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A Text-book of Entomology / Including the Anatomy, Physiology, Embryology and Metamorphoses of Insects for Use in Agricultural and Technical Schools and Colleges as Well as by the Working Entomologist cover

A Text-book of Entomology / Including the Anatomy, Physiology, Embryology and Metamorphoses of Insects for Use in Agricultural and Technical Schools and Colleges as Well as by the Working Entomologist

Chapter 216: INDEX
By A. S. Packard
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About This Book

A comprehensive instructional manual that surveys insect anatomy, physiology, embryology, and metamorphic stages for use in agricultural and technical instruction and by practitioners. It situates insects within the Arthropoda and systematically examines external and internal structures—head, thorax, appendages, wings, tracheae—and the mechanics of locomotion and flight. Practical laboratory guidance on dissection, microscopic preparation, and developmental observation is integrated with comparative descriptions and diagnostic characters. Extensive bibliographic references and illustrative figures are provided to support classroom use and further study.

INDEX

  • Abantiades, 57.
  • Abbreviation of larval characters, 707.
  • Abdomen, 162.
  • Abdominal appendages, in the embryo, 164;
    • embryonic appendages, 476;
    • jointed appendages, 468.
  • Acetabulum, 94.
  • Acid, formic, 358;
  • Acinose salivary glands, 334.
  • Acoustic nerve, 290.
  • Acronycta, 615;
    • hastulifera, 194.
  • Acrydium, 421.
  • Actias luna, its cocoon-cutters, 634.
  • Adelops, 630.
  • Adhesive hairs, 111, 113;
  • Adiscota, 672.
  • Adminicula, 629.
  • Adranes cæcus, 57.
  • Adult insects, tracheal gills of, 476.
  • Æroscepsis, 265.
  • Æschna, 53;
    • rectal respiration in nymph of, 463.
  • Agriotypus, hypermetamorphosis of, 701.
  • Aileron, 124.
  • Air-sacs, 456;
  • Aletia xylina, tongue of, 66.
  • Aleurodicus, 518.
  • Aleyrodes, 518.
  • Alitrunk, 90.
  • Alluring glands, 391.
  • Alula, 123, 125.
  • Ametabola, acquired, 599.
  • Ametabolia, 596.
  • Amnion, 533;
    • absence of, 534;
    • cavity, 532;
    • fold, 531;
    • skin, shedding of, 584.
  • Amphizoa, 461.
  • Anabolia furcata, buccal organs of, 74.
  • Anabrus, 49, 73;
    • cuticula of, 187.
  • Anal glands, 319, 326, 372;
    • operculum, 181;
    • silk glands, 346.
  • Androconia, 197, 199.
  • Anisomorpha, 371.
  • Anisopleura, lateral gills of, 468.
  • Anobium, 293, 620.
  • Anomalon, hypermetamorphosis of, 701.
  • Anophthalmus, brain of, 241;
    • head of, 74;
    • olfactory organs of, 276;
    • salivary glands of, 334;
    • tongue of, 74.
  • Anoplus, 101.
  • Ant, cement glands of, 360;
    • organ of hearing in, 291;
    • taste in, 282;
    • phosphorescent, 424;
    • poison sac of, 359;
    • sounds produced by, 294;
    • stingless, 359.
  • Antefurca, 92.
  • Antennæ, 57;
    • imaginal buds of, 665;
    • origin of imaginal from larval, 656;
    • use of, 59, 270.
  • Antennal auditory hairs, 292;
  • Antheræa, 616.
  • Anthrax, 612.
  • Anurida, 51;
    • maritima, 537.
  • Anurophorus, 424.
  • Anus, 319;
  • Aphides, changes of color in, 205;
    • honey dew of, 364;
    • wax glands of, 364.
  • Aphis, 616;
    • reduction of tarsal joints of, 103.
  • Aphrophora permutata, wings of, 141.
  • Apis, premandibular segment in embryo of, 52;
    • germ-layers of, 558.
  • Apneustic type of tracheal system, 459.
