A STUDENT'S
HISTORY OF ENGLAND

VOL. II.

WORKS
BY
SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER.

A STUDENT'S
HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF KING EDWARD VII

BY

SAMUEL R. GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D.
LATE FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD
ETC.

NEW EDITION (1902)
VOL. II.
A.D. 1509–1689

NEW IMPRESSION (1912)
REISSUE

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
FOURTH AVENUE & 30th STREET, NEW YORK
BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS
1914

All rights reserved

CONTENTS
OF
THE SECOND VOLUME

CHAPTER XXIV
HENRY VIII. AND WOLSEY. 1509-1527

•  PAGE

• The New King. 1509 361
• Continental Troubles. 1508-1511 363
• The Rise of Wolsey. 1512 363
• The War with France. 1512-1513 364
• Peace with France. 1514 364
• Wolsey's Policy of Peace. 1514-1518 364
• Wolsey and the Renascence 366
• The Renascence in England 367
• The Oxford Reformers 367
• 'The Utopia.' 1515-1516 367
• More and Henry VIII. 368
• The Contest for the Empire. 1519 369
• The Field of the Cloth of Gold. 1520 369
• The Execution of the Duke of Buckingham. 1521 369
• Another French War. 1522-1523 369
• The Amicable Loan. 1525 372
• Closing Years of Wolsey's Greatness. 1525-1527 372

CHAPTER XXV
THE BREACH WITH THE PAPACY. 1527-1534

• The Papacy and the Renascence 374
• Wolsey and the Papacy 375
• Wolsey's Legatine Powers 375
• Henry VIII. and the Clergy 377
• German Lutheranism 377
• Henry's Controversy with Luther 379
• Queen Catharine and Anne Boleyn 379
• Henry's Demand for a Divorce. 1527-1528 382
• The Legatine Court. 1529 382
• The Fall of Wolsey. 1529-1530 383
• The House of Commons and the Clergy. 1529 385
• The Universities Consulted. 1530 385
• The Clergy under a Præmunire. 1530-1531 385
• The King's Supreme Headship acknowledged by the Clergy. 1531 386
• The Submission of the Clergy. 1532 386
• Sir Thomas More and the Protestants. 1529-1532 386
• Resignation of Sir Thomas More. 1532 388
• The First Act of Annates. 1532 388
• The King's Marriage and the Act of Appeals. 1533 388
• Archbishop Cranmer and the Court at Dunstable. 1533 389
• Frith and Latimer. 1533 389
• Completion of the Breach with Rome. 1533-1534 390

CHAPTER XXVI
THE ROYAL SUPREMACY. 1534-1547

• The Act of Succession. 1534 392
• The Acts of Treason and Supremacy. 1534 392
• The Monks of the Charterhouse. 1534 393
• Execution of Fisher and More. 1535 394
• The Dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries. 1536 394
• The Execution of Anne Boleyn. 1536 395
• The Ten Articles. 1536 395
• The Translation of the Bible authorised. 1536 396
• The Pilgrimage of Grace. 1536-1537 396
• Birth of a Prince. 1537 397
• The Beginning of the Attack on the Greater Monasteries. 1537-1538 397
• Destruction of Relics and Images. 1538 398
• The Trial of Lambert. 1538 399
• The Marquis of Exeter and the Poles. 1538 399
• The Six Articles. 1539 399
• Completion of the Suppression of the Monasteries. 1539-1540 400
• Anne of Cleves and the Fall of Cromwell. 1539-1540 400
• Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr. 1540-1543 401
• Ireland. 1534 401
• The Geraldine Rebellion. 1534-1535 402
• Lord Leonard Grey. 1536-1539 402
• Henry VIII. King of Ireland. 1541 404
• Solway Moss. 1542 404
• War with Scotland and France. 1542-1546 405
• The Litany and the Primer. 1544-1545 409
• The Last Days of Henry VIII. 1545-1547 410

CHAPTER XXVII
EDWARD VI. AND MARY
EDWARD VI., 1547-1553. MARY, 1553-1558.

