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A preface to morals

Chapter 94: NOTES
By Walter Lippmann
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About This Book

The essays trace the erosion of traditional religious authority and moral certainty under modern social and intellectual forces, diagnosing the resulting sense of unbelief and loss of meaning. They analyze how modern science, capitalism, art, and politics dissolve ancestral orders, then propose a secular humanism grounded in a balance of freedom and restraint, the cultivation of virtue, and institutions that channel creativity and loyalty. Subsequent sections explore practical implications for business, government, and intimate life, including sexual ethics and social policy, arguing for moral frameworks compatible with democratic pluralism and the creative energies of modernity.

NOTES

[Transcriber’s note: a standard page of this book had 31 or 32 lines.]

PAGE LINE
4 32 Quoted in Irving Babbitt, Rousseau and Romanticism, p. 181.
5 4 John Herman Randall Jr., The Making of the Modern Mind, p. 118.
5 21 From The City of Dreadful Night, cited, Babbitt, op. cit., p. 332.
5 24 For discussion of this theme, cf. Babbitt, op. cit. passim.
5 29 Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, Act III, Scene IV.
6 12 From Byron, The Island, cited, Babbitt, op. cit., p. 186.
6 16 From T. H. Huxley, Address on University Education, delivered, 1876, at the formal opening of Johns Hopkins University. I am indebted to Mr. Henry Hazlitt for the quotation.
7 11 Cited, Babbitt, op. cit., p. 341.
7 20 Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, LXIX, cited, Babbitt, op. cit., p. 261.
11 12 Cf. W. R. Inge, The Platonic Tradition in English Religious Thought.
11 19 W. C. Greene, Introduction to Selection from the Dialogues of Plato, p. xxiv.
13 27 Calvin, Institutes, Book IV, Chapter X, Paragraph 7, cited A. C. M’Giffert, Protestant Thought Before Kant, p. 90.
21 32 Harry Emerson Fosdick, Adventurous Religion, p. 59.
24 8 W. C. Brownell, Scribner’s Magazine, Vol. XXX, p. 112, cited in footnote, William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience, p. 115.
24 25 William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience, p. 518.
25 12 James, op. cit., p. 519.
26 7 Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, pp. 249–250.
27 12 Bertrand Russell, A Free Man’s Worship, in Mysticism and Logic, p. 54.
27 27 Kirsopp Lake, The Religion of Yesterday and Tomorrow.
30 2 W. R. Inge, Science, Religion and Reality, p. 388.
31 3 Cf. W. B. Riley, The Faith of the Fundamentalists, Times Current History, June, 1927.
34 18 Fundamentalism and the Faith, Commonweal, Aug. 19, 1925.
35 25 George Santayana, Reason in Religion, p. 97.
37 22 The material in this section is taken from Harry Emerson Fosdick, The Modern Use of the Bible.
40 2 Fosdick, op. cit., p. 83.
42 5 Fosdick, The Desire for Immortality, in Adventurous Religion.
44 10 W. R. Inge, The Philosophy of Plotinus, Vol. II, p. 166.
44 23 W. R. Inge, The Platonic Tradition in English Religious Thought.
47 30 Fosdick, The Modern Use of the Bible.
51 22 Cf. Rudolf Otto, Chrysostom on the Inconceivable in God, in The Idea of the Holy. Appendix I; cf. also the Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. VIII, p. 452; cf. also William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience, Lecture III.
56 21 Lord Acton, inaugural Lecture on the Study of History, in Lectures on Modern History.
70 29 Otto Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages—Translated by F. W. Maitland, p. 7.
71 14 From the Song of Roland, cited, Henry Adams, Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres, p. 29.
72 18 For an analysis of the texts on which this claim was based, cf. James T. Shotwell and Louise Ropes Loomis, The See of Peter.
73 18 Cited in A. C. M’Giffert, Protestant Thought Before Kant, p. 44.
