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A Short History of Astronomy

Chapter 21: INDEX OF NAMES.
By Arthur Berry
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About This Book

The book outlines astronomy's development from ancient times to the author's present, presenting the growth of observational techniques and theoretical frameworks while minimizing mathematical detail. It traces successive models for planetary motion, including the rise and fall of epicycles and the adoption of gravitational mechanics, discusses methods of observation and selective observational results, and includes concise biographical sketches of major contributors. The author purposely omits detailed treatments of certain early Oriental traditions and of instruments, and emphasizes how obsolete theories illuminate the scientific process of hypothesis, testing, and revision.

INDEX OF NAMES.

Roman figures refer to the chapters, Arabic to the articles. The numbers given in brackets after the name of an astronomer are the dates of birth and death. All dates are A.D. unless otherwise stated. In cases in which an authors name occurs in several articles, the numbers of the articles in which the principal account of him or of his work is given are printed in clarendon type thus: 286. The names of living astronomers are italicised.

  • Abul Wafa. See Wafa
  • Adams (1819-1892), XIII. 286, 287, 289
  • Adelard. See Athelard
  • Airy (1801-1892), X. 227 n; XIII. 281, 282
  • Albategnius (?-929), II. 53; III. 59, 66, 68 n; IV. 84, 85
  • Albert (of Prussia), V. 94
  • Albertus Magnus (13th cent.), III. 67
  • Alcuin (735-804), III. 65
  • Alembert, d’. See D’Alembert
  • Alexander, II. 31
  • Alfonso X. (1223-1284), III. 66, 68; V. 94
  • Al Mamun, III. 57, 69
  • Al Mansur, III. 56
  • Al Rasid, III. 56
  • Alva, VII. 135
  • Anaxagoras (499 B.C.?-427 B.C.?), I. 17
  • Anaximander (610 B.C.-546 B.C.?), I. 11
  • Apian (1495-1552), III. 69; V. 97; VII. 146
  • Apollonius (latter half of 3rd cent. B.C.), II. 38, 39, 45, 51, 52 n; X. 205
  • Arago, XII. 254
  • Archimedes, II. 52 n; III. 62
  • Argelander (1799-1875), XIII. 280
  • Aristarchus (earlier part of 3rd cent. B.C.), II. 24, 32, 41, 42, 54; IV. 75
  • Aristophanes, II. 19
  • Aristotle (384 B.C.-322 B.C.), II. 24,27-30, 31, 47, 51, 52; III. 56, 66, 67, 68; IV. 70, 77; V. 100; VI. 116, 121, 125, 134; VIII. 163
  • Aristyllus (earlier part of 3rd cent. B.C.), II. 32, 42
  • Arzachel (fl. 1080), III. 61, 66
  • d’Ascoli, Cecco (13th cent.), III. 67
  • Athelard (beginning of 12th cent.), III. 66
  • Auzout (?-1691), VIII. 155, 160; X. 198
  • Bacon, Francis (1561-1627), VI. 134; VIII. 163
  • Bacon, Roger (1214?-1294), III. 67; VI. 118
