may request
	elles peção,	that they may request.
Imperative Mood.
	pede tu,	request thou
	peça elle,	let him request
	peçamos nós,	let us request
	pedi vós,	request ye
	peção elles,	let them request.

“Medir” to measure, is conjugated in the same manner.

19. Rir, to laugh.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu rio,	I laugh
tu ris,	thou laughest
elle ri,	he laughs
nós rimos,	we laugh
vós rides,	you laugh
elles rim,	they laugh.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu ria,	that I may laugh
	tu rias,	that thou mayest laugh
	elle ria,	that he may laugh
	nós riamos,	that we may laugh
	vós riais,	that you may laugh
	elles rião,	that they may laugh.
Imperative Mood.
	ri tu,	laugh thou
	ria elle,	let him laugh
	riamos,	let us laugh
	ride vós,	laugh ye
	rião elles,	let them laugh.

20. The Verbs ending in “gir”

change the g into j in all persons where g is followed by o or a.

21. The Verbs ending in “uzir”

drop the final e in the third person Singular of the Present, as:

conduz (not conduze), induz (not induze).

22. The Verbs ending in “hir”

change hi into i in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu saio,	I go out
(the others are regular: sahes, sahe, sahimos, etc.).

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu saia,	that I may go out
	tu saias,	that thou mayest go out
	elle saia,	that he may go out
	nós saiamos,	that we may go out
	vós saiais,	that you may go out
	elles saião,	that they may go out.
Imperative Mood.
	sahe tu,	go thou out
	saia elle,	let him go out
	saiamos nós,	let us go out
	sahi vós,	go ye out
	saião elles,	let them go out.

23. Subir, to mount,

changes u into o, in the second person Singular, third person Singular and Plural of the Present, and in the second person of the Imperative, as:

sobes, sobe, sobem, sobe tu.

24. Mentir, to lie,

changes e into i in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu minto,	I lie
(tu mentes, elle mente).

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu minta,	that I may lie
	tu mintas,	that thou mayest lie
	elle minta,	that he may lie
	nós mintamos,	that we may lie
	vós mintais,	that you may lie
	elles mintão,	that they may lie.
Imperative Mood.
	mente tu,	lie thou
	minta elle,	let him lie
	mintamos nós,	let us lie
	menti vós,	lie ye
	mintão elles,	let them lie.

The same irregularities occur in

sentir,	to feel
servir,	to serve
ferir,	to wound.

25. Dormir, to sleep.

This Verb changes o into u in all persons, in which mentir changes the e into i, as:

durmo,
durma,
durmamos.

26. Ouvir, to hear.

This Verb changes uvi into uç in all persons in which mentir changes e into i, as:

eu ouço, I hear
que eu ouça, that I may hear.

Imperative Mood.
	ouve tu,	hear thou
	ouça elle,	let him hear
	ouçamos nós,	let us hear
	ouvi vós,	hear ye
	oução elles,	let them hear.

Some writers change u into i, as:
oiço,
oiça.

27. Pôr, to place, to put.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu ponho,	I place
tu pões,	thou placest
elle poem,	he places
nós pômos,	we place
vós pondes,	you place
elles poem,	they place.
Imperfect.
eu punha,	I placed
tu punhas,	thou placedst
elle punha,	he placed
nós punhamos,	we placed
vós punheis,	you placed
elles punhão,	they placed.
Perfect.
eu puz,	I have placed
tu puzeste,	thou hast placed
elle póz,	he has placed
nós puzemos,	we have placed
vós puzestes,	you have placed
elles puzerão,	they have placed.
Pluperfect.
eu puzera,	I had placed
tu puzeras,	thou hadst placed
elle puzera,	he had placed
nós puzeramos,	we had placed
vós puzereis,	you had placed
elles puzerão,	they had placed.
Future.
eu porei,	I shall place
tu porás,	thou shalt place
elle porá,	he shall place
nós poremos,	we shall place
vós poreis,	you shall place
elles porão,	they shall place.
Conditional.
eu poria,	I should place
tu porias,	thou shouldst place
elle poria,	he should place
nós poriamos,	we should place
vós porieis,	you should place
elles porião,	they should place.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu ponha,	that I may place
	tu ponhas,	that thou mayest place
	elle ponha,	that he may place
	nós ponhamos,	that we may place
	vós ponhais,	that you may place
	elles ponhão,	that they may place.
Imperfect.
que	eu puzera,	that I might place
	tu puzeras,	that thou mightst place
	elle puzera,	that he might place
	nós puzeramos,	that we might place
	vós puzereis,	that you might place
	elles puzerão,	that they might place.
Perfect.
que	eu puzesse,	that I may have placed
	tu puzesses,	that thou mayest have placed
	elle puzesse,	that he may have placed
	nós puzessemos,	that we may have placed
	vós puzesseis,	that you may have placed
	elles puzessem,	that they may have placed.
Future.
quando	eu puzer,	when I shall place
	tu puzeres,	when thou shall place
	elle puzer,	when he shall place
	nós puzermos,	when we shall place
	vós puzerdes,	when you shall place
	elles puzerem,	when they shall place.
Imperative Mood.
	põe tu,	place thou
	ponha elle,	let him place
	ponhamos nós,	let us place
	ponde vós,	place ye
	ponhão elles,	let them place.