  • Apodemes, 92.
  • Apodous larvæ, 103.
  • Appendages, abdominal jointed appendages, 468;
    • abdominal, origin of, 550, 551;
    • abdominal, absence of, 550;
    • cephalic, origin of, 548;
    • of embryo, 548, 551;
    • oral, 549;
    • thoracic, origin of, 550.
  • Aquatic insects, 459;
    • descent of, from terrestrial, 708;
    • life, adaptations to, 460.
  • Arachnida, 6.
  • Arctia, 391.
  • Arctian larvæ, 615.
  • Argida, 391.
  • Armature, 187, 192.
  • Arolium, 97, 100, 113.
  • Arthromeres, 30.
  • Arthropoda, classes of, 3.
  • Articerus, 57.
  • Ascalaphus, 616.
  • Ash, on eversible glands, 377.
  • Asilus, mouth-parts of, 79.
  • Aspidiotus, 538, 627;
    • nerii, hypermetamorphosis of male of, 690;
    • nerii, metamorphosis of male of, 640, 690.
  • Ateuchus sacer, 101.
  • Attacus, mode of escape from its cocoon, 635.
  • Attacine moths, 634.
  • Attelabus, 538.
  • Auditory organs, 287.
  • Audouin, on the median segment, 163;
    • on peritreme, 90.
  • Autolyca, 371.
  • Auzoux, on the salivary glands of silkworm, 332.
  • Ayers, on embryonic abdominal appendages, 550;
    • on fecundation of the egg, 505;
    • on hypermetamorphosis of Teleas, 703;
    • on origin of heart, 573.
  • Bætisca, 467.
  • Balancers, 124.
  • Balbiani, on the polar cells of Chironomus, 580.
  • Ballowitz, on spermatozoa, 497.
  • Band, germinal, 531;
  • Bapata, 392.
  • Basilar membrane of eye, 253.
  • Bee, honey, air-sacs of, 458;
    • breathing of, 456;
    • cement glands of, 360;
    • egg of, 521;
    • flight of, 151;
    • head, 80;
    • moulting of, 611;
    • mouth-parts of, 79;
    • number of moults of, 618;
    • premandibular segment in embryo of, 52;
    • salivary glands of, 334;
    • sanitary conditions observed by its larva, 623;
    • seminal packet of, 500;
    • spermatheca, 506;
    • tongue of, 80, 81;
    • tracheæ of, 458;
    • wax glands of, 364.
  • Bee’s foot, action of, in climbing, 114;
  • Bees, twisted hairs of, 189.
  • Beetles, anal glands of, 372;
    • phosphorescent, 424;
    • tongue of, 73;
    • tracks of, 106;
    • walking, 103.
  • Benasus griseus, tongue of, 73.
  • Bladder, urinary, 35.
  • Blanc, on salivary glands of silkworm, 331, 332;
    • on silk glands of silkworm, 340;
    • on spinning glands of silkworm, 340.
  • Blaps, 373;
  • Blastoderm, 526, 529.
  • Blatta, 43, 69;
    • egg-tubes of, 501;
    • embryology of, 537.
  • Blattidæ, fœtid glands of, 370.
  • Blepharocera, 474.
  • Blochman, on embryology of Musca, 530.
  • Blood, 407;
  • Blow-fly, duration of embryonic life of, 582;
  • Boas, on spiracles of Melolontha larva, 439.
  • Bobretsky, on embryology of Pieris, 529.
  • Body, cavity, formation of, 563, 566;
    • central, 232, 237;
    • completion of embryonic, 555;
    • form, development of outer, 668;
    • mushroom, 233;
    • pedunculated, 232, 233;
    • stalked, 232, 233.
  • Boll, on repellent glands, 371.
  • Bombus, 219, 618;
    • post-embryonic changes in, 661.
  • Bombyx mori, 339, 366, 405, 496, 499, 608;
    • embryonic abdominal legs of, 552.
  • Bordas, on poison glands, 358;
    • on salivary glands of Hymenoptera, 337.
