A Student's History of England, v. 2: 1509-1689 / From the Earliest Times to the Death of King Edward VII

CHAPTER XL
THE LAST YEARS OF CHARLES II. 1681-1685

• Tory Reaction. 1681 622
• 'Absolom and Achitophel.' 1681 623
• The Scottish Test Act and the Duke of York's Return. 1681-1682 623
• The City Elections. 1682 623
• Flight and Death of Shaftesbury. 1682-1683 624
• The Attack on the City. 1682-1683 624
• The Remodelling of the Corporations. 1683-1684 625
• The Rye House Plot. 1683 625
• The Whig Combination. 1683 625
• Trial and Execution of Lord Russell. 1683 625
• Execution of Algernon Sidney. 1683 626
• Parties at Court. 1684 626
• Death of Charles II. 1685 627
• Constitutional Progress. 1660-1685 627
• Prosperity of the Country. 628
• The Coffee Houses. 630
• The Condition of London. 631
• Painting. 631
• Architecture. 631
• Science. 632
• Difficulties of Communication. 632
• The Country Gentry and the Country Clergy. 633
• Alliance between the Gentry and the Church. 633

CHAPTER XLI
JAMES II. 1685-1689

• The Accession of James II. 1685 634
• A Tory Parliament. 1685 636
• Argyle's Landing. 1685 636
• Monmouth's Landing. 1685 637
• The Bloody Assizes. 1685 637
• The Violation of the Test Act. 1685 638
• Breach between Parliament and King. 1685 638
• The Dispensing Power. 1686 638
• The Ecclesiastical Commission. 1686 639
• Scotland and Ireland. 1686-1687 639
• The Fall of the Hydes. 1686-1687 640
• The Declaration of Indulgence. 1687 640
• The Expulsion of the Fellows of Magdalen. 1687 641
• An Attempt to pack a Parliament. 1687 641
• A Second Declaration of Indulgence. 1688 642
• Resistance of the Clergy. 1688 642
• The Trial of the Seven Bishops. 1688 643
• Invitation to William of Orange. 1688 643
• Landing of William. 1688 644
• William's March upon London. 1688 645
• A Convention Parliament Summoned. 1688 646
• The Throne Declared Vacant. 1689 646
• William and Mary to be Joint Sovereigns. 1689 647
• Character of the Revolution. 647