• Somerset becomes Protector. 1547 412
• The Scotch War. 1547-1548 412
• Cranmer's Position in the Church of England. 1547 413
• Ecclesiastical Reforms. 1547-1548 414
• The First Prayer Book of Edward VI. 1549 415
• The Insurrection in the West. 1549 415
• Ket's Rebellion. 1549 415
• The Fall of Somerset. 1549 416
• Warwick and the Advanced Reformers. 1549 416
• Latimer's Sermons. 1548-1550 417
• Warwick and Somerset. 1550-1552 417
• The Second Prayer Book of Edward VI. 1552 418
• The Forty-two Articles. 1553 419
• Northumberland's Conspiracy. 1553 421
• Lady Jane Grey. 1553 421
• Mary restores the Mass. 1553 422
• Mary's First Parliament. 1553 422
• Wyatt's Rebellion. 1554 423
• The Queen's Marriage 423
• The Submission to Rome. 1554 424
• The Beginning of the Persecution. 1555 424
• Death of Cranmer. 1556 425
• Continuance of the Persecution. 1556-1558 426
• The Queen's Disappointment. 1555-1556 426
• War with France and the Loss of Calais. 1557-1558 427
• Death of Mary. 1558 427

CHAPTER XXVIII
THE ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT IN CHURCH AND STATE
1558-1570

• Elizabeth's Difficulties. 1558 428
• The Act of Uniformity and Supremacy. 1559 429
• The new Bishops and the Ceremonies. 1559-1564 429
• Calvinism 430
• Peace with France. 1559 431
• The Reformation in Scotland. 1559 432
• The Claims of Mary Stuart. 1559 432
• The Treaty of Edinburgh. 1560 433
• Scottish Presbyterianism. 1561 434
• Mary and Elizabeth. 1561 435
• The French War. 1562-1564 436
• End of the Council of Trent. 1563 436
• The Jesuits 436
• The Danger from Scotland. 1561-1565 437
• The Darnley Marriage. 1565 438
• The Murder of Rizzio. 1566 438
• The Murder of Darnley. 1567 439
• The Deposition and Flight of Mary. 1567-1568 439
• Mary's Case before English Commissioners. 1568-1569 440
• The Rising in the North. 1569 441
• The Papal Excommunication. 1570 441

CHAPTER XXIX
ELIZABETH AND THE EUROPEAN CONFLICT. 1570-1587

• The Continental Powers. 1566-1570 442
• The Anjou Marriage Treaty and the Ridolfi Plot. 1570-1571 443
• Elizabeth and the Puritans 444
• Elizabeth and Parliament. 1566 444
• A Puritan Parliament. 1571 445
• The Duke of Norfolk's Plot and Execution. 1571-1572 445
• The Admonition to Parliament. 1572 446
• Mariners and Pirates 446
• Westward Ho! 447
• Francis Drake's Voyage to Panama. 1572 448
• The Seizure of Brill, and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 1572 449
• The Growth of the Dutch Republic. 1572-1578 449
• Quiet Times in England. 1572-1577 450
• Drake's Voyage. 1577-1580 450
• Ireland and the Reformation. 1547 451
• Ireland under Edward VI. and Mary. 1547-1558 451
• Elizabeth and Ireland. 1558-1578 452
• The Landing at Smerwick, and the Desmond Rising. 1579-1583 452
• The Jesuits in England. 1580 453
• The Recusancy Laws. 1581 454
• Growing Danger of Elizabeth. 1580-1584 454
• The Association. 1584-1585 456
• Growth of Philip's Power. 1584-1585 456
• Babington's Plot, and the Trial of Mary Stuart. 1586 457
• Execution of Mary Stuart. 1587 458