  • Bot-fly, of horse, 475;
  • Bothriothorax, 623.
  • Brain, 222, 226;
    • development of, 567;
    • histology of, 238;
    • modifications of, in different orders, 240.
  • Brauer, on Campodea-form larvæ, 600–602;
    • on metamorphosis, 598.
  • Breathing, mechanism of, 451;
  • Brin, 342.
  • Bristles, 188.
  • Bruchus, hypermetamorphosis of, 700.
  • Buccal appendages, 59.
  • Bucculatrix, 634.
  • Buckton, on change of color in aphides, 205.
  • Buds, antennal, 665;
    • buccal, 665;
    • femerotibial, 656;
    • frontal, 676;
    • imaginal, 674;
    • of Encyrtus, 663;
    • Melophagus, 686;
    • ocular, 665;
    • of ovipositor, 665;
    • of wings, 669.
  • Bugnion, on composition of head of Hymenoptera, 55;
    • on the germs of the sexual glands of Encyrtus, 582;
    • on the imagined buds of ovipositor, 171;
    • on the post-embryonic changes in Hymenoptera, 663.
  • Burgess, on colors, 203;
    • on hypopharynx, 76;
    • on scales, 195.
  • Burmeister, on organs of smell, 265.
  • Bursa copulatrix, 505.
  • Busgen, on honey dew, 365.
  • Bütschli, on an under-lip structure in bee, 547;
    • on origin and morphology of the tracheæ, 447;
    • on premandibular segment, 52;
    • on temporary abdominal appendages, 550.
  • Butterfly, atrophy of tarsi of, 102;
    • olfactory organs of, 274;
    • larval, hibernating, 615.
  • Caddis-worm, blood-gills of, 475;
    • eversible glands of, 375;
    • pupal mandibles of, 633.
  • Cæca of mid-intestine, 300, 325, 347, 348;
    • secretion of, 348.
  • Calcar, 97.
  • Calcaria, 97.
  • Calculi in intestine, 325.
  • Calliphora vomitoria, 618;
    • eggs of, 521.
  • Callosamia promethea, 192;
    • number of moults of, 616.
  • Callosune, 202.
  • Caloptenus, 43.
  • Calopteryx, 54, 464.
  • Caltrops, 189.
  • Calypta, 124.
  • Calyx of brain, 233.
  • Campodea, embryology of, 22, 52;
    • ligula of, 721;
    • moulting of, 616;
    • premandibular segment of, 52.
  • Campodea-form larva, 600.
  • Campodeoid characters, loss of, in holometabolous insects, 707;
  • Capillary tracheæ, 655.
  • Carabidoid stage, 692.
  • Carabus, walking, 107;
    • tracks of, 109.
  • Cardiac valvule, 312.
  • Cardioblasts, 572.
  • Cardo, 63.
  • Carlet, on the poison apparatus of bees, 357;
    • on walking in beetles, 109;
    • on wax glands, 364.
  • Carus, on the circulation, 397, 409.
  • Case-worms, blood gills of, 475;
    • functional salivary glands of, 331;
    • spinning glands of, 337.
  • Caterpillar, actions before pupation, 644;
    • changes in mouth-parts during metamorphosis, 645;
    • eversible sacs of, 375;
    • excrement of, before pupation, 644;
    • internal changes in, 645;
    • moulting of, 609;
    • number of moults in, 615.
  • Catocala, 392.
  • Cauliculus, 233.
  • Cavity, peripodal, 669.
  • Cecidomyia, 113;
    • urinary tubes of, 351.
  • Cells, absorbent, 328;
    • amœboid egg, 529;
    • egg, 502;
    • embryonic, of buds of larval Lepidoptera, 655;
    • genital, 575;
    • setigenous, 191.
  • Cement glands, 360.
  • Centrosome, 525.
  • Ceratopogon, 678.
  • Cerci, 164, 178.
  • Cercopoda, 164, 178.
  • Cerura, 375.
  • Ceuthophilus, 393.
