A Synopsis of the British Mosses / Containing Descriptions of All the Genera and Species, (With Localities of the Rarer Ones) Found in Great Britain and Ireland, Based Upon Wilson's "Bryologia Britannica," Schimper's "Synopsis," Etc.

491. H. (Amblystegium) riparium. Dill. St. longer, creeping, with sub-pinnate sub-erect branches; l. spreading, sub-complanate, ovate-lanceolate entire, nerved two-thirds or more; caps. oblong-cylindrical curved, cernuous, contracted at mouth when dry; lid conical pointed.

Stones, &c., near pools, sometimes in water. V. VI.

Sect. I. Branches straggling or sub-pinnate; l. squarrose-divaricate or stellate and patent.

a. Monoicous.

492. H. Halleki. L. Jun. St. creeping, with pinnate erect branches; l. crowded lanceolate, recurved from a roundish ovate base, acuminate, serrulate, almost squarrose, faintly two-nerved at base or nerveless; caps. oblong curved cernuous; lid conical, blunt.

Alpine rocks, rare. VIII.

493. H. polymorphum. Hedw. “St. procumbent, branches simple, erect, slender; l. spreading, almost squarrose, sub-secund, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, nerveless; caps. oblong, curved, cernuous, lid conical.” [Bry. Brit.]

Limestone walls, banks and rocks. V.

b. Dioicous.

494. H. elodes. Spruce. St. elongate, slender, with sub-pinnate slender sub-erect branches: l. distant, spreading; br. l. lanceolate-subulate, apex almost setaceous, secund; st. l. wider, less secund; all entire, nerved nearly or quite to apex: caps. cylindrical curved cernuous; lid conical.

Wet places and bogs. IV. V.

[Wilson states the leaves to be sub-denticulate at base only, whilst his figure is evidently serrulate above and entire at base. I can find no indications of denticulation, even under a ¼inch, except perhaps an occasional slight protrusion of an odd cell here and there, but this cannot be called even denticulate.]

495. H. chrysophyllum. Brid. St. creeping pinnate; l. almost squarrose sub-second, from a cordate-ovate base, tapering into long setaceous points, entire, nerved more than half way, rarely absent; areolæ not enlarged or diaphanous at base; caps. large cylindrical, curved, cernuous; lid conical.

Fallow ground, chalk hills, &c. V.—IX.

496. H. stellatum. Dill. St. 1–2in. erect, densely tufted: branches irregular or sub-pinnate, cuspidate; l. squarrose, recurved, rather suddenly tapering into a long point from a deltoid-ovate base, with a few large diaphanous cells at basal angles, nerveless, entire; caps. oblong curved cernuous; lid convex pointed.

Marshes and bogs. V. VI.

c. Polygamous.

497. H. Polygamum. Bry. Eur. St. 1in. or more, procumbent, sub-pinnate; l. spreading, almost squarrose, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into shorter points than last two, entire, nerved about half way, areolæ larger at base; caps. oblong, sub-cernuous, or almost erect; lid conical pointed.

Wet swampy places. V.

var. β.

stagnation. “st. longer, sub-erect, more pinnate; l. with a longer nerve; seta longer, often 3in. or more.”

a. Dioicous.

498. H. aduncum. Dill. L.^[1] (H. exannulatum, Gümb.) St. 2–4in. erect, sub-pinnate; br. short, simple, few; l. crowded, narrow, falcato-secund, lanceolate acuminate, striate, faintly sub-serrulate near the base; nerved nearly to apex; basal cells larger and inflated, gradually passing into the long narrower ones above; capsule sub-cylindrical, curved, cernuous, on a seta 1in. long or more.

Marshes and marshy heaths. IV. V.

499. H. Kneiffii. B. & S. (H. aduncum, Hedw. Stirpes, IV., t. 24, and Schp.) St. 2–6in. long, erect, sub-pinnate; l. falcato-secund, somewhat distant, lanceolate acuminate, occasionally faintly sub-serrulate near the base, thinly nerved two-thirds the length, not striate, basal angles decurrent excavate, of lax sub-quadrate cells, those above elongate rectangular; caps. cylindrical oblong arcuate, broadly annulate.