74 7 For a comprehensive condemnation by the Holy See of modern opinions which undermine the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, see the Syllabus of Pius IX (1864) and the Syllabus of Pius X (1907). The Syllabus of 1864 lists and condemns eighty principal errors of our time, and is described by the Catholic Encyclopedia (Vol. XIV, p. 369) as opposition “to the high tide of that intellectual movement of the Nineteenth Century which strove to sweep away the foundations of all human and Divine order.” The Syllabus of 1907 condemns sixty-five propositions of the Modernists which would “destroy the foundations of all natural and supernatural knowledge.” (Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. XIV, p. 370.) It should be noted that there is difference of opinion among Catholic scholars as to the binding power of these two pronouncements, and also that their meaning is open to elaborate interpretation.
75 2 Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. XIV, p. 766.
76 20 J. N. Figgis, Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, Cambridge Modern History, Vol. III, p. 743.
79 4 Cf. J. N. Figgis, op. cit., p. 742.
80 20 For an able recent exposition by an American of this theory of absolutism, cf. Charles C. Marshall, The Roman Catholic Church in the Modern State.
85 24 Cited R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, p. 44.
86 13 Cited Tawney, op. cit., p. 243.
98 6 The facts cited in this section are from: E. Mâle, L’Art Religieux du XIIIeme Siècle en France, and L’Art Religieux de la Fin du Moyen-Age en France. But cf. G. G. Coulton, Art and the Reformation.
102 28 Prometheus Unbound, cited A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, p. 119.
104 23 R. H. Wilenski, The Modern Movement in Art, p. 5.
109 10 Cf. Diego Rivera, The Revolution in Painting, in Creative Art, Vol. IV, No. 1. “And there is absolutely no reason to be frightened because the subject is so essential. On the contrary, precisely because the subject is admitted as a prime necessity, the artist is absolutely free to create a thoroughly plastic form of art. The subject is to the painter what the rails are to a locomotive. He cannot do without it. In fact, when he refuses to seek or accept a subject, his own plastic methods and his own esthetic theories become his subject instead. And even if he escapes them, he himself becomes the subject of his work. He becomes nothing but an illustrator of his own state of mind, and in trying to liberate himself he falls into the worst form of slavery. That is the cause of all the boredom which emanates from so many of the large expositions of modern art, a fact testified to again and again by the most different temperaments.”
109 18 Bernard Berenson, The Florentine Painters of the Renaissance, p. 19.
111 4 Cf. R. H. Wilenski, The Modern Movement in Art, p. 119.
116 4 Cf. George Santayana, Reason in Religion, pp. 92 et seq.
119 28 Cf. Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. X, p. 342.
123 17 Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, p. 257.
127 2 A. S. Eddington, Stars and Atoms, p. 121.
128 1 John Herman Randall Jr., The Making of the Modern Mind, p. 100.
128 9 Epist. ad Can Grand, cited in footnote to Paradiso in the Temple Classics.
129 3 Cf. P. W. Bridgman, The Logic of Modern Physics, p. 45.
129 23 C. S. Peirce, How to Make Our Ideas Clear in Chance, Love and Logic, edited by Morris R. Cohen.
130 4 Bridgman, op. cit., p. 38.
135 2 Cited L. R. Farnell, The Attributes of God, p. 275.
137 31 Cf. M. C. Otto, Natural Laws and Human Hopes, pp. 32 et seq.
146 29 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. XII, p. 345.
147 29 Cf. B. L. Manning, The People’s Faith in the Time of Wyclif.
148 3 Fosdick, Adventurous Religion, p. 85 et seq.
148 9 Santayana, Reason in Religion, p. 43.
148 17 L. R. Farnell, The Attributes of God, p. 15.
149 14 Manning, op. cit.
159 2 Herbert Asbury, A Methodist Saint, The Life of Bishop Asbury, p. 265.
160 20 Cf. Encyclopedia Britannica, “Asceticism.”
161 17 Cf. Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. I, p. 768.
162 5 Quoted in Irving Babbitt, Rousseau and Romanticism, p. 45.
162 19 Rabelais, Book II, Chapter 34.