CHAPTER XXX
ELIZABETH'S YEARS OF TRIUMPH. 1587-1603

• The Singeing of the King of Spain's Beard. 1587 458
• The Approach of the Armada. 1588 458
• The Equipment of the Armada. 1588 459
• The Equipment of the English Fleet. 1588 460
• The Defeat of the Armada. 1588 462
• The Destruction of the Armada. 1588 462
• Philip II. and France. 1588-1593 464
• Maritime Enterprises. 1589-1596 464
• Increasing Prosperity 464
• Buildings 465
• Furniture 465
• Growing Strength of the House of Commons 468
• Archbishop Whitgift and the Court of High Commission. 1583 468
• The House of Commons and Puritanism. 1584 470
• The Separatists 470
• Whitgift and Hooker 472
• Spenser, Shakspere, and Bacon 473
• Condition of the Catholics. 1588-1603 475
• Irish Difficulties. 1583-1594 475
• O'Neill and the Earl of Essex. 1595-1600 475
• Essex's Imprisonment and Execution. 1599-1601 476
• Mountjoy's Conquest of Ireland. 1600-1603 478
• Parliament and the Monopolies. 1601 478
• The Last Days of Elizabeth. 1601-1603 479

PART VI
THE PURITAN REVOLUTION. 1603-1660

CHAPTER XXXI
JAMES I. 1603-1625

• The Peace with Spain. 1603-1604 481
• The Hampton Court Conference. 1604 481
• James and the House of Commons 482
• Gunpowder Plot. 1604-1605 483
• The Post-nati. 1606-1608 483
• Irish Difficulties. 1603-1610 483
• Bate's Case and the New Impositions. 1606-1608 484
• The Great Contract. 1610-1611 484
• Bacon and Somerset. 1612-1613 486
• The Addled Parliament. 1614 486
• The Spanish Alliance. 1614-1617 488
• The Rise of Buckingham. 1615-1618 488
• The Voyage and Execution of Raleigh. 1617-1618 489
• Colonisation of Virginia and New England. 1607-1620 489
• The Beginning of the Thirty Years' War. 1618-1620 490
• The Meeting of James's Third Parliament. 1621 490
• The Royal Prerogative. 1616-1621 492
• Financial Reform. 1619 492
• Favouritism and Corruption 494
• The Monopolies Condemned. 1621 494
• The Fall of Bacon. 1621 495
• Digby's Mission, and the Dissolution of Parliament. 1621 496
• The Loss of the Palatinate. 1622 497
• Charles's Journey to Madrid. 1623 497
• The Prince's Return. 1623 498
• The Last Parliament of James I. 1624 500
• The French Alliance 501
• Mansfeld's Expedition, and the Death of James I. 1624-1625 501

CHAPTER XXXII
THE GROWTH OF THE PERSONAL GOVERNMENT OF CHARLES I.
1625-1634

• Charles I. and Buckingham. 1625 502
• Charles's First Parliament. 1625 502
• The Expedition to Cadiz. 1625 502
• Charles's Second Parliament. 1626 503
• The Forced Loan. 1626 505
• The Expedition to Ré. 1627 506
• The Five Knights' Case. 1627 506
• Wentworth and Eliot in the Third Parliament of Charles I. 1628 508
• The Petition of Right. 1628 508
• Tonnage and Poundage. 1628 509
• Buckingham's Murder. 1628 510
• The Question of Sovereignty. 1628 510
• Protestantism of the House of Commons. 1625-1628 511
• Religious Differences. 1625-1628 511
• The King's Declaration. 1628 512
• The Second Session of the Third Parliament of Charles I. 1629 512
• Breach between the King and the Commons. 1629 513
• The Constitutional Dispute. 1629 513
• The Victory of Personal Government. 1629-1632 514
• Star Chamber Sentences. 1630-1633 514
• Laud's Intellectual Position. 1629-1633 515
• Laud as the Upholder of Uniformity 516
• The Beginning of Laud's Archbishopric. 1633-1634 517
• Laud and Prynne. 1633-1634 519

CHAPTER XXXIII
THE OVERTHROW OF THE PERSONAL GOVERNMENT
OF CHARLES I. 1634-1641

• The Metropolitical Visitation. 1634-1637 520
• Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton. 1637 521
• Financial Pressure. 1635-1637 521
• Ship-money. 1634-1637 523
• Hampden's Case. 1637-1638 523
• Scottish Episcopacy. 1572-1612 524
• The Scottish Bishops and Clergy. 1612-1637 525
• The Riot at Edinburgh and the Covenant. 1637-1638 525
• The Assembly of Glasgow, and the Abolition of Episcopacy. 1638 526
• The First Bishops' War. 1639 526
• Wentworth in Ireland. 1633-1639 527
• The Proposed Plantation of Connaught 528
• The Short Parliament. 1640 528
• The Second Bishops' War. 1640 529
• The Meeting of the Long Parliament. 1640 529
• The Impeachment of Strafford. 1641 530
• Strafford's Attainder and Execution 530
• Constitutional Reforms. 1641 531