Swamps and marshes. VI.

500. H. Sendtneri. Schpr. (H. aduncum, ε hamatum and ζ giganteum, Bry. Eur.) St. 3–6in. simple, pinnate; l. falcato-secund, broadly oblong-lanceolate, hooked above, distinctly auricled at sub-decurrent angles, glossy, lightly sulcate only when dry, nerve vanishing below apex; basal cells rectangular, hyaline, yellowish, at angles brownish-yellow lax; caps. ovate-oblong, erect at base, arcuate.

Bogs. Scotland, and near Birmingham.

var. β.

Wilsoni. St. very tall, sometimes 1ft., yellow green, with slender, nearly simple branches; l. larger, with a filiform acumen, auricles very small.

501. H. vernicosum. Lindb. 1861. (H. pellucidum, Wils. MS.; H. aduncum, var. tenue, Bry. Brit.) St. erect, rather rigid, pinnate; l. shorter falcato-secund, the apical ones involute, ovate, oblong-lanceolate, distinctly sulcate, neither auricled nor decurrent, very glossy, yellow green, nerve vanishing far below apex; cells very narrow, vermicular, purplish at base; caps. oblong cernuous, arcuate.

Wybunbury Bog, Cheshire.

502. H. intermedium. Lindb. (H. Cossoni, Schpr.) In habit like H. Sendtneri, var. β. St. elongate, flexuoso-erect, interruptedly pinnate; branches very unequal; l. falcato-secund, ovate-oblong, becoming lanceolate, not furrowed, with minute decurrent auricles, nerve vanishing far below apex; cells very narrow vermicular opaque; outer per. l. squarrose; fr. as in Sendtneri.

Bogs, frequent.

503. H. lycopodioides. Neck. St. about 2in. erect, sub-pinnate, rather rigid; l. falcato-secund, ovate-acuminute, tapering to an acute point, but not apiculate, concave, entire, nerved nearly to apex, not striate; caps. oblong cernuous, lid conical.

Bogs and marshes: fr. rare. V.

var. β.

falcatum. l. more crowded, more falcate, nerve stronger. Near Copgrove, Yorkshire.

b. Monoicous.

504. H. fluitans. Dill. St. 6–12in. erect or floating, pinnate, slender; branches short deflexed; l. falcato-secund, lanceolate, tapering from an ovate base, acuminate, slightly serrulate near apex, thinly nerved more than half way, areolæ enlarged at base; caps. small oblong curved sub-cernuous, on a very long seta; lid conical, acute.

Marshes, bogs, &c. IV. V.

505. H. revolvens. Swartz. St. 2–4in. erect or procumbent, sub-pinnate; l. crowded circinnate falcate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, serrulate near apex, deep red or purplish; nerve stronger, more than half way; areolæ not enlarged at base; caps. oblong cernuous, on a shorter seta; lid conical acute.

Bogs and marshes. IV. V.

506. H. uncinatum. Hall. St. about 2in. slender, erect or procumbent, sub-pinnate; l. circinnate secund, very narrow, lanceolate, setaceous from a broader base, plicate, serrulate, nerved nearly to apex; caps. cylindrical, curved, cernuous, lid conical.

Sub-alpine walls and rocks. V. VI.

Sect. III. St. regularly pinnate, radiculose, tomentose; l. thickly nerved, opaque; caps. sub-arcuate.

507. H. commutatum. Dill. St. 4in. or more, procumbent; br. about ½in.—both more or less uncinate; radicles brownish; l. circinnate, secund, tapering to a slender long point from an ovate base, plicate, twisted when dry, finely serrulate, nerved more than half way, areolæ narrow; caps. large oblong, lid conical: dioicous.

Wet shady places. IV.