  • Chabrier, on use of elytra, 159.
  • Chalicodoma, 542.
  • Chambers, egg, 502;
  • Chapman, on cremaster, 636;
    • the hypermetamorphosis of Rhipiphorus, 697;
    • on mode of escape from cocoon, 632, 633;
    • on the moulting fluid, moulting of arctians, 615;
    • on value of pupal characters, 628.
  • Chermes, 361.
  • Cheshire, on admission of air into bee’s cocoon, 623;
    • on bee’s foot, 114;
    • on bee’s sting, 172;
    • on bee’s tongue, 79, 82.
  • Chiasma, 231.
  • Chironomus, 36, 491;
    • formation of the imago in, 671, 678;
    • polar cells of, 580.
  • Chitin, 29.
  • Chlænius, brain of, 241.
  • Cholodkowsky, on homologies of propleg or abdominal leg of caterpillars, 552;
    • on patagia, 89;
    • on testes of Lepidoptera, 496;
    • on urinary tubes, 354.
  • Chordotonal organs, 289.
  • Chorion, 520, 534.
  • Chromatin, 498.
  • Chrysalis, 625;
    • mode of suspension of, 637.
  • Chrysopa, 517, 525.
  • Chun, on the tænidia, 445.
  • Cicada, shrilling organ of, 295.
  • Cicada septemdecim, 616;
    • hatching of, 584.
  • Cimbex, 374.
  • Circulation, of blood, 409;
    • organs of, 397;
    • peritracheal, 397.
  • Citheronia, 392.
  • Claspers, 176, 179.
  • Claus, on eversible glands, 374.
  • Clavola, 57.
  • Climbing, mode of, 116.
  • Closure, dorsal, of embryo, 556.
  • Clypeus, 546, 547.
  • Coarctate Diptera, 620.
  • Coccidæ, male, 626;
    • metamorphosis of, 641.
  • Coccinella, moulting of, 611.
  • Coccinellidæ, 375.
  • Cockerell, on hatching of mantis, 584.
  • Cockroach, 455, 456, 487;
    • brain of, 229, 242;
    • cement glands of, 360;
    • chorion of egg of, 521;
    • circulation of blood in wings of, 410;
    • colleterial glands, 506;
    • deposition of eggs of, 519;
    • digestion of, 325;
    • egg-tubes of, 501;
    • fœtid glands of, 370;
    • micropyle of eggs of, 523;
    • mode of hatching, 583;
    • oötheca of, 517;
    • wingless, 598.
  • Cocoon, admission of air in, 623;
    • breaker, 634;
    • cutter, 634;
    • formation of, 619;
    • mode of escape from, 635;
    • spinning of, 621.
  • Cœcal appendages of stomach, 300, 325, 347.
  • Cœcum of colon, 318, 325.
  • Cœlom-sac, 563, 566, 576.
  • Coleoptera, embryology of, 537;
    • gustatory organs of, 284;
    • internal changes during metamorphosis of, 641;
    • larval types of, 604, 606;
    • number of moults of, 617;
    • olfactory organs of, 275;
    • phosphorescent, 421;
    • pupa of, 630;
    • salivary glands of, 334;
    • seminal ducts of, 496;
    • sounds produced by, 293;
    • spermatozoa of, 497, 499;
    • tongue of, 73.
  • Colleterial glands, 506.
  • Colon, 317;
    • cæcum of, 318.
  • Color sense, 260.
  • Colors, 201;
    • dermal, 203;
    • interference, 201, 202;
    • metallic, 204;
    • natural, 203;
    • optical, 201;
    • order of development of, 208.
  • Comb, tarsal, 97.
  • Commissure of œsophageal ring, 237.
  • Conditions of existence, 463.
  • Cone, crystalline, 250, 251.
  • Conglobate gland, 487.
  • Coniopteryx, 620.
  • Conjunctivus, 61.
  • Conorhinus, 616.
  • Cope, on causes of segmentation of body of arthropods, 33.
  • Copidosoma, 623.