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

• FIG. Page

• Henry VIII. 368
  (From a painting by Holbein about 1536, belonging to Earl Spencer)
• Cardinal Wolsey 365
  (From an original picture belonging to the Hon. Sir Spencer Ponsonby-Fane, K.C.B.)
• The embarkation of Henry VIII. from Dover, 1520 370
  (From the Society of Antiquaries' engraving of the original picture at Hampton Court)
• Silver-gilt cup and cover, made at London in 1523; at Barber Surgeons' Hall, London 371
  (From Cripps's 'College and Corporation Plate')
• Part of Hampton Court; built by Cardinal Wolsey; finished in 1526 373
  (From a photograph)
• Portrait of William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1503-1532, showing the ordinary episcopal dress, with the mitre and archiepiscopal cross 376
  (From a painting by Holbein, belonging to Viscount Dillon, F.S.A., dated 1527)
• Tower of Fountains Abbey church; built by Abbot Huby, 1494-1526 378
  (From a photograph by Valentine and Sons, Dundee)
• Catharine of Aragon 380
  (From a painting in the National Portrait Gallery)
• The gatehouse of Coughton Court, Warwickshire; built about 1530 381
  (From Niven's 'Illustrations of Old Warwickshire Houses')
• Hall of Christchurch, Oxford; built by Cardinal Wolsey; finished in 1529 384
  (From a photograph by W. H. Wheeler, Oxford)
• Sir Thomas More, wearing the collar of SS. 387
  (From an original portrait painted by Holbein in 1527, belonging to Edward Huth, Esq.)
• John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, 1504-1535 393
  (From a drawing by Holbein in the Royal Library, Windsor Castle)
• Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, brother of Jane Seymour, afterwards Duke of Somerset, known as 'the Protector,' at the age of 28, 1507-1552 395
  (From a painting at Sudeley Castle)
• Henry VIII. 403
  (From a painting by Holbein, belonging to the Earl of Warwick)
• Angel of Henry VIII., 1543 405
  (From an original example)
• Part of the encampment at Marquison, 1544, showing military equipment in the time of Henry VIII. 406
• 191. Part of the siege of Boulogne by Henry VIII., 1544, showing military operations 407, 408
  (From the Society Of Antiquaries' engravings, by Vertue, of the now destroyed paintings formerly at Cowdray House, Sussex)
• Armour as worn in the reign of Henry VIII.; from the brass of John Lymsey, 1545, in Hackney church 409
• Margaret, wife of John Lymsey; from her brass in Hackney church, showing the costume of a lady circa 1545 409
  (From Haines's 'Manual of Monumental Brasses')
• Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, 1473(?)-1554 410
  (From a painting by Holbein at Windsor Castle)
• Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1533-1556 414
  (From a painting by Holbein dated 1547, at Jesus College, Cambridge)
• Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London, 1550-1553 417
  (From the National Portrait Gallery)
• King Edward VI. 419
  (From a picture belonging to H. Hucks Gibbs, Esq.)
• Queen Mary Tudor 422
  (From a painting by Lucas de Heere, dated 1554, belonging to the Society of Antiquaries)
• Hugh Latimer, Bishop of Worcester, 1535-1539, burnt 1555 425
  (From the National Portrait Gallery)
• A milled half-sovereign of Elizabeth, 1562-1568 435
  (From an original example)
• Silver-gilt standing cup made in London in 1569-70, and given to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by Parker 440
  (From Cripps's 'College and Corporation Plate')
• Sir Francis Drake in his forty-third year 448
  (From the engraving by Elstracke)
• Armour as worn during the reign of Elizabeth; from the brass of Francis Clopton, 1577, at Long Melford, Suffolk 451
  (From Haines's 'Manual of Monumental Brasses')
• Hall of Burghley House, Northamptonshire, built about 1580 455
  (From Drummond's 'Histories of Noble British Families')
• Sir Martin Frobisher, died 1594 459
  (From a picture belonging to the Earl of Carlisle)
• The Spanish Armada. Fight between the English and Spanish fleets off the Isle of Wight, July 25, 1588 461
  (From Pine's engravings of the tapestry formerly in the House of Lords)
• Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618), and his eldest son Walter at the age of eight 463
  (From a picture dated 1602, belonging to Sir J. F. Lennard, Bart.)
• A mounted soldier at the end of the sixteenth century 465
  (From a broadside printed in 1596, in the Society of Antiquaries' collection)
• Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire; built by Thorpe for Sir Francis Willoughby, about 1580-1588 466
  (From a photograph by R. Keene, Derby)
• Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire; built by Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury, about 1597 467
  (From a photograph by R. Keene, Derby)
• E-shaped house at Beaudesert, Staffordshire; built by Thomas, Lord Paget, about 1601 469
  (From a photograph by R. Keene, Derby)
• Ingestre Hall, Staffordshire; built about 1601 471
  (From a photograph by R. Keene, Derby)
• Coaches in the reign of Elizabeth 473
  (From 'Archæologia,' vol. xx. pl. xviii.)
• William Shakspere 474
  (From the bust on his tomb at Stratford-on-Avon)
• Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex, K.G., 1567-1601 476
  (From a painting by Van Somer, dated 1599, belonging to the Earl of Essex)
• Queen Elizabeth, 1558-1603 477
  (From a painting belonging to the University of Cambridge)
• William Cecil, Lord Burghley, K.G., 1520-1591 479
  (From a painting in the Bodleian Library, Oxford)
• Royal arms borne by James I. and succeeding Stuart sovereigns 482
  (From Boutell's'English Heraldry')
• North-west view of Hatfield House, Herts; built for Robert Cecil, first Earl of Salisbury, between 1605 and 1611 485
  (From a photograph by Valentine and Sons, Dundee)
• An unknown gentleman 487
  (From a painting belonging to T. A. Hope, Esq.)
• King James I. 491
  (From a painting by P. Van Somer, dated 1621, in the National Portrait Gallery)
• Civil costume, about 1620 492
  (From a contemporary broadside in the collection of the Society of Antiquaries)
• The banqueting-hall of the Palace of Whitehall (from the north-east); built from the designs of Inigo Jones, 1619-1621 493
  (From a photograph)
• Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Alban, Lord Chancellor 495
  (From a painting by P. Van Somer in the National Portrait Gallery)
• Costume of a lawyer 497
  (From a broadside dated 1623 in the collection of the Society of Antiquaries)
• The Upper House of Convocation 498
• The Lower House of Convocation 499
  (From a broadside dated 1623, in the collection of the Society of Antiquaries)
• King Charles I. 504
  (From a painting by Van Dyck)
• Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. 505
  (From a painting by Van Dyck)
• Tents and military equipment in the early part of the reign of Charles I. 507
  (From the monument of Sir Charles Montague (died in 1625), in the church of Barking, Essex)
• George Villiers, first duke of Buckingham, 1592-1628 509
  (From the painting by Gerard Honthorst in the National Portrait Gallery)
• Sir Edward and Lady Filmer; from their brass at East Sutton, Kent, showing armour and dress worn about 1630 515
  (From Waller's 'Monumental Brasses')
• Archbishop Laud 517
  (From a copy in the National Portrait Gallery by Henry Stone, from the Van Dyck at Lambeth)
• Silver-gilt tankard made at London in 1634-5; now belonging to the Corporation of Bristol 518
  (From Cripps's 'College and Corporation Plate')
• The 'Sovereign of the Seas,' built for the Royal Navy in 1637 522
  (From a contemporary engraving by John Payne)
• Soldier armed with a pike 527
• Soldier with musket and crutch 527
  (From a broadside printed about 1630, in the collection of the Society of Antiquaries)
• –243. Ordinary civil costume, temp. Charles I., viz:—
  A gentleman and a gentlewoman 550
  A citizen and a citizen's wife 551
  A countryman and a countrywoman 552
  (From Speed's map of 'The Kingdom of England,' 1646)
• View of the west side of the Banqueting-House, Whitehall, dated 1713, showing the window through which Charles I. is said to have passed to the scaffold 558
  (From an engraving by Terasson)
• Execution of King Charles I., January 30, 1649 559
  (From a broadside in the collection of the late Richard Fisher, Esq., F.S.A.)
• A coach in the middle of the seventeenth century 564
  (From an engraving by John Dunstall)
• Oliver Cromwell 567
  (From the painting by Samuel Cooper, at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge)
• Charles II. 579
  (From the portrait by Sir Peter Lely in Christ's Hospital, London)
• Edward Hyde, first Earl of Clarendon, 1608-1674 581
  (From an engraving by Loggan)
• A mounted nobleman and his squire 582
  (From Ogilby's 'Coronation Procession of Charles II.')
• Dress of the Horseguards at the Restoration 583
  (From Ogilby's 'Coronation Procession of Charles II.')
• Yeoman of the Guard 583
  (From Ogilby's 'Coronation Procession of Charles II.')
• Shipping in the Thames, circa 1660 584
  (From Pricke's 'South Prospect of London')
• Old St. Paul's, from the east, showing its condition just before the Great Fire 591
  (From an engraving by Hollar)
• John Milton in 1669 597
  (From the engraving by Faithorne)
• Temple Bar, London, built by Sir Christopher Wren in 1670 601
  (From a photograph)
• Anthony Ashley-Cooper, first Earl of Shaftesbury, 1621-1683 604
  (From the painting by John Greenhill in the National Portrait Gallery)
• Ordinary dress of gentlemen in 1675 611
  (From Loggan's 'Oxonia Illustrata')
• Cup presented, 1676, by King Charles II. to the Barber Surgeons' Company 612
  (From Cripps's 'College and Corporation Plate')
• Steeple of the church of St. Mary-le-Bow, London, built by Sir Christopher Wren between 1671 and 1680 614
  (From a photograph)
• Dress of ladies of quality 628
  (From Sandford's 'Coronation Procession of James II.')
• Ordinary attire of women of the lower classes 628
  (From Sandford's 'Coronation Procession of James II.')
• Coach of the latter half of the seventeenth century 629
  (From Loggan's 'Oxonia Illustrata')
• Waggon of the second half of the seventeenth century 629
  (From Loggan's 'Oxonia Illustrata')
• Reaping and harvesting in the second half of the seventeenth century 630
  (From Loggan's 'Cantabrigia Illustrata')
• Costume of a gentleman 632
  (From Sandford's 'Coronation Procession of James II.')
• James II. 635
  (From the painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller in 1684-5 in the National Portrait Gallery)
• Yeomen of the Guard 636
  (From Sandford's 'Coronation Procession of James II.')
• Dress of a bishop in the second half of the seventeenth century 642
  (From Sandford's 'Coronation Procession of James II.')