508. H. sulcatum. Schpr. Loosely cæspitose; st. rigid, without radicles, sub-pinnate; l. partly broadly elongate-lanceolate, partly sharply lanceolate from broadly ovate base, all reflexed hamulose; nerve strong. [Schp. Syn. 699.]

Mountainous places. Ben Lawers, July, 1865 (G. E. Hunt.)

509. H. falcatum. Brid. (H. commutatum var. condensatum, Bry. Brit.) St. 2–3in. cæspitose, erect, sparingly branched; l. as in commutatum, but less circinnate and more rigid, undulate, nerved nearly to apex; capsule small, curved cernuous. [Bry. Eur. VI., 607. Schp. Syn., 613.]

Sub-alpine places and bogs. V. VI.

510. H. filicinum. Dill. St. 2–4in. sub-erect, slender, pinnate, with purplish radicles; l. spreading, falcato-secund, st. l. deltoid-ovate, tapering; br. l. ovate-lanceolate—all serrulate, scarcely twisted when dry, nerved to or beyond apex; areolæ oval, rather large, larger rhomboid and pellucid at base; caps. oblong curved, cernuous, lid conical acute: dioicous.

Marshes, wet rocks. IV.

var. β.

vallisclausæ. Brid. l. sub-secund, nerve very strong and excurrent. Ormeshead; Derbyshire.

Sect. IV. St. robust, without radicles, irregularly pinnate; l. scariose, shining, strongly rugose; areolæ vermicular above, the rest small quadrate; caps. sub-arcuate, lid rostrate, annulus broad.

511. H. rugosum. Dill. St. 2–3in. rigid, erect, densely tufted; br. recurved; l. crowded, falcato-secund, serrulate and recurved at margin, lanceolate acuminate from a broad base, rugose at back, nerved more than half way; caps. sub-cylindrical curved, pale reddish brown; lid large yellowish, with an oblique beak: dioicous.

Limestone and other rocks; barren in England. Spring (?)

Sect. V. St. creeping, cæspitose, pinnate, l. curved secund, areolæ loosely rhomboid; caps. incurved cernuous, compressed below mouth when dry.

512. H. incurvatum. Brid. St. short slender, branches curved upwards; l. ovate-lanceolate, tapering, all pointing upwards, entire, shortly two-nerved; caps. small, ovate, horizontal; lid short, conical, acute: monoicous.

Shady walls and stones. VI. VII.

a. Monoicous.

513. H. Breadalbanense. Buchanan White. “St. procumbent or sub-erect, covered with villi; vaguely pinnate; l. secund ovate-lanceolate concave, nerve strong single, reaching about half way, margin of base slightly recurved; sub-denticulate.”

Breadalbane Mts. and Ben Lawers 1865 (Dr. F. B. White). Fruit not known.

514. H. hamulosum. Frölich (?) St. 1in. or more, procumbent pinnate; br. hooked at apex; l. circinnate-secund, much curved, tapering into a long slender sub-serrulate point from an ovate-lanceolate base, nerveless; caps. sub-cylindrical curved, tapering at base, lid conical pointed:

Alpine grassy declivities. Summer.

var. β.

micranthum. smaller, l. shorter pointed, and faintly two-nerved; caps. more oval, with an obtuse lid. Ben Lawers, &c.

b. Dioicous.

515. H. rupestre. Buchanan White. St. procumbent, covered with very short villi, irregularly pinnate; l. strongly falcato-secund, lanceolate acuminate from a wide base, much curved; obscurely two-nerved, margin plane, scarcely denticulate.

Ben Lawers, August, 1865.

516. H. Bambergeri. B. & S. Rather small dense tufts, yellowish green above, passing to yellow-fuscous at base; st. without radicles or villi, sub-pinnate, br. few fastigiate; l. densely crowded secund, strongly circinnate, ovate-lanceolate elongate, entire, with a long point, faintly two-nerved, one usually larger than the other; alar cells few, rather obscure, yellow, upper linear elongate; fr. not known.

Near summit of Ben Lawers, July, 1867 (Dr. Fraser).