  • Copris carolina, 61.
  • Copulation, signs of, 507.
  • Copulatory pouch, 505.
  • Cord, stigmatic, 460;
    • supraspinal, 240.
  • Corethra, 433, 460, 618;
    • auditory organs of, 291;
    • formation of the imago in, 668, 678;
    • plumicornis, wing-germs of, 129;
    • tracheoles of, 133.
  • Corixa, eggs of, 538.
  • Cornea, 250.
  • Corneal lens, 250.
  • Corydalus, 46, 48, 59, 70, 460, 468.
  • Corydalus cornutus, hatching spine of, 585.
  • Coste, on pigments, 206.
  • Cotylosoma, 478.
  • Coxa, 95;
    • origin of imaginal from larval, 656.
  • Coxal glands, 369;
    • sacs, 475;
    • of myriopods, 14.
  • Cremaster, 636;
    • absence of, 636;
    • mode of formation of, in butterflies, 637.
  • Cremastral hook-spine, 638.
  • Cricket, 487;
    • anal glands of, 372.
  • Crop, 303, 324.
  • Crustacea, 4.
  • Cucujo, 426.
  • Cuénot, on blood, 374, 408;
    • corrosive glands, 574;
    • digestion, 329;
    • leucocytes, 421;
    • phagocytes, 421, 422.
  • Cuilleron, 124.
  • Culex, 461, 465, 474, 599;
    • formation of the imago in, 668, 678;
    • mouth-parts of, 78;
    • phosphorescent, 424;
    • sense of hearing in, 292;
    • urinary tubes of, 350.
  • Cup, spermatophore, 499.
  • Cuticula, 187, 203;
    • new layer of, formation of, 612.
  • Cyclops stage of Proctotrypid parasites, 701.
  • Cyphon, 472.
  • Cytoplasm, 525.
  • Dahl, on constancy of number of six legs, 100;
  • Danais, 197, 381;
    • archippus, hypopharynx of, 75;
    • plexippus, wings of, 137.
  • Dandolo, on amount of food eaten by the silkworm, 608.
  • Datana, 634.
  • Datana ministra, moulting of, 611;
    • section of larva, 131;
    • setæ of, 188;
    • tænidia of, 444, 448.
  • Death-watch, 293.
  • Deltochilum gibbosum, 101.
  • De Moor, on tracks of insects, 106, 109.
  • Dermal glands, 365.
  • Dermaptera, wingless, 598.
  • Deutocerebrum, 231, 237.
  • Development, direct, 598.
  • Dewitz’s discovery of imaginal bud-stalks, 673;
    • locomotion of insects on smooth surfaces, 111;
    • on movement of leucocytes independent of the circulation, 413;
    • openings of glandular hairs, 192;
    • ovipositor, 168, 170, 171;
    • stigmata of odonate nymphs, 439;
    • open tracheal system, 460, 464;
    • wing-buds, 127, 142.
  • Diapheromera, 371, 616;
  • Diaphragm, pericardial, 412.
  • Didonis, 381, 391.
  • Digestion, 324.
  • Digestive canal of imago in the fly, appendages of, 297, 302, 331;
    • formation of, 681;
    • histology of, 320;
    • length of, not a criterion of its habits, 301;
    • primary regions, 299, 302.
  • Dimmock, on hypopharynx, 71;
    • on labrum epipharynx, 44;
    • on pseudo-trachea, 446.
  • Diplopoda, 12.
  • Diptera, coarctate, 620;
    • cyclorhapha, 621;
    • development of imago of, 666;
    • food reservoir of, 305;
    • germs of genital glands, 580;
    • hypopharynx of, 78;
    • larval types of, 607;
    • mouth-parts of, 78;
    • olfactory organs of, 273;
    • origin of legs of imago in, 654;
    • orthoraphous, 621, 626;
    • post-embryonic changes in, 666;
    • salivary glands of, 333.
  • Dipterous embryo, suppression of polypody in, 707.
  • Direct development, 598.
  • Discota, 672.