  • Bailly, XI. 237
  • Ball, XIII. 278 n
  • Bär, Reymers (Ursus) (?-1600), V. 105
  • Barberini (Urban VIII.), VI. 125, 127, 131, 132
  • Barnard, XIII. 294, 295
  • Baronius, VI. 125
  • Barrow, Isaac, IX. 166
  • Bayer, XII. 266
  • Bede, III. 65
  • Begh, Ulugh. See Ulugh Begh
  • Bellarmine, VI. 126
  • Bentley, IX. 191
  • Berenice, I. 12
  • Bernouilli, Daniel (1700-1782), XI. 230
  • Bernouilli, James (1654-1705), XI. 230
  • Bernouilli, John (1667-1748), XI. 229, 230
  • Bessel (1784-1846), X. 198 n, 218; XIII. 272, 277-278, 279, 280
  • Bille, V. 99
  • Bliss (1700-1764), X. 219
  • Bond, William Cranch (1789-1859), XIII. 295
  • Borelli (1608-1679), IX. 170
  • Bouguer (1698-1758), X. 219, 221
  • Boullian. See Bullialdus
  • Bouvard, XI. 247 n; XIII. 289
  • Bradley (1693-1762), X. 198, 206-218, 219, 222-226; XI. 233; XII. 257, 258, 263, 264; XIII. 272, 273, 275, 277
  • Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601), III. 60, 62; V. 97, 98 n, 99-112; VI. 113, 117, 127; VII. 136-139, 141 n, 142, 145, 146, 148; VIII. 152, 153, 162; IX. 190; X. 198, 203, 225; XII. 257; XIII. 275
  • Brudzewski, IV. 71
  • Bruno, VI. 132
  • Bullialdus (1605-1694), XII. 266
  • Bunsen, XIII. 299
  • Burckhardt (1773-1825), XI. 241
  • Bürg (1766-1834), XI. 241
  • Bürgi (1552-1632), V. 97, 98; VIII. 157
  • Burney, Miss, XII. 260
  • Burnham, XIII. 309
  • Caccini, VI, 125
  • Caesar, II. 21; III. 67
  • Callippus (4th cent. B.C.), II. 20, 26, 27
  • Capella, Martianus (5th or 6th cent. A.D.), IV. 75
  • Carlyle, XI. 232
  • Carrington (1826-1875), XIII. 298, 302
  • Cartesius. See Descartes
  • Cassini, Count (1748-1845), X. 220
  • Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625-1712), VIII. 160, 161; IX. 187; X. 216, 220, 221, 223; XII. 253, 267; XIII. 297
  • Cassini, Jacques (1677-1756), X. 220, 221, 222
  • Cassini de Thury (1714-1784), X. 220
  • Castelli, VI. 125
  • Catherine II., X. 227; XI. 230, 232
  • Cavendish (1731-1810), X. 219
  • Cecco d’Ascoli (1257?-1327), III. 67
  • Chandler, XIII. 285
  • Charlemagne, III. 65
  • Charles II., X. 197, 223
  • Charlois, XIII. 294
  • Christian (of Denmark), V. 106
  • Christine (the Grand Duchess), VI. 125
  • Clairaut (1713-1765), XI. 229, 230, 231, 232, 233-235, 237, 239, 248; XIII. 290
  • Clement VII., IV. 73
  • Clerke, XIII. 289 n
  • Clifford, IX. 173 n
  • Colombe, Ludovico delle, VI. 119 n
  • Columbus, III. 68
  • La Condamine (1701-1774), X. 219, 221
  • Conti, VI. 125
  • Cook, X. 227
  • Coppernicus (1473-1543), II. 24, 41 n, 54; III. 55, 62, 69; IV. passim; V. 93-97, 100, 105, 110, 111; VI. 117, 126, 127, 129; VII. 139, 150; IX. 186, 194; XII. 257; XIII. 279