517. H. imponens. Hedw. Cæspitose, sub-pinnate, l. imbricate, circinnate secund, filiform from a broad ovate-oblong base, margin reflexed below, and minutely serrate, obsoletely two-nerved; br. l. much narrower, and at apex of br. convolute, and hamato-incurved; per. l. nerveless filiform flexuose apiculate; caps. sub-erect cylindrical incurved; lid convexo-conical, acutely pointed yellowish, annulus broad. [Bry. Eur. VI., 597. Schp. Syn. 625.]

Woods and stony ground. Autumn.

Reigate Heath (Mr. Mitten), 1864.

518. H. cupressiforme. Dill. St. about 1in. procumbent; l. falcato-secund, pointing downwards, sharply acuminate from an ovate-lanceolate base, slightly serrulate, nerveless or faintly two-nerved; per. l. erect, almost piliferous; caps. sub-cylindrical cernuous, curved, lid conical, cuspidate.

Walls, rocks, trunks of trees, &c. XI. XII.

var. β.

compressum. st. slender pinnate, reddish, with compressed foliage; l. pale green, serrulate at apex; seta long slender; caps. short, elliptic oblong.

γ.

minus. pinnate; br. slender: l. narrow, falcate serrulate, margin recurved, caps. small erect. Trunks of trees.

δ.

filiforme. br. prostrate, filiform, slender; l. falcate, serrulate; caps. short; lid with a shorter point. Rocks. Killarney, &c.

ε.

lacunosum. more robust; br. thickened; l. larger sub-coriaceous, yellowish brown.

ζ.

longisetum. slender, l. pale, serrulate; seta elongate, caps. short ovate.

θ.

mammillatum. caps. with a short conical or mammillate lid.

519. H. resupinatum. Wils. St. creeping, sub-pinnate; l. erecto-patent, secund, pointing upwards, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, entire, nerveless; caps. oblong erect, almost symmetrical; lid with an oblique beak.

Walls, rocks, trees, &c. X. XII.

520. H. Lindbergh. Mitt. Jour, of Bot. I., p. 123. (H. pratense, Bry. Brit. 399.) “St. sparingly branched in an irregular manner, without any appearance of becoming pinnate; l. loosely compressed ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, but with a broad point,^[2] margins entire, nerveless; cells at angles enlarged and pale; caps., according to Lindberg, is on a rather thick seta 1in. long, turgid ovate, when dry plicate.”

“Damp sandy ground among thin grass, not in bogs. The fr. has been gathered once by Dr. Klingraff in June, in W. Prussia.”

“H. pratense differs from above in its irregularly pinnate stems, more compressed foliage, l. lanceolate with a narrow point denticulate at apex, and the enlarged basal cells of same colour; not found in Britain.”

521. H. arcuatum. Lindb. (H. pratense, var. β. Bry. Brit.) “L. more falcato-secund, scarcely complanate.”

Clay soils, common.

Sect. VII. Prostrate or ascending, rooting, regularly pinnate; l. hamate, circinnato-secund; caps. cernuous, solid, lid convexo-conical.

522. H. molluscum. Dill. St. soft, 1–2in. sub-erect; l. circinnate secund; st. l. cordate; br. l. ovate-lanceolate—all tapering acuminate, striate, serrulate, and faintly two-nerved, crisped when dry; caps. ovate, horizontal; lid conical, large, sharply pointed.

Moist banks and limestone rocks, common. XI.

Sect. VIII. St. erect, rigid, villose, regularly pinnate; l. hamate; caps. oblong, incurved, solid.

523. H. Crista-castrensis. L. St. sub-erect, 3–4in. pectinate; st. l. ovate-acuminate, br. l. narrowly lanceolate acuminate, strongly striate, serrulate near apex—all circinnato-secund, faintly two-nerved, margin reflexed; caps. oblong curved, cernuous, lid conical, pointed; dioicous.

Woods and alpine rocks. VII. VIII.