  • Division nuclei, 530.
  • Donacia, 620.
  • Dorsal organ, 535.
  • Doryphora, 50;
    • embryology of, 544;
    • hatching spine of, 586.
  • Dragon-fly, 53;
    • muscles of flight of, 157;
    • number of moults of, 616.
  • Draught power, 218.
  • Drosophila, 518.
  • Dryocampa, 187.
  • Dubois on the cucujo, 424, 426.
  • Ducts, ejaculatory, 496;
    • seminal, 496.
  • Dufour, gland of, 358.
  • Dujardinia, 34.
  • Dyar on the number of moults, 615.
  • Dyticus, 461;
    • foot of male, 93, 99, 114;
    • larva, poisonous saliva of, 359;
    • mode of swimming of, 116;
    • tænidia of, 445;
    • trail curves of, 108.
  • Eacles, 616.
  • Ears, 288.
  • Eaton, on nymph stage, 594;
    • of rectal respiration in nymphs of ephemerids, 465.
  • Ecdysis, 609, 611.
  • Ectoderm, 534;
    • formation of, 558.
  • Ectotrachea, 432, 448, 684.
  • Egg, 515;
    • burster, 585;
    • capsule, 517, 520;
    • cells, 504;
    • chambers, 502;
    • fertilization of, 525;
    • germs, 502;
    • guide, 183;
    • internal structure of, 524;
    • markings of, 521;
    • maturation of, 525;
    • mode of deposition of, 518;
    • number laid, 515;
    • ovarian, 501;
    • ripe, 520;
    • sacs, 361, 517, 520;
    • shell, 520;
    • smaller in holometabolous insects, 515;
    • tubes, 501;
    • vitality of, 520.
  • Ejaculatory ducts, double openings of, 486;
    • origin of, 578.
  • Elater of Collembola, 551.
  • Electricity, influence of, on action of heart, 412.
  • Eleodes, 372.
  • Elliott on color sense, 261.
  • Elmis, 462, 473.
  • Elytra, 124;
    • glands in, 125.
  • Embidæ, 620.
  • Embryo, 531;
    • revolution of, 540.
  • Embryology of insects, 515.
  • Embryonic life, length of, 582.
  • Embryonic membranes, involution of, 556.
  • Embryonic, post-, changes, 650.
  • Emery, on homologies of the tracheæ, 443;
  • Empodium, 97, 111, 116.
  • Empretia stimulea, 192.
  • Eucyrtus, 55, 171;
    • post-embryonic changes in, 663.
  • Endochorion, 520.
  • Endoderm, 534, 561.
  • Endomesoderm, 542.
  • Endosternite, 94.
  • Endotrachea, 432, 448.
  • Entomoline, 29.
  • Entothorax, 92.
  • Environment, 463.
  • Ephemera, circulation in, 409;
    • double sexual openings of, 489;
    • nymph of, lacinia of, 61;
    • thorax of, 91.
  • Ephemerella, 466.
  • Ephemeridæ, 459, 460;
    • double genital openings of, 492;
    • gills of, 460;
    • rectal respiration in, 464.
  • Ephydra, 36, 553.
  • Epicauta, life-history of, 692.
  • Epilabrum, 13.
  • Epimerum, 89.
  • Epiopticon, 231, 253.
  • Epipharynx, 43, 54.
  • Epipleurum, 124.
  • Episternum, 88.
  • Erichson on sense of smell, 266.
  • Eriocephala calthella, mandibles of, 62;
    • maxillæ of, 68.
  • Eristalis, 189, 461.
  • Eruciform type of larva, 602, 605, 705.
  • Escherich, on male genital organs of beetles, 495.
  • Euphæa, lateral gills of, 468, 477.
  • Euphoria inda, moulting of, 611.
  • Eupolus, 113.
  • Eupsalis minuta, 103.
  • Eversible sacs, 475.
  • Excretion, defined, 327;
    • process of, 328.
  • Excretory system, 348.
  • Exner, on vision, 258.