  • Cornu, XIII. 283
  • Cosmo de Medici, VI. 121
  • Cotes (1682-1716), IX. 192
  • Crosthwait, X. 198
  • Cusa, Nicholas of (1401-1464), IV. 75
  • D’Alembert (1717-1783), X. 215; XI. 229, 230, 231 n, 232-235, 237-239, 248
  • Damoiseau (1768-1846), XIII. 286
  • Dante, III. 67; VI. 119 n
  • Darwin, XIII. 292, 320
  • Da Vinci. See Vinci
  • Dawes (1799-1868), XIII. 295
  • Delambre, II. 44; X. 218; XI. 247 n; XIII. 272
  • Delaunay (1816-1872), XIII 286, 287
  • De Morgan, II. 52 n
  • Descartes (1596-1650), VIII. 163
  • Diderot, XI. 232
  • Digges, Leonard (?-1571?), VI. 118
  • Digges, Thomas (?-1595), V. 95
  • Donati (1826-1873), XIII. 304
  • Doppler (1803-1853), XIII. 302
  • Dreyer, XIII. 308
  • Dunér, XIII. 302
  • Ecphantus (5th or 6th cent. B.C.), II. 24
  • Eddin, Nassir (1201-1273), III. 62, 68; IV. 73
  • Encke (1791-1865), X. 227; XIII. 284
  • Eratosthenes (276 B.C.-195 or 196 B.C.), II. 33, 45, 54; X. 221
  • Euclid (fl. 300 B.C.), II. 33, 52 n; III. 62, 66; VI. 115; IX. 165
  • Eudoxus (409 B.C.?-356 B.C.?), II. 26, 27, 38, 42, 51
  • Euler (1707-1783), X. 215, 226; XI. 229, 230, 231 n, 233-236, 237, 239, 242, 243; XIII. 290
  • Fabricius, John (1587-1615?), VI. 124
  • Ferdinand (the Emperor), VII. 137, 147
  • Fernel (1497-1558), III. 69
  • Ferrel, XIII. 287
  • Field (1525?-1587), V. 95
  • Fizeau (1819-1896), XIII. 283
  • Flamsteed (1646-1720), IX. 192; X. 197, 198, 199, 204, 207 n, 218, 225; XII. 257; XIII. 275, 281
  • Fracastor (1483-1553), III. 69; IV. 89; VII. 146
  • Fraunhofer (1787-1826), XIII. 299, 311
  • Frederick II. (of Denmark), V. 101, 102, 106
  • Frederick II. (the Emperor), III. 66
  • Frederick II. (of Prussia), XI. 230, 232, 237
  • Galen, II. 20; III. 56; VI. 116
  • Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642), II. 30 n, 47; IV. 73; V. 96, 98 n; VI. passim; VII. 135, 136, 138, 145, 151; VIII. 152-154, 157, 163; IX. 165, 168, 170, 171, 173, 179, 180, 186, 190, 195; X. 216; XII. 253, 257, 263, 268; XIII. 278, 295
  • Galilei, Vincenzo, VI. 113
  • Galle, XIII. 281, 289
  • Gascoigne (1612?-1644), VIII. 155, 156; X. 198
  • Gauss (1777-1855), XIII. 275, 276, 294
  • Gautier (1793-1881), XIII. 298
  • Genghis Khan, III. 62
  • George III, XII. 254-256
  • Gerbert (?-1003), III. 66
  • Gherardo of Cremona (1114-1187), III. 66
  • Gibbon, II. 53 n
  • Giese, IV. 74
  • Gilbert (1540-1603), VII. 150
  • Gill, XIII. 280, 281
  • Glaisher, XIII. 289 n
  • Godin (1704-1760), X. 221
  • Goodricke (1764-1786), XII. 266
  • Grant, XIII, 289 n
  • Grassi, VI. 127
  • Gregory, James (1638-1675), IX. 168, 169; X. 202
  • Gregory XIII., II. 22
  • Gyldén (1841-1896), XIII. 288
  • Hainzel, V. 99
  • Hale, XIII. 301