Sect. IX. St. soft cæspitose, prostrate, branched; l. falcato-secund, rarely spreading, faintly nerved; areolæ linear; per. l. long, deeply sulcate; caps. incurved cernuous, lid convexo-conical or mammillate.

524. H. palustre. Dill. St. creeping; br. ascending, crowded, curved, cuspidate and convolute at apex; l. generally secund, sometimes almost falcate, elliptic-entire, strongly concave, pointed; either nerveless, shortly two-nerved or singly nerved half way; per. l. erect, distinctly striate; caps. ovate, slightly curved; cernuous; lid conical, pointed.

Stones and rocks in streams. V.

var. β.

l. imbricate, not secund.

γ.

subsphœricarpon. l. strongly nerved nearly to apex; caps. roundish ovate, tumid.

525. H. dilatatum. Wils. (H. molle, Bry. Eur.) Plant of somewhat firm growth; l. rotundo-ovate, rather concave, suddenly apiculate, texture very close, areolæ long and very narrow; nerve double, short slender, but well defined (fide G. E. Hunt). Caps. ovate cernuous curved, lid conical.

At a low elevation. N. Wales, Yorkshire, Berkshire, Clova, Braemar.

526. H. molle, Dicks. (H. alpestre (?) Bry. Eur., non Swartz.) Very weak and flaccid, the tufts falling to pieces on removal from the water; l. varying from ovate to rotundo-ovate, flat, or sometimes very slightly reflexed towards apex, gradually tapering upwards, or very rarely suddenly apiculate; texture somewhat loose, areolæ larger and wider than in last; nerve rather long and thick, ill-defined, single or double (fide G. E. Hunt). Caps. as above.

Great elevations. Ben-mac-Dhui, Ben Nevis.

[The above two diagnoses are from a paper by Mr. G. E. Hunt, on Perthshire and Braemar Mosses in Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. and Manchester, 1868–9, p. 320.]

527. H. arcticum. Sommerfelt. St. 1–2in. creeping; br. elongate, simple, obtuse; l. spreading, green above, purplish below, small, broadly ovate or roundish, somewhat obtuse, entire, strongly two-nerved about half way, sometimes nerves blended into one; caps. ovate, cernuous, tapering into the seta; lid conical.

Alpine rivulets. VI.

528. H. eugyrium. Schpr. St. short, much branched; l. crowded, st. l. drooping on two sides, broadly oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate; br. l. flexuoso-falcate, plano-concave, elongate-lanceolate narrower, serrulate at apex; nerve thin, unequally bifid; areolæ vermicular excavate, fulvous, and rectangular at the decurrent angles; per. l., external spreading, internal erect, longly lanceolate, with erose apices; caps. ovate-oblong cernuous, turgid, lid mammillate; annulus broadly bi-triseriate. [Bry. Eur. VI., t. 579. Schp. Syn., 639.]

Stones in waterfalls. Summer.

N. Wales, Devonshire, Killarney.

b. Dioicous.

529. H. ochraceum. Turn. St. 2–4in., tufted filiform, sub-erect, sparingly branched; l. yellowish green sub-secund, sometimes falcate, distant, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, concave, nerve forked, extending half way; per. l. squarrose recurved; caps. oblong, tapering at base, cernuous; lid conical.

Stones in alpine and sub-alpine streams, &c. V. VI.

Sect. X. Erect or procumbent, stem simple or more or less pinnate; l. patent, rarely sub-complanate, or sub-secund, thinly single-nerved, or shortly two-nerved, shining; areolæ linear; caps. incurved cernuous; lid mammillate or convexo-conical.

1. St. more or less regularly pinnate; l. patent or loosely imbricate.

a. Monoicous.

530. H. cordifolium. Swartz. Bright green above, reddish brown below; st. 3–6in. erect, sub-pinnate; br. short slender; l. spreading, almost squarrose, convolute and cuspidate at tip of branches, distant, cordate-ovate, obtuse, or slightly apiculate, concave entire, strongly nerved almost to apex; cells scarcely enlarged at base; caps. oblong, suddenly horizontal, not tapering at base; lid conical.