GENEALOGICAL TABLES

I
KINGS AND QUEENS OF ENGLAND (AFTER 1541 OF ENGLAND AND IRELAND) FROM HENRY VII. TO ELIZABETH.

II
KINGS OF SCOTLAND AND GREAT BRITAIN, FROM JAMES IV. OF SCOTLAND TO WILLIAM AND MARY.

III
KINGS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FROM JAMES I. TO GEORGE I.

IV
GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF FRANCE FROM LOUIS XII. TO LOUIS XIV., SHOWING THEIR DESCENT FROM LOUIS IX.

V
GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF SPAIN FROM FERDINAND AND ISABELLA TO CHARLES II.

VI
GENEALOGY OF THE GERMAN BRANCH OF THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA FROM FERDINAND I. TO LEOPOLD I.

(The dates given are those during which an archduke was emperor.)

VII
GENEALOGY OF THE PRINCES OF ORANGE FROM WILLIAM I. TO WILLIAM III.

SHORTER AND SOMETIMES MORE DETAILED GENEALOGIES
will be found in the following pages.

•   PAGE
• Genealogy of the Poles 399
• " " children of Henry VIII. 411
• " " Greys 421
• " " last Valois kings of France 433
• " " Guises 435
• " of Mary and Darnley 438
• " of the descendants of Charles I. 609

PART V
THE RENASCENCE AND THE REFORMATION 1509-1603