  • Halifax, John. See Sacrobosco
  • Halifax (Marquis of), IX. 191
  • Hall, XIII. 283 n, 295
  • Halley (1656-1742), VIII. 156; IX. 176, 177, 192 n; X. 198, 199-205, 206, 216, 223, 224, 227; XI. 231, 233, 235, 243; XII. 265; XIII. 287, 290
  • Hansen (1795-1874), XIII. 282, 284, 286, 290
  • Harkness, XIII. 301
  • Harriot (1560-1621), VI. 118, 124
  • Harrison, X. 226
  • Harun al Rasid, III. 56
  • Helmholtz (1821-1894), XIII. 319
  • Hencke (1793-1866), XIII. 294
  • Henderson (1798-1844), XIII. 279
  • Heraclitus (5th cent. B.C.), 11, 24
  • Herschel, Alexander, XII. 251
  • Herschel, Caroline (1750-1848), XII. 251, 254-256, 260
  • Herschel, John (1792-1871), I. 12; X. 221; XI. 242; XII. 256; XIII. 289 n, 306-308, 309, 316, 317, 319
  • Herschel, William (1738-1822), IX. 168; X. 223, 227; XI. 250; XII. passim; XIII. 272, 273, 294, 296, 306-311, 317, 318
  • Hesiod, 11, 19, 20
  • Hevel (1611-1687), VIII. 153; X. 198; XII. 268
  • Hicetas (6th or 5th cent. B.C.), II. 24; IV. 75
  • Hill, XI. 233 n; XIII. 286, 290
  • Hipparchus (2nd cent. B.C.), I. 13; II. 25, 27, 31, 32, 37-44, 45, 47-52, 54; III 63, 68; IV. 73, 84; V. 111; VII. 145
  • Hippocrates, III. 56
  • Holwarda (1618-1651), XII. 266
  • Holywood. See Sacrobosco
  • Honein ben Ishak (?-873), III. 56
  • Hooke (1635-1703), IX. 174, 176; X. 207, 212
  • Horky, VI. 121
  • Horrocks (1617?-1641), VIII. 156; IX. 183; X. 204
  • Howlett, XIII. 298
  • Huggins, XIII. 301, 304, 311-313
  • Hulagu Khan, III. 62
  • Humboldt, XIII. 298
  • Hutton (1737-1823), X. 219
  • Huygens (1629-1695), V. 98 n; VI. 123; VIII. 154, 155, 157, 158; IX. 170-172, 191
  • Hypatia (?-415), II. 53
  • Ibn Yunos. See Yunos
  • Ishak ben Honein (?-910 or 911), III. 56
  • James I., V. 102; VII. 147
  • James II., IX. 192
  • Janssen, XIII. 301, 307 n
  • Joachim. See Rheticus
  • Kaas, V. 106
  • Kant, XI. 250; XII. 258, 260; XIII. 287
  • Kapteyn, XIII. 280
  • Kelvin, XIII. 292
  • Kepler (1571-1630), II. 23, 51 n, 54; IV. 91; V. 94, 100, 104, 108-110; VI. 113, 121, 130, 132; VII. passim; VIII. 152, 156, 160; IX. 168-170, 172, 175, 176, 190, 194, 195; X. 202, 205, 220; XI. 228, 244; XIII. 294, 301, 309
  • Kirchhoff (1824-1887), XIII. 299, 300, 311
  • Kirkwood (1815-1895), XIII. 294, 297
  • Koppernigk, IV. 71
  • Korra, Tabit ben. See Tabit
  • Lacaille (1713-1762), X.222-224, 225, 227; XI. 230, 233, 235; XII. 257, 259
  • La Condamine (1701-1774), X. 219, 221
  • Lagrange (1736-1813), IX. 193; XI. 229, 231 n, 233 n, 236, 237, 238-240, 242-245, 247, 248; XII. 251; XIII. 293, 294
  • Lalande (1732-1807), XI. 235, 241, 247 n; XII. 265
  • Lambert (1728-1777), XI. 243; XII. 265
  • Lami, IX. 180 n
  • Landgrave of Hesse. See William IV.