Marshes and ditches. IV. V.

b. Dioicous.

531. H. giganteum. Schp. St. erect, thick, often 1ft. long, densely pinnate; st. l. patent, broadly cordate-ovate, strongly nerved to apex; cells linear, excavate and quadrate at basal angles; br. l. lingulate narrow, terminal ones twisted and subulate; per. l. oblong-lanceolate; caps. oblong-cylindrical, sub-incurved, horizontal, on a long seta; annulus none; lid mammillate. [Schp. Syn. 642.]

Marshes. Hale Moss and Wybunbury Bog. Summer.

532. H. sarmentosum. Wahl. St. 1in. or more, procumbent, sub-pinnate; br. short cuspidate; foliage red or purplish; l. much crowded, sub-erect, elliptic-oblong, scarcely pointed, concave, entire, nerved almost to apex; areolæ large, quadrate and pellucid at basal angles; caps. ovate-oblong, cernuous.

Wet alpine rocks. Spring (?)

533. H. cuspidatum. Dill. St. 2–6in. erect, pinnate; terminal foliage cuspidate; l. spreading, almost squarrose, when young erect appressed and convolute; ovate, obtuse, entire, nerveless or shortly two-nerved; cells enlarged and pellucid at basal angles; caps. oblong, much curved, tapering below; lid conical acute.

Marshes. V. VI.

534. H. Schreberi. Dill. St. 4–6in. erect, pinnate, deep red, with slender curved branches, somewhat cuspidate at summit; l. convolute, afterwards erecto-patent, elliptical, concave, obtuse, shortly two-nerved; cells enlarged at basal angles; caps. ovate-oblong curved cernuous; lid conical, pointed.

Woods and shady banks. X. XI.

535. H. purum. Dill. St. 4–6in., not coloured, erect, pinnate; br. slightly curved, not cuspidate at apex; l. closely imbricate, broadly elliptical, concave, with recurved points, almost boat-shaped, entire, nerved half way; caps. ovate, suddenly horizontal; lid conical.

Shady banks. X. XI.

2. St. almost simple, or sparingly branched; l. closely imbricate when dry: dioicous.

536. H. stramineum. Dicks. St. 2–4in. erect, filiform, with few erect branches; l. erecto-patent, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, entire, concave, thinly nerved nearly to apex; cells enlarged quadrate and pellucid at basal angles; caps. small, ovate, curved, cernuous; lid short, conical.

Marshes amongst Sphagnum; rare in fr. IV. V.

537. H. trifarium. W. & M. St. 2–3in. erect or trailing, sparingly branched; l. very closely imbricate, fragile when dry; generally but not always trifarious, roundish obtuse, inflated, entire, nerved almost to apex; caps. oval-oblong, curved, cernuous; lid conical.

Alpine bogs and turfy rills. VI. (?)

Sect. XI. Fastigiate, sparingly branched; l. imbricate secund, ventricose, faintly nerved.

538. H. scorpioides. Dill. St. 3–4in. erect or procumbent, irregularly pinnate; branches short; l. crowded, imbricate, falcato-secund, large, roundish ovate, ventricose, apiculate, entire, nerveless or faintly and shortly two-nerved, purplish brown or lurid; caps. short oblong curved, tumid, cernuous, on a long seta; lid conical, pointed.

Bogs. V.

Sub-genus XIII. Hylocomium. St. woody, pinnate or bipinnate, or sparingly branched; l. scariose, shining, sulcate, thinly two-nerved, without radicles; cells narrow, linear, broader at base; caps. ovate or ovate-globose, coriaceous, lid mammillate, perist. large, perfect.

a. irregularly bi-tripinnate, l. loosely imbricate; lid rostrate.

539. H. (Hylocomium) splendens. Dill. St. 2–6in., erect or procumbent, interruptedly bi-tripinnate, villous, reddish; fol. reddish or fulvous green; st. l. roundish elliptical, with long wavy points; br. l. with a short point or muticous—all imbricate concave serrate, shortly two-nerved, margin recurved below; caps. ovate, curved, cernuous; lid convex, tapering into a long beak: dioicous.