CHAPTER XXXIV
THE FORMATION OF PARLIAMENTARY PARTIES AND THE
FIRST YEARS OF THE CIVIL WAR. 1641-1644

• The King's Visit to Scotland. 1641 532
• Parties formed on Church Questions. 1641 532
• Irish Parties. 1641 533
• The Irish Insurrection. 1641 533
• The Grand Remonstrance. 1641 534
• The King's Return. 1641 534
• The Impeachment of the Bishops. 1641 535
• The Impeachment of the Five Members. 1642 535
• The Attempt on the Five Members. 1642 536
• The Commons in the City. 1642 536
• The Struggle for the Militia. 1642 536
• Edgehill and Turnham Green. 1642 537
• The King's Plan of Campaign. 1643 537
• Royalist Successes. 1643 538
• The Siege of Gloucester. 1643 538
• The First Battle of Newbury. 1643 539
• The Eastern Association. 1643 539
• Oliver Cromwell. 1642-1643 539
• The Assembly of Divines. 1643 540
• The Solemn League and Covenant. 1643 540
• The Irish War. 1641-1643 541
• Winceby and Arundel. 1643-1644 542
• The Committee of Both Kingdoms. 1644 542
• The Campaign of Marston Moor. 1644 542
• Presbyterians and Independents. 1644 543
• Essex's Surrender at Lostwithiel. 1644 544
• The Second Battle of Newbury. 1644 544

CHAPTER XXXV
THE NEW MODEL ARMY. 1644-1649

• The Self-denying Ordinance and the New Model. 1645 545
• Milton's 'Areopagitica.' 1644 545
• The Execution of Laud. 1645 546
• Montrose and Argyle. 1644 546
• Montrose and the Highlands. 1644-1645 547
• The New Model Army in the Field. 1645 547
• The Battle of Naseby. 1645 548
• The Results of Naseby. 1645 548
• Charles's Wanderings. 1645 549
• Glamorgan in Ireland. 1645-1646 549
• The King's Flight to the Scots. 1646 550
• Charles at Newcastle. 1646 551
• The Removal of the King to Holmby. 1647 553
• Dispute between the Presbyterians and the Army. 1647 553
• Cromwell and the Army. 1647 554
• The Abduction of the King. 1647 554
• The Exclusion of the Eleven Members. 1647 555
• The Heads of the Proposals. 1647 555
• The King's Flight to the Isle of Wight. 1647 556
• The Scottish Engagement, and the Vote of No Addresses. 1647-1648 556
• The Second Civil War. 1648 556
• Pride's Purge. 1648 557
• The High Court of Justice. 1649 557
• The King's Trial and Execution. 1649 559
• Results of Charles's Execution. 1649 560

CHAPTER XXXVI
THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE PROTECTORATE. 1649-1660

• Establishment of the Commonwealth. 1649 561
• Parties in Ireland. 1647-1649 562
• Cromwell in Ireland. 1649-1650 562
• Montrose and Charles II. in Scotland. 1650 563
• Dunbar and Worcester. 1650-1651 563
• The Navigation Act. 1651 564
• The Dutch War. 1652-1653 565
• Unpopularity of the Parliament. 1652-1653 565
• Vane's Reform Bill. 1653 566
• Dissolution of the Long Parliament by Cromwell. 1653 566
• The so-called Barebone's Parliament. 1653 566
• The Protectorate, and the Instrument of Government. 1653 568
• Character of the Instrument of Government 568
• Oliver's Government. 1653-1654 569
• The First Protectorate Parliament. 1654-1655 570
• The Major Generals. 1655 570
• Oliver's Foreign Policy. 1654-1655 571
• The French Alliance. 1655 572
• Oliver's Second Parliament, and the Humble Petition and Advice. 1656 572
• The Dissolution of the Second Protectorate Parliament. 1658 573
• Victory Abroad and Failure at Home. 1657-1658 573
• Oliver's Death. 1658 574
• Richard Cromwell. 1658-1659 574
• The Long Parliament Restored. 1659 575
• Military Government. 1659 575
• Monk and the Rump. 1660 575
• End of the Long Parliament. 1660 576
• The Declaration of Breda. 1660 576