Gerund: pondo, placing.

Participle: posto, posta, placed.

The Verbs composed by pôr are conjugated in the same manner, as:

antepôr, compôr, depôr, dispôr, propôr.

16.

The following Verbs have two Participles, a regular and an irregular one.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

aceitar,	to accept,	aceitado,	aceito
enxugar,	to dry,	enxugado,	enxuto
exceptuar,	to except,	exceptuado,	excepto
expressar,	to express,	expressado,	expresso
expulsar,	to expel,	expulsado,	expulso
gastar,	to spend,	gastado,	gasto
imprensar,	to print,	imprensado,	impresso
izentar,	to except,	izentado,	izento
manifestar,	to manifest,	manifestado,	manifesto
pagar,	to pay,	pagado,	pago
salvar,	to save,	salvado,	salvo
professar,	to act, profess,	professado,	professo
soltar,	to set at liberty,	soltado,	solto
sujeitar,	to subject,	sujeitado,	sujeito.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

absolver,	to acquit,	absolvido, -	absoluto
absolver,	to acquit,	absolvido, -	absolto
absorver,	to swallow,	absorvido,	absorto
accender,	to light,	accendido,	acceso
corromper,	to corrupt,	corrompido,	corrupto
eleger,	to elect,	elegido,	eleito
encher,	to fill,	enchido,	cheio
envolver,	to envelope,	envolvido,	envolto
escrever,	to write,	escrevido,	escrito
incorrer,	to incur (a penalty),	incorrido,	incurso
interromper,	to interrupt,	interrompido,	interrupto
morrer,	to die,	morrido,	morto
prender,	to take (into charge),	prendido,	preso
romper,	to break (open),	rompido,	roto
suspender,	to postpone,	suspendido,	suspenso
torcer,	to turn,	torcido,	torto.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

abrir,	to open,	abrido,	aberto
affligir,	to afflict,	affligido,	afflicto
concluir,	to close, shut,	concluido,	concluso
contrahir,	to contract,	contrahido,	contracto
cubrir,	to cover,	cubrido,	cuberto
distinguir,	to distinguish,	distinguido,	distincto
distrahir,	to abstract,	distrahido,	distracto
erigir,	to erect,	erigido,	erecto
exhaurir,	to exhaust,	exhaurido,	exhausto
expellir,	to expel,	expellido,	expulso
exprimir,	to express,	exprimido,	expresso
exstinguir,	to extinguish,	extinguido,	extincto
extrahir,	to extract,	extrahido,	extracto
frigir,	to fry,	frigido,	frito
imprimir,	to impress,	imprimido,	impresso
incluir,	to shut up,	incluido,	incluso
inserir,	to insert,	inserido,	inserto
opprimir,	to oppress,	opprimido,	oppresso
possuir,	to possess,	possuido,	possesso
reprimir,	to suppress,	reprimido,	represso
submergir,	to submerge,	submergido,	submerso
supprimir,	to oppress,	supprimido,	suppresso
surgir,	to anchor,	surgido,	surto.

The first or regular form of these Participles is generally used for the compound tenses, whilst the second or irregular form is Generally used with ser or estar.

17.
Impersonal Verbs

are only used in the third person Singular, they are:

Chover,	to rain	-	chove,	it rains
relampager	to lighten	-	relampaga	it lightens
fuzilar	to lighten	-	fuzila	it lightens
trovejar,	to thunder	-	troveja,	it thunders
choviscar,	to drizzle (rain)	-	chovisca,	it drizzles
nevar,	to snow	-	neva,	it snows
gelar,	to freeze	-	gela,	it freezes.

They follow those Conjugations to which they belong.

