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A Short History of English Liberalism

Chapter 19: My Life By AUGUST BEBEL
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About This Book

The author traces the evolution of liberal political thought in Britain over roughly a century and a half, defining liberalism as a disposition to extend equal opportunity and individual self-development. He contrasts this habit of mind with Tory assumptions of hierarchical duty, surveys the political landscape from the late eighteenth century through reformist movements, examines the French Revolution's effect on opinion, and charts the rise of middle-class influence and economic liberalism. He critiques imperial expansion for its despotic governance and corrosive impact on domestic freedom, and follows the fortunes of liberal ideas into the early twentieth century.

Aberdeen, Lord, 217

American Rebellion, 83;

effect of, on Liberalism, 86

American Civil War, 227, 263

Army Purchase, 241

Balance of Power, 18, 139, 364

Balfour, Arthur, 280 n., 297, 299, 302

Ballot, 107, 241

Beaconsfield, see Disraeli

Bentham, Jeremy, 155

Bowring, Sir John, 221

Bradlaugh, Charles, 283

Bright, John, and Factory Acts, 176, 203;

moral ideals of, 194;

and American Civil War, 228;

and Reform, 219, 232;

on Ireland, 248, 249;

otherwise mentioned, 193, 195, 199, 223, 283

Brougham, Lord, on the franchise, 105;

on religious disabilities, 165;

on Trade Unions, 172;

otherwise mentioned, 176, 181

Burke, Edmund, and Ireland, 57;

on Catholic disabilities, 60;

on Unitarians, 62;

on the franchise, 62, 63;

on American Rebellion, 85, 86;

and Warren Hastings, 93;

and French Revolution, 97, 109, 115

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 322, 324

Canada, affairs of, 182

Canning, George, on the franchise, 48;

and Catholic disabilities, 130;

and nationality, 140, 150

Carlyle, Thomas, and Socialism, 234

Cartwright, Major John, 79, 103, 104, 106, 108

Castlereagh, Lord, on the working class, 46;

on public meetings, 48;

on Dissenters, 52;

on women in politics, 54;

on French War, 133;

at Vienna, 139;

and Reform agitation, 145, 147

Catholics, political condition of, 50, 55;

emancipation of, 91, 127, 129, 161, 162

Chamberlain, Joseph, 33, 272, 279, 321

China, affairs of, 211, 221

Civil Service, reforms in, 241

Clarendon, Lord, 260

Cobden, Richard, on Empire, 40;

and Factory Acts, 176;

moral ideals of, 193;

on intervention, 195;

on social reform, 196;

and Palmerston, 213, 225;

on Ireland, 248;

otherwise mentioned, 199, 223

Collectivism, see Social Reform.

Colonial System, the old, 55, 83;

the new, 182, 204;

and Imperialism, 33

Contagious Diseases Acts, 255

Co-operation, 231

Copenhagen, attack on, 135

Crimean War, 217

Criminal Law, 50;

reforms in, 154

Denmark, Palmerston and, 224

Disestablishment, 307

Disraeli (Beaconsfield), and the franchise, 232;

on Ireland, 248;

Turkish policy of, 266;

Afghan policy of, 270;

and Social Reform, 237;

and Imperialism, 313

Divorce Act, 220

Dorchester Labourers, 172

Durham, Lord, 166;

on Canada, 182

Education, 31;

condition of, 49, 241;

first public grant for, 179;

legislation concerning, 241, 280, 307, 322, 344

Egypt, affairs of, 290, 363

Empire, Liberal and Tory conceptions of, 32, 33

Evolution, theory of, and politics, 309;

and foreign policy, 313;

and social reform, 337

Factory Acts, 175

Fawcett, Henry, 265, 282, 285

Foreign policy, 15, 131, 187, 193, 209, 259, 266, 275, 313, 362

Fox, Charles James, Liberalism of, 66;

on Ireland, 56, 130, 131;

on Catholic disabilities, 61;

on Reform, 90, 105;

Libel Act of, 92;

on political discussion, 125;

on French War, 132;

on international morality, 134

Fox, W. J., 191, 223

Franchise, Liberalism and, 26

Francis, Sir Philip, 63

Franco-Prussian War, 260, 262

Free Trade, 197, 322

French Revolution, 95;

effect of, in England, 96, 100, 118

Friends of the People, Society of, 104

Game Laws, 45, 50, 154, 178

Gladstone, William Ewart, and Colonial system, 208;

on foreign policy, 214, 259, 275;

and paper duty, 221;

and American Civil War, 227, 228;

Liberalism of, 230;

on the franchise, 232;

and Alabama claims, 263;

and Bulgarian atrocities, 267;

and Irish land, 287;

on Home Rule, 296;

otherwise mentioned, 261, 262, 283, 302

Godwin, William, 103

Granville, Lord, 216, 262, 263

Grenville, Lord, 140

Grey, Charles Earl, 97, 125;

on international morality, 136, 140;

on Peninsular War, 137

Hastings, Warren, 93

Hume, Joseph, 159, 199

Imperialism, 33, 305, 313

Industrial Revolution, 70;

political effects of, 73

International morality, 13, 134, 263, 363

Ireland, before Union, 55;

Union with, 128;

since Union, 161, 187;

land question in, 188, 250, 286, 300, 307, 323;

Church in, 249;

Home Rule question in, 294;

and Imperialism, 299;

local government in, 306, 322

Italy, affairs of, 226

Jews, emancipation of, 166 n., 220

Land, social estimate of property in, 43;

reforms in law affecting, 178, 220, 309

Law, Mr. Bonar, 34, 39 n., 305 n.