  • Langley, XIII. 307
  • Lansberg (1561-1632), VIII. 156
  • Laplace (1749-1827), XI. 229, 231 n, 238-248, 250; XII. 251, 256; XIII. 272, 273, 282, 286-288, 290, 293, 297, 318-320
  • Lassell (1799-1880), XII. 267; XIII. 295
  • Lavoisier, XI. 237
  • Legendre (1752-1833), XIII. 275, 276
  • Leibniz, IX. 191, 193
  • Lemaire, XII. 255
  • Leverrier (1811-1877), XIII. 282, 284, 288, 289, 290, 293, 294
  • Lexell (1740-1784), XII. 253
  • Lindenau, XI. 247 n
  • Lionardo da Vinci. See Vinci
  • Lippersheim (?-1619), VI. 118
  • Locke, IX. 191
  • Lockyer, XIII. 301, 302
  • Loewy, XIII. 283 n
  • Louis XIV., VIII. 160
  • Louis XVI., XI. 237
  • Louville (1671-1732), XI. 229
  • Lubbock (1803-1865), XIII. 286, 292
  • Luther, IV. 73; V. 93
  • Machin (?-1751), X. 214
  • Maclaurin (1698-1746), X. 196; XI. 230, 231; XII. 251
  • Maestlin, VII. 135
  • Maraldi, X. 220
  • Marius (1570-1624), VI. 118; VII. 145
  • Martianus Capella. See Capella
  • Maskelyne (1732-1811), X. 219; XII. 254, 265
  • Mason (1730-1787), X. 226; XI. 241
  • Matthias (the Emperor), VII. 143, 147
  • Maupertuis (1698-1759), X. 213, 221; XI. 229, 231
  • Maxwell (1831-1879), XIII. 297
  • Mayer, Tobias (1723-1762), X. 217, 225, 226; XI. 233, 241; XII. 265
  • Melanchthon, IV. 73, 74; V. 93
  • Messier (1730-1817), XII. 259, 260
  • Meton (460 B.C.?-?), II. 20
  • Michel Angelo, VI. 113
  • Michell, John (1724-1793), X. 219; XII. 263, 264
  • Michelson, XIII. 283
  • Molyneux (1689-1728), X. 207
  • Montanari (1632-1687), XII. 266
  • Müller. See Regiomontanus
  • Napier, V. 97 n
  • Napoleon I., XI. 238; XII. 256
  • Napoleon, Lucien, XI. 238 n
  • Nassir Eddin. See Eddin, Nassir
  • Newcomb, X. 227 n; XIII. 283, 286, 290
  • Newton (1643-1727). II. 54; IV. 75; VI. 130, 133, 134; VII. 144, 150; VIII. 152; IX. passim; X. 196-200, 211, 213, 215-217, 219, 221; XI. 228, 229, 231-235, 238, 249; XII. 257; XIII. 273, 299
  • Niccolini, VI. 132
  • Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464), IV. 75
  • Nonius (1492-1577), III. 69
  • Norwood (1590?-1675), VIII. 159; IX. 173
  • Numa, II. 21
  • Nunez. See Nonius
  • Nyrén, XIII. 283 n
  • Olbers (1758-1840), XIII. 294
  • Orange, Prince of, V. 107
  • Osiander, IV. 74; V. 93
  • Palisa, XIII. 294
  • Palitzsch (1723-1788), XI. 231
  • Pemberton, IX. 192
  • Philolaus (5th cent. B.C.), II. 24; IV. 75
  • Piazzi (1746-1826), XIII. 294
  • Picard (1620-1682), VIII. 155, 157, 159-161, 162; IX. 174; X. 196, 198, 221
  • Pickering, XIII. 314, 316
  • Plana (1781-1869), XIII. 286
  • Plato (428 B.C.?-347 B.C.?), II. 24, 25, 26, 51; IV. 70
  • Plato of Tivoli (fl. 1116), III. 66
  • Pliny (23 A.D.-79 A.D.), II. 45
  • Plutarch, II. 24; XIII. 301
  • Pogson (1829-1891), XIII. 316
  • Poincaré, XIII. 288
  • Poisson (1781-1840), XIII. 286, 293
  • Pontécoulant (1795-1874), XIII. 286
  • Porta, VI. 118
  • Posidonius (135 B.C.?-51 B.C.?), II 45, 47
  • Pouillet (1791-1868), XIII. 307, 319
  • Pound, X. 206, 216
  • Prévost (1751-1839), XII. 265
  • Pritchard (1808-1893), XIII. 278 n, 279, 316