18.
Adverbs.

1.
Adverbs of Time.

Hoje,	to-day
agora,	now
hontem,	yesterday
presentemente,	at present
antehontem,	the day before yesterday
antigamente,	in times past
ultimamente,	lastly
recentemente,	lately
amanhãa,	to-morrow
logo,	directly
depois de amanhãa,	the day after to-morrow
daqui por diante,	from hence, in future
sempre,	always
desde,	since
ainda,	yet.

2.
Adverbs of Place.

aqui,	here
ali, acolá,	there
arriba,	above
abaixo,	below
além,	on the other side
daquem,	on this side
á mão direita,	to the right
á mão esquerda,	to the left
d’ali,	from here.

3.
Adverbs of Number and Comparison.

primeiramente,	firstly
segundamente,	secondly
em terceiro lugar,	thirdly
depois,	afterwards
raramente, de maravilha,	rarely
mais,	more
menos,	less
tão	almost
como se	almost
como,	as
assim,	just so, the same
melhor,	better
peior,	worse
quasi,	almost
em parte,	partly
quando muito,	highest
quando menos,	least.

4.
Adverbs of Manner and Kind.

muito,	very
bem,	good, well
mal,	bad
pouco,	little
assaz,	enough
demasiadamente,	too much
sufficientemente,	sufficient
abundantemente,	abundantly
mesmo,	even
apenas,	scarcely
senão,	only
principalmente,	chiefly
em geral,	generally, altogether.

5.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.

sim,	yes
certamente,	certainly
verdadeiramente,	indeed
não,	no
nada,	nothing
talvez	perhaps
pode ser
quiça
quando?	when?
como?	how?
porque?	why?
quanto?	how much?
onde?	where?
aonde?	whereto?

The Adverbs are not declined, but some are compared like the Adjectives, as:

mais ricamente,	richer
menos ricamente,	less rich
tão ricamente,	just as rich
muito ricamente,	very rich
o mais ricamente,	the richest;

Superl.
bem,	good,	formes	the	Comp.:	melhor	-	optimamente
mal,	bad,	-	-	-	peior	-	pessimamente.

19.

The following Adverbs are principally in use:

agora,	now	de improviso	extempore
hoje,	to-day	improvisamente	extempore
amanhãa,	to-morrow	quasi, casi,	almost
amanhãa pela manhãa,	to-morrow-morning	então,	then
depois de amanhãa,	the day after to-morrow	desde então,	since
frequentamente,	frequently, often	desde quando?	since when?
nunca,	never	de quando ha?	how long ago?
ordinariamente,	generally	quando bem	even
jamais,	never	ainda quando	even
tarde,	late	quando muito,	highest, at latest
cedo,	early	quando menos,	at least
daqui por diante,	in future	cá,	here
ultimamente,	lastly, at latest	alli,	there
recentemente,	lately	ahi,	there, where (you are}
logo,	soon	acolá,	there
depois,	afterwards	traz	behind
abundantemente,	abundantly	detraz	behind
com razão, justamente,	in justice	para traz,	backwards
absolutamente,	absolutely	isto he,	that is to say
já para já,	immediately	em vez, em lugar,	instead
com condição,	under the condition	tambem,	also
actualmente,	actually, at present	tanto que	as soon as
de proposito,	purposely	logo que	as soon as
admiravelmente	admirable	acaso,	accidentally
maravilhosamente	admirable	ainda,	yet
as mil maravilhas,	exquisitely	finalmente,	at last
astutamente,	artfully	muito,	much, very
atraiçoadamente,	traitorously	depressa,	quickly
de maravilha,	very rarely	aqui,	here
a miudo,	often	até,	until
assim	so, equally so	bem,	well, good
tão	so, equally so	mal,	bad
apressa,	quickly, in haste	como,	how, as
facilmente,	easily	como?	how?
ao avesso,	reversedly	primeiro que,	before that
as avessas,	reversedly	primeiro que tudo,	before all
de balde,	in vain	fora,	out, out of
antes		já,	already
juntamente	tpgether	abaixo,	below
enteiramente	entirely	acima,	above
ao redor,	round about	onde,	where
loucamente	foolishly	nada	nothing
atrevidamente	boldly	de cór,	by heart
felizmente,	happily	em vão,	in vain
vergonhosamente,	infamously	escassamente,	scarcely, rarely
nem se quer,	even if	em fin,	at last
mais,	more	longe,	long, far
menos,	less	verdadeiramente,	truly
sim,	yes	dentro,	thereinto
não,	no	as vezes,	sometimes
de vagar,	slowly	quando,	when
		quanto,	how much.

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17. Impersonal Verbs

18. Adverbs.

1. Adverbs of Time.

2. Adverbs of Place.

3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison.

4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind.

5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.