Grassy banks, woods, &c. IV.

540. H. (Hylocomium) umbratum. Ehrh. St. arched, sub-erect, with branched villi, irregularly bipinnate; l. yellowish green, glossy, cordate acuminate, serrate, plicato-striate, nerve unequally bifurcate; caps. short, roundish, obovate, curved, cernuous; lid conical, acute: dioicous.

Alpine woods on stones. XI.

541. H. (Hylocomium) Oakesii. Sulliv. St. arched, irregularly and distantly pinnate, with branched villi; l. larger, elliptical, concave, not cordate, plicato-striate, serrate, and sharply acuminate, singly nerved half way or shortly two-nerved, margin recurved; per. l. squarrose; caps. roundish ovate, gibbous above, cernuous; lid conical, shortly beaked: dioicous.

Alpine rocks. Autumn (?)

542. H. (Hylocomium) brevirostre. Ehrh. St. 2–6in. arched, erect, with branched villi, irregularly bipinnate; st. l. distant, almost squarrose, plicato-striate, cordate, and suddenly acuminate; br. l. ovate-acuminate, not so suddenly acuminate, striate—all serrulate and two-nerved half way; caps. roundish ovate, cernuous; lid conical, tapering into a rather long inclined beak: dioicous.

Mountainous woods. X. XI.

c. L. squarrose.

543. H. (Hylocomium) squarrosum. Dill. St. 2–3in. reddish, slender, more or less erect, irregularly pinnate; br. drooping; st. l. squarrose, recurved, ovate, gradually tapering and very acute, faintly striate below; br. l. narrower, less recurved, and squarrose—all serrulate and shortly two-nerved: caps. roundish ovate, drooping; lid conical, with a short sharp point: dioicous.

Banks and woods. XI.

544. H. (Hylocomium) triquetrum. Dill. St. 6in. or more, rigid, reddish, erect, sub-pinnate; br. long straggling; st. l. squarrose or sub-secund, striate; br. l. spreading, scarcely striate—all triangular acuminate from a cordate, amplexicaul base, serrulate and two-nerved half way; caps. roundish ovate, cernuous; lid conical, acute: dioicous.

Woods, &c. XI.

d. L. secund, or falcato-secund.

545. H. (Hylocomium) loreum. Dill. St. 6–12in. slender, erect, or procumbent, more or less pinnate; br. drooping straggling; l. squarrose, recurved, more or less secund at summit of stem and branches, ovate-lanceolate, with a long acumen, not cordate or amplexicaul; plicato-striate below; shortly and faintly two-nerved, sometimes nerveless; caps. small roundish ovate; lid conical, sharply pointed: dioicous.

Mountainous woods. XI.

84. OMALIA. Brid.

546. O. trichomanoides. Dill. St. about 1in. irregularly pinnate; l. crowded, sub-secund, complanate, oval, serrulate at obtuse rounded apex, faintly nerved half way; caps. small sub-cylindrical, sub-erect, lid with an oblique beak.

Trunks of trees and shady rocks. X. XI.

85. NECKERA. Hedwig.

547. N. complanata. Bry. Eur. St. 1–2in. pinnate; br. short crowded attenuate; l. complanate, not undulate, obliquely ovate-oblong, suddenly apiculate from broadish apex, faintly and shortly two-nerved; caps. roundish elliptical, tapering below, erect; lid large, obliquely rostrate: dioicous.

Trunks of trees, walls, &c. X.—XII.

548. N. crispa. Dill. St. 4–6in. pinnate, from a creeping rhizome; l. complanate, undulate, ovate-oblong or ovate-ligulate, somewhat obtuse and pointed, serrulate at apex, faintly and shortly two-nerved or singly nerved half way; caps. roundish ovate erect; lid with a long oblique beak: dioicous.

Mountainous rocks, trees. XI.—IV.