  • Exochorion, 520, 534.
  • Exuvia, 609.
  • Exuvium, 609.
  • Eye, 249;
  • Fabre, on life-history of Sitaris, 69.
  • Facet, 250.
  • Facets, number of, 249.
  • Facetted eye, origin of, 255.
  • Faivre, on function of brain, 244.
  • Fat, amount of, in caterpillar, 644.
  • Fat-body, 419;
    • concretions in, 420;
    • destruction and reformation of, in muscids during metamorphosis, 685;
    • origin of, 574.
  • Feet, post-embryonic development of, 653.
  • Female reproductive organs, 485, 500;
    • origin of, 575.
  • Femur, 96;
    • formation of, in imago of Lepidoptera, 655.
  • Fernald, on rectal glands of Passalus, 318.
  • Fertilization of the egg, 525.
  • Filator, 340.
  • Filippi’s glands, 345.
  • Firefly, 426.
  • Fischer, on color of butterflies, 200.
  • Flagellum, 57.
  • Flea, 438;
    • hatching spine of, 586;
    • hypopharynx of, 77;
    • number of moults of, 617.
  • Flies, syrphid, 189.
  • Flight, 148, 219;
    • theory of, 150.
  • Fluid, exuvial, 612;
    • moulting, 612;
    • softening fluid of moths in escaping from the cocoon, 635.
  • Fly, blow, hatching of, 585;
    • development of imago in, 666;
    • horse, mouth-parts of, 79;
    • thorax of, 91;
    • house, length of embryonic life of, 582;
    • thorax of, 88;
    • number of moults of, 618;
    • meat, hatching of, 585;
    • tenent hairs of, 111.
  • Fold, amnion, 531.
  • Folds, gastro-ileal, 317;
    • giving rise to head of fly, 671.
  • Folsom, on lateral gills of Euphæa, 468.
  • Food-reservoir, 305.
  • Foot, of beetle, 111;
  • Footprints of beetles, 106.
  • Fore-stomach, 306.
  • Forel, on gustatory organs, 281;
    • on honey-dew, 365;
    • on vision, 256.
  • Forficula, 454, 491;
    • fœtid glands of, 369;
    • hatching spine of, 585.
  • Formic acid, 358.
  • Frenulum, 122.
  • Fulgora, 424.
  • Funiculus, 460.
  • Funnel, 313.
  • Galea, 63, 64.
  • Galeruca, 113.
  • Ganglia, function of, 244;
    • fusion of, 225;
    • optic, 231, 232;
    • primitive number of, 567.
  • Ganglion frontale, 569.
  • Ganglion opticum, origin of, 567.
  • Ganin, on abdominal imaginal buds, 170;
    • on hypermetamorphosis of ichneumon parasites, 701.
  • Gastro-ileal folds, 317.
  • Gastropacha, 552;
    • flattened hairs of, 194.
  • Gastrophilus equi, 475.
  • Gastrula, 558;
  • Gegenbauer, on homology of wings with gills, 142.
  • Gehuchten, on histology of muscles, 217;
    • on the histology of mid-intestine, 316;
    • on the pyloric valvule, 315;
    • on secretion, mechanism of, 326.
  • Gena, 46.
  • Genital armature, male, 176;
  • Germarium, 501.
  • Germ-layers, formation of, 558.
  • Giard on urinary tubes, 351.
  • Gills, blood, 475;
    • in embryo insects, 476;
    • tracheal, 459;
    • adult insects, 476;
    • rectal, 463.
  • Gilson, on anal glands, 373;
    • on spinning-glands, 340.
  • Gissler on anal glands, 372.
  • Gizzard, 311, 324.