Libel, law of, 92, 265

Liberalism, definition of, 7;

and class distinctions, 11;

and nationality, 12;

and foreign policy, 15, 260, 275, 362;

and marriage law, 19;

and the franchise, 25;

negative and positive, 8;

and theory of evolution, 311, 316;

since 1906, 324;

and taxation, 341;

and Woman Suffrage, 346

Liquor Trade, 246, 308, 322

Liverpool, Lord, on class distinctions, 44;

on Balance of Power, 139;

on Reform agitation, 148

Local Government, 178, 306, 308

Macaulay, Lord, on the working class, 169;

on the business of Government, 170;

on the franchise, 171;

on social reform, 176;

on education, 181;

on Socialism, 234

Manchester School, 190, 241

Middle-class, social estimate of, 44;

industrial revolution and, 73;

supremacy of, 168

Mill, James, 155

Mill, John Stuart, on nationality, 12;

influence of, 237;

and the condition of women, 252

Mitchelstown, 301

Molesworth, Sir William, on the Colonial system, 204, 205, 206

Municipal Trading, 285

Nationality, Liberalism and, 12;

French Revolution and, 54, 131;

in Europe, 131, 136, 138, 150, 166;

in American Colonies, 83;

in Ireland, 55, 130, 296

Nightingale, Florence, 218

Nonconformists, condition of, 50;

repeal of disabilities of, 91, 165;

in Universities, 220, 242;

and education, 242, 344;

and Burials Bill, 282;

and Bradlaugh, 283

North, Lord, 43

Owen, Robert, 149, 173

Paine, Thomas, on American Rebellion, 87;

his Rights of Man, 108

Palmerston, Lord, foreign policy of, 151, 182, 209, 221;

attacks upon, 213, 222

Parnell Commission, 302

Peel, Sir Robert, and humanitarianism, 154;

and Utilitarianism, 158;

and Catholics, 163, 164;

as Prime Minister, 186;

and Ireland, 187;

and foreign policy, 209, 213

Peterloo, 146

Pitt, William, on the working class, 46;

on Dissenters, 52;

and Reform, 90;

after French Revolution, 98, 126, 132;

on Union with Ireland, 129, 131

Political associations, 82

Poor Law, the old, 77;

reform of, 174

Portugal, affairs of, 151, 210

Price, Dr., 102

Prostitution, 255

Public meetings, 82, 88

Radicals, 102, 106, 120, 121, 144

Radicals, Philosophic, see Utilitarians

Reform, agitation for, 79, 82, 144, 166;

in 1832, 166;

effect of, 168, 232, 280

Richmond, Duke of, 79, 90, 106

Rights, 29, 112

Russell, Lord John, 44, 140, 166, 205, 209, 222

Salisbury, Lord, 232, 269, 298

Shaftesbury, Lord, 177, 233, 241

Shelburne, Lord, on Ireland, 56;

Liberalism of, 64, 125;

on French War, 132

Slave Trade, 130 n., 179

Smith, Adam, 102

Smith, Sydney, 170

Socialism, growth of, 233;

Mill and, 240;

and Social Reform, 328, 333

Social Reform, 32;

Tom Paine and, 116;

after 1832, 171;

after 1867, 231, 237;

after 1880, 279, 286;

since 1906, 326;

cost of, 335, 341

Spain, affairs of, 150, 210

State, Liberal and Tory conceptions of, 30

Tooke, Horne, 79, 106, 123

Toryism, opposite of Liberalism, 19, 21;

and the franchise, 25, 29;

and Empire, 33;

in 1760, 43;

and Ireland, 298;

and Woman Suffrage, 347

Tory philanthropy, 176

Trade Unions, 78, 171, 231;

objects of, 245;

legislation concerning, 78, 160, 244, 326

Transvaal, annexation of, 274;

war with, 288;

second war with, 318

Universities and Nonconformists, 220, 242

Utilitarianism, 155;

and Manchester School, 190;

and Colonial system, 204

Vienna, Treaty of, 139;

breakdown of, 153, 166, 226

Whigs, mental habit of, 58, 62, 169;

and freedom of discussion, 60, 125;

and religious disabilities, 60, 130, 181;

and American Rebellion, 83;

and French Revolution, 106, 118, 125;

and French War, 137;

and Socialism, 234;

and Reform, 147

Whitbread, Samuel, and Education, 47;

on Poor Law, 64;

and Wages Bill, 77, 125

Wilberforce, William, 43, 49, 140, 149

Wilkes, John, 79

Windham, William, 46, 119, 135

Woman Suffrage, 27, 254, 282, 346

Women, social estimate of, 27, 52;

marriage law and, 52, 220, 258, 281;

and Reform agitation, 54, 145;

and French Revolution, 100;

Utilitarianism and, 158;

and Anti-Corn-Law League, 201;

Florence Nightingale and, 218;

education of, 53, 251;

improvement in condition of, 251, 258, 281;

and Contagious Diseases Acts, 255, 258;

and Imperialist reaction, 305;

and local government, 306, 308

Young, Arthur, 102

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON.