  • Ptolemy, Claudius (fl. 140 A.D.), II. 25, 27, 32, 37, 46-52, 53, 54; III. 55, 57, 59-63, 68; IV. 70, 76, 80, 83-87, 89, 91; V. 94, 105; VI. 121, 129, 134; VII. 145; VIII. 161; IX. 194; X. 205; XI. 236
  • Ptolemy Philadelphus, II. 31
  • Purbach (1423-1461), III. 68; IV. 71
  • Pythagoras (6th cent. B.C.), I. 11, 14; II. 23, 28, 47, 51, 54
  • Recorde (1510-1558), V. 95
  • Regiomontanus (1436-1476), III. 68, 69; IV. 70, 71; V. 97, 110
  • Reimarus. See Bär
  • Reinhold (1511-1553), V.93-96; VII. 139
  • Reymers. See Bär
  • Rheticus (1514-1576), IV. 73, 74; V. 93, 94, 96
  • Ricardo, II. 47 n
  • Riccioli (1598-1671), VIII. 153
  • Richer (?-1696), VIII. 161; IX. 180, 187; X. 199, 221
  • Rigaud. X. 206 n
  • Roemer (1644-1710), VIII. 162; X. 198, 210, 216, 220, 225; XIII. 283
  • Rosse (1800-1867), XIII. 310, 317
  • Rothmann (fl. 1580), V. 97, 98, 106
  • Rudolph II. (the Emperor), V. 106-108; VII. 138, 142, 143
  • Sabine (1788-1883), XIII. 298
  • Sacrobosco (?-1256?), III. 67, 68
  • St. Pierre, X. 197
  • Savary (1797-1841), XIII. 309
  • Scheiner (1575-1650), VI. 124, 125; VII. 138; VIII. 153; XII. 268
  • Schiaparelli, XIII. 297
  • Schomberg, IV. 73
  • Schoner, IV. 74
  • Schönfeld (1828-1891), XIII. 280
  • Schroeter (1745-1816), XII. 267, 271
  • Schwabe (1789-1875), XIII. 298
  • Secchi (1818-1878), XIII. 311, 312
  • See, XIII. 320
  • Seleucus (2nd cent, B.C.), II. 24
  • Shakespeare, VI. 113
  • Sharp (1651-1742), X. 198
  • Slusius, IX. 169
  • Smith, XII. 251
  • Snell (1591-1626), VIII. 159; IX. 173
  • Sosigenes (fl. 45 B.C.), II. 21
  • South (1785-1867), XIII. 306
  • Struve, F. G. W. (1793-1864), XIII. 279, 309
  • Struve, O., XIII. 283 n
  • Svanberg (1771-1851), X. 221
  • Sylvester II. See Gerbert
  • Tabit ben Korra (836-901), III. 56, 58, 68; IV. 84
  • Tamerlane, III. 63
  • Tannery, II. 36 n
  • Thales (640 B.C.?-546 B.C.?), II. 23; III. 55
  • Theon (fl. 365 A.D.), II. 53
  • Theophrastus, II. 24
  • Theophylactus, IV. 72
  • Thomson, T., X. 208 n
  • Thomson, William. See Kelvin
  • Thury, Cassini de. See Cassini de Thury
  • Timocharis (beginning of 3rd cent. B.C.). II. 32, 42; IV. 84
  • Tycho Brahe, See Brahe
  • Ulugh Begh (1394-1449), III. 63, 68; IV. 73
  • Urban VIII. (Barberini), VI. 125, 127, 131, 132
  • Ursus. See Bär
  • Varignon, IX. 180 n
  • Vinci, Lionardo da (1452-1519), III. 69
  • Vogel, XIII. 313, 314
  • Voltaire, II. 21; XI, 229
  • Wafa, Abul (939 or 940-998), III. 60, 68 n; IV. 85; V. 111
  • Wallenstein, VII. 149
  • Walther (1430-1504), III. 68; V. 97
  • Wargentin (1717-1783), X. 216
  • Watzelrode, IV. 71
  • Wefa. See Wafa
  • Welser, VI. 124
  • Whewell (1794-1866), XIII. 292
  • William IV. (Landgrave of Hesse) (1532-1592), V. 97, 98, 100, 105, 106, 110
  • Wilson (1714-1786), XII. 268; XIII. 298
  • Wolf, Max, XIII. 294
  • Wolf, Rudolf (1816-1893), XIII. 298
  • Wollaston (1766-1828), XIII. 299
  • Wren (1632-1723), IX. 174, 176
  • Wright, Thomas (1711-1786), XII. 258, 265
  • Young, XIII. 301
  • Yunos, Ibn (?-1008), III. 60, 62, 68 n
  • von Zach, XI. 247 n