549. N. pumila. Huds. St. 1–2in. sub-pinnate, with slender flagellæ and short complanate branches; l. complanate undulate, ovate-oblong, tapering, apiculate or acuminate, somewhat concave, serrulate, margin recurved, shortly two-nerved or nerveless; caps. elliptical, erect, on a very short seta; lid with a short beak: dioicous.

Trunks of trees and rocks. X. XI.

550. N. Philippeana. Schp. Primary stem creeping densely pinnate, secondary ascending remotely pinnate; l. densely imbricate, complanate, strongly and elegantly undulate, ovate-lanceolate, sharply narrowed into a longer or shorter flexuose apiculus, nerveless; areolæ small linear. [Bry. Eur. V. 445. Schp. Syn. 471.] Possibly only a variety of N. pumila.

Bark of a young ash tree, Valley of Hirnant, Bala, N. Wales (Rev. H. H. Higgins), July, 1872, barren; Scotland.

551. N. pennata. Hall. St. 2in. pinnate, with complanate longer branches; l. complanate undulate, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a slightly serrulate point, otherwise entire, nerveless, or sometimes shortly and faintly two-nerved; caps. oblong or oval immersed, lid with a short oblique beak: monoicous.

Trunks of trees, rare. Spring.

86. HOOKERIA. Smith.

552. H. lucens. Dill. St. 1–3in. procumbent, with irregular complanate branches; l. complanate, large roundish ovate, obtuse, entire, nerveless; areolæ large, hexagonal, pellucid; caps. roundish elliptical, almost pendulous; lid conical, suddenly tapering into a long straight beak: monoicous.

Moist banks, stones in streams, &c. XI. XII.

553. H. lætevirens. H. & T. St. shorter and more slender, procumbent, sub-pinnate; l. complanate, loosely imbricate, smaller, ovate, suddenly and shortly acuminate, with a thickened border; doubly nerved above half way, serrulate at apex; areolæ smaller, hexagonal; caps. smaller, drooping, roundish, elliptical; lid as above: monoicous.

Caves, wet rocks, and by rivulets. XI. XII.

87. DALTONIA. Hooker & Taylor.

554. D. splachnoides. H. & T. St. ¼in. tufted, erect, br. fastigiate; l. crowded, sub-erect, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly keeled, entire, nerve vanishing below apex; per. l. small ovate; caps. small oval-oblong, sub-erect, lid large, with a long straight beak.

Sub-alpine moist shady rocks and trees, rare. X. XI.

88. CRYPHÆA. Mohr.

555. C. heteromalla. Dill. St. 1in. decumbent, sparingly branched, sub-pinnate; l. spreading, imbricate, slightly recurved, broadly ovate, pointed, concave, thickly nerved nearly to apex; per. l. elliptic, with an excurrent nerve; caps. oblong immersed, appearing secund; lid conical, pointed: synoicous.

Trunks of trees.

var. β.

aquatilis. st. elongate, l. roundish ovate obtuse; stones in running streams, or trees.

89. FONTINALIS. Dill.

556. F. antipyretica. L. St. very long, often 1ft., with long spreading branches; l. ovate-lanceolate, very concave, keeled, nerveless, all on each branch with one margin reflexed on the same side, the other plane, sometimes serrulate near apex; caps. oval or ovate, immersed; lid long conical acute.

Streams and stagnant water. VI. VII.

557. F. squarrosa. L. St. shorter, but elongate; br. numerous, crowded fasciculate, not spreading; l. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, concave, not keeled, margin not reflexed, nerveless, entire; caps. similar to last.

Mountain rivulets. VI. VII.

90. DICHELYMA. Myrin.

558. D. capillaceum. Dicks. St. 3–6in. slender, brittle, with a few distichous spreading branches; l. erecto-patent, secund, subulate-setaceous, keeled, with a long excurrent nerve; per. l. long convolute, nerveless; caps. short oval, almost immersed; lid large conical, beaked.

Alpine rivulets. Summer.