  • Glands, acid, 358;
    • adhesive, 360;
    • alkaline, 358;
    • alluring, 391;
    • of androconia, 199;
    • anal, 319, 372;
    • accessory of vasa deferentia, 497;
    • cement, 360;
    • colleterial, 506;
    • conglobate, 487;
    • corrosive, 374;
    • coxal, 369, 383;
    • dermal, 365;
    • defensive, 368;
    • eversible, 368, 382;
    • Filippi’s, 346;
    • fœtid, 369;
    • mucous, 497;
    • mushroom, 497;
    • odoriferous, 381;
    • repugnatorial, 368;
    • salivary, 331, 570;
    • setiparous, 444;
    • sexual, origin of male, 579;
    • unicellular, 366;
    • wax, 361.
  • Glandulæ mucosæ, 497.
  • Gnathal segments of embryo, 556.
  • Gonapophyses, 167, 168.
  • Gonin, on moulting fluid, 613, 614;
    • on the post-embryonic changes of Pieris, 651;
    • on process of pupation, 659;
    • on tracheæ of wings, 145;
    • on the wing-germs, 131.
  • Gorgeret, 170.
  • Gottsche on vision, 257.
  • Graber, on abdominal legs of caterpillars, 552;
    • on blood, 408;
    • on blood-gills of embryo, 476;
    • on climbing, 116;
    • on development of wings, 138;
    • on flight, 153;
    • on folding of wings, 155;
    • on foot-tracks of beetles, 109;
    • on heart, 398, 400, 402;
    • on mechanics of segmented body and limbs of insects, 31, 38;
    • on mechanics of walking, 103;
    • on organs of hearing, 290;
    • on organs of smell, 267;
    • on premandibular segment, 52;
    • on respiration, 454;
    • on successive appearance of embryonic segments, 546;
    • on swimming, 116.
  • Grassi, on premandibular segment in Apis, 52;
    • on Scolopendrella, 20.
  • Grège, 340.
  • Grès, 340.
  • Griffiths, on pigments, 207.
  • Grobben on heart, 399.
  • Gromphas, 101.
  • Gross, on color sense, 261.
  • Gryllotalpa, 572;
    • maxilla of, 64.
  • Guide, egg, 183.
  • Gula, 46, 68.
  • Gulo-mental region, 46.
  • Gummy layer of silk, 340.
  • Gyrinus, 471, 620.
  • Haase, on coxal sacs, 14;
    • on eversible glands, 371;
    • on the formation of the copulatory pouch, 505;
    • on Scolopendrella, 21, 24;
    • on the homology of the ovipositor, 171.
  • Hadenœcus, 44, 392.
  • Hagen, on colors, 201;
    • on gills of Perlidæ, 477;
    • on lateral gills of Euphæa nymph, 468, 477;
    • on vestigial gills in other odonate nymphs, 469.
  • Hair-fields, 197.
  • Hair-forming cells, 188.
  • Hair-scales, 197;
    • tactile, 193.
  • Hairs, 188;
  • Halteres, 124, 629.
  • Hammond, see Miall.
  • Hampson, on scent-glands, 391.
  • Haplopus, 521.
  • Harpes, 180.
  • Harpiphorus, 618.
  • Harpyia, 375.
  • Hatching, process of, 583;
  • Hauser, on organs of smell, 267, 269, 279.
  • Head, 42;
    • blood-vessels in, 405;
    • completion of head of embryo, 548;
    • formation of, in aculeate Hymenoptera, 57;
    • lobes, 544;
    • number of segments in, 50, 54;
    • of Musca, post-embryonic development of, 675;
    • post-embryonic development of appendages of, 653.
  • Hearing, organs of, 287.
  • Heart, 397;
    • beat, 411;
    • free from histolysis, 667;
    • origin of, 572, 577;
    • pericardial diaphragm, 402;
    • propulsatory apparatus, 401;
    • supraspinal vessel, 403.
  • Heathcote, on double segments of Diplopods, 14.
  • Heider, on embryology of Hydrophilus, 530.
  • Heinemann, on the firefly, 426.
  • Helcodermatous spines, 612.
  • Helecomitus, 616.
  • Helichus, 474.
  • Heliconidæ, 379.
  • Helm, on spinning-glands, 339.
  • Hemelytra, 124.
  • Hemerobiidæ, hatching spine of, 585.