PART VII
THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION. 1660-1689

CHAPTER XXXVII
CHARLES II. AND CLARENDON. 1660-1667

• Return of Charles II. 1660 578
• King and Parliament. 1660 579
• Formation of the Government. 1660 580
• The Political Ideas of the Convention Parliament. 1660 580
• Execution of the Political Articles of the Declaration of Breda. 1660 581
• Ecclesiastical Debates. 1660 583
• Venner's Plot and its Results. 1661 584
• The Cavalier Parliament and the Corporation Act. 1661 585
• The Savoy Conference, and the Act of Uniformity. 1661-1662 585
• The Dissenters. 1662 585
• The Parliamentary Presbyterians. 1662 586
• Profligacy of the Court. 1662 586
• Marriage of Charles II. and Sale of Dunkirk. 1662 587
• The Question of Toleration Raised. 1662-1663 587
• The Conventicle Act. 1664 588
• The Repeal of the Triennial Act. 1664 588
• Growing Hostility between England and the Dutch. 1660-1664 589
• Outbreak of the First Dutch War of the Restoration. 1664-1665 589
• The Plague. 1665 590
• The Five Mile Act. 1665 590
• Continued Struggle with the Dutch. 1665-1666 590
• The Fire of London. 1666 592
• Designs of Louis XIV. 1665-1667 592
• The Dutch in the Medway, and the Peace of Breda. 1667 593
• Clarendon and the House of Commons. 1667 593
• The Fall of Clarendon. 1667 594
• Scotland and Ireland. 1660 595

CHAPTER XXXVIII
CHARLES II. AND THE CABAL. 1667-1674

• Milton and Bunyan. 596
• Butler and the Dramatists. 596
• Reason and Science. 598
• Charles II. and Toleration. 1667 598
• Buckingham and Arlington. 1667-1669 599
• The Triple Alliance. 1668 599
• Charles's Negotiations with France. 1669-1670 600
• The Treaty of Dover. 1670 600
• The Cabal. 1670 602
• Ashley's Policy. 602
• Buckingham's Sham Treaty. 1671 603
• The Stop of the Exchequer. 1672 603
• The Declaration of Indulgence. 1672 604
• The Second Dutch War of the Restoration. 1672 605
• 'Delenda est Carthago.' 1673 606
• Withdrawal of the Declaration of Indulgence. 1673 606
• The Test Act. 1673 606
• Results of the Test Act. 1673 607
• Continuance of the Dutch War. 1673 607
• The Duke of York's Marriage and Shaftesbury's Dismissal. 1673 608
• Peace with the Dutch. 1674 608

CHAPTER XXXIX
DANBY'S ADMINISTRATION AND THE THREE SHORT
PARLIAMENTS. 1675-1681

• Growing Influence of Danby. 1675 610
• Parliamentary Parties. 1675 610
• The Non-Resistance Bill. 1675 611
• Charles a Pensionary of France. 1675-1676 611
• Two Foreign Policies. 1677 612
• The Marriage of the Prince of Orange. 1677 613
• Danby's Position. 1677 613
• The Peace of Nymwegen. 1678 614
• The Popish Plot. 1678 615
• Growing Excitement. 1678 615
• Danby's Impeachment and the Dissolution of the Cavalier Parliament. 1678-1679 616
• The Meeting of the First Short Parliament. 1679 616
• The Exclusion Bill and the Habeas Corpus Act. 1679 617
• Shaftesbury and the King. 1679 617
• Shaftesbury and Halifax. 1679 618
• The Divine Right of Kings. 1679 619
• The Highland Host. 1677-1678 619
• Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge. 1679 619
• Petitioners and Abhorrers. 1680 620
• The Second Short Parliament. 1680-1681 620
• The Third Short Parliament. 1681 621