The Land Hunger: Life under Monopoly. Descriptive Letters and Other Testimonies from those who have Suffered. With an Introduction by Mrs. COBDEN UNWIN and a Critical Study by BROUGHAM VILLIERS.



Large crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. net.



This book will form a companion and complementary volume to the famous collection of letters published under the name of "The Hungry Forties." Scores of books issue from the Press yearly, written by thinkers of various schools, dealing with the now universally admitted hardships of our land laws. It is time, however, that the people were permitted to speak for themselves, and in this book they have done so. From the South of England to the far North of Scotland men and women have sent in letters detailing the actual hardships they have suffered through land monopoly. Included in the volume are many letters and testimonies from people who understand by experience how much more could be done with our land under happier laws, and thus contribute their ideas, not only on the nature of, but on the remedies for, a difficult problem. Mrs. Cobden Unwin writes a chapter dealing with the utterances of her father on the land question, and vindicating his insight into a problem which still awaits its solution.



T. FISHER UNWIN, 1 Adelphi Terrace, London



The Economics of Land Value

By HAROLD STOREY
Secretary of the Yorkshire Liberal Federation.



Crown 8vo, Paper boards, 1s. net.



This book demonstrates the extraordinary position held by Land in the production and distribution of wealth. The author briefly and clearly explains the economic forces that determine the share of wealth that can be claimed by the various classes of the community, and argues that unless some remedy can be found the growth of land-rents will increasingly impoverish the people. He advocates legislative action along various lines, and particularly insists upon the rating and taxing of land value. This latter policy is carefully analysed in all its bearings. The author shows what it will do, and what it cannot do, and by a fresh line of argument proves the necessity for other supplementary forms of taxation. The book affords a complete and balanced statement of the case that has to be met by any practical Land Policy.



T. FISHER UNWIN, 1 Adelphi Terrace, London



A PERSONAL NARRATIVE BY THE
EX-TREASURER-GENERAL OF PERSIA

THE STRANGLING OF PERSIA

By W. MORGAN SHUSTER

With a Map and 52 Full-page Illustrations
Demy 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d net (Inland postage 5d.)



The story of European diplomacy and Oriental intrigue which resulted in the denationalization of twelve million Mohammedans.

It is practically the first time that the real story of modern diplomatic relations between nations has been frankly and fully recorded. The startling facts are authenticated by the British and Persian state papers, supplemented by a private diary kept by the author during his entire sojourn in Persia.

"Only the pen of a Macaulay or the brush of a Verestchagin could adequately portray the rapidly shifting scenes attending the downfall of this ancient nation,—scenes in which two powerful and presumably Christian countries played fast and loose with truth, honour, decency, and law, hesitating not even at the most barbarous cruelties to accomplish their political designs and to put Persia beyond hope of self-regeneration."

On Sale at all Booksellers



T. FISHER UNWIN, 1 Adelphi Terrace, London



My Life

By AUGUST BEBEL



With a Portrait. Cloth, 7s. 6d. net.



The Daily Herald says:

"This book is of remarkable interest. It is a record and revelation of extraordinary significance."

The Daily Chronicle says:

"'My Life' is really an enchanting book, forcefully and modestly written, and ought to be read by all who care anything at all about the betterment of the conditions of the vast majority of their fellow creatures."

The Yorkshire Observer says:

"Whatever our political sympathies may be, we cannot withhold respect and admiration from the veteran soldier in the people's cause, who tells us here with so much modesty and simplicity the cause of the war."

The Globe says:

"The autobiography can be cordially commended to the English public, and whatever our views as to Herr Bebel's ideas may be, this story of his life will be found both instructive and of real interest."

The Nation says:

"It contains an excellent account of the development of modern German political parties, as seen by a firm and convinced democrat, and is indispensable to students of the history of Socialism on the Continent."



T. FISHER UNWIN, 1 Adelphi Terrace, London



The Tyranny of the Countryside

By F. E. GREEN

Author of "The Awakening of England," "The Cottage Farm," &c.



Crown 8vo, cloth, 5s. net.



In this book the reader is shown the root causes of rural decay under that dominating tyranny which, in spite of rural Magna Chartas, hangs like a blight over England. The book is not a political pamphlet—it is something more. The author, like Cobbett, a tiller of the soil, and living the life of the yeoman farmer, understands those hardships that eventually drive the labourer from the land. He has attempted the difficult task of making the country labourer vocal.

"The mantle of William Cobbett has certainly fallen upon the shoulders of Mr. F. E. Green, who wears the adornment with grace and rigour alike."—Daily Telegraph.

"It is an amazing revelation of countryside tyranny in its manifold forms."—Daily Herald.



T. FISHER UNWIN, 1 Adelphi Terrace, London