163 6 Cited Henry Osborn Taylor, Thought and Expression in the Sixteenth Century, Vol. I, p. 330.
163 25 Babbitt, op. cit., p. 161.
163 28 Cf. Dora Russell, The Right to be Happy.
164 5 Cf. Bertrand Russell, Political Ideals.
165 17 T. W. Rhys Davids, Buddhism, p. 111.
166 22 Ethics, Book II, Chapter 9.
177 3 S. Freud, Formulierung über die zwei Prinzipien des psychischen Geschehens, 1911, Jahrb, Bd., I, s. 411.
177 10 S. Ferenczi, Stages in the Development of the Sense of Reality, 1913. In Contributions to Psychoanalysis, translated by Dr. Ernest Jones.
192 13 Spinoza, Ethics, Part V, Prop. XLII.
192 23 Cf. T. W. Rhys Davids, Buddhism, p. 110.
192 31 Confucian Analects, Book II, Chapter 4.
195 25 A. N. Whitehead, Religion in the Making, pp. 15–16.
196 20 Analects VII, XX.
197 24 Ethics, Part V, Prop. XLII.
199 19 Cf. T. W. Rhys Davids, Buddhism, p. 84.
199 30 C. Snouck Hurgronje, Mohammedanism, p. 82.
200 18 Republic, VI, 495, 504.
205 5 Cf. J. Burnet, Philosophy in The Legacy of Greece, edited by R. W. Livingstone, p. 67.
218 9 Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, Book Third, Translation by H. A. J. Munro.
220 1 Spinoza, Ethics, Part V, Prop. III.
220 4 Id., Part V, Prop. VI.
224 28 Aristotle, Ethics, Book IV, Chapter III.
232 18 Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West.
233 25 C. A. Beard, Is Western Civilization in Peril? Harper’s Magazine, August, 1928.
234 17 H. G. Wells, The Outline of History, Vol. II, pp. 394–5.
235 30 A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, p. 4.
236 10 W. T. Sedgwick and H. W. Tyler, A Short History of Science, p. 269. Cf. Martha Ornstein, The Role of Scientific Societies in the Seventeenth Century.
237 7 J. B. Bury, The Idea of Progress, p. 330.
238 16 For a most illuminating description of the behavior of a great scientific investigator, cf. Claude Bernard, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine.
238 26 Bertrand Russell, Mysticism and Logic, p. 42.
240 19 Cf. Graham Wallas, Our Social Heritage, Chapter I.
241 12 John Herman Randall Jr., The Making of the Modern Mind, p. 279.
242 24 Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book IV, Chapter 9.
245 4 Cited in R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, p. 286.
265 19 Otto Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Age, Translated by F. W. Maitland, p. 23.
266 9 Id., p. 88.
266 12 Cf. J. W. Garner, Introduction to Political Science, p. 92.
267 7 For a discussion of the concept of sovereignty in the modern world, cf. Otto Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages; J. N. Figgis, Churches in the Modern State; Lord Acton, History of Freedom and Other Essays; H. J. Laski, A Grammar of Politics; Kung Chuan Hsiao, Political Pluralism.
274 11 William Hard, Who’s Hoover? p. 193.
280 31 Reflections on the French Revolution, cf. Garner, op. cit., p. 112.
288 6 Genesis XXXVIII; cf. Harold Cox, The Problem of Population, pp. 208–211, for an interpretation of the story of Onan in the light of Deut. XXV, which shows that the crime of Onan was not the spilling of his seed, but a breach of Jewish tribal law in refusing “to perform the duty of a husband’s brother” with his brother’s widow.
289 1 Psalm 127, cf. Cox, op. cit.
289 9 The historical data are from A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem, Chapter I.
295 6 Havelock Ellis, Love as an Art, in Count Hermann Keyserling’s The Book of Marriage, p. 388.
295 21 Santayana, The Life of Reason, Vol. II, p. 10.
297 3 C. E. M. Joad, Thrasymachus, or The Future of Morals, pp. 54–55.
297 15 Havelock Ellis, The Family, in Whither Mankind, p. 216.
299 4 Quoted in Judge Ben B. Lindsey and Wainwright Evans, The Companionate Marriage, p. 210.
302 18 Cf. Alfred Weber, History of Philosophy, p. 72.
304 24 Love—Or the Life and Death of a Value, Atlantic Monthly, August, 1928.
310 14 Reason in Society, p. 22.
313 6 W. R. Inge, The Philosophy of Plotinus, Vol. II, p. 161.
320 15 John Keats, Letters to John Taylor, Feb. 27, 1818—in Oxford Book of English Prose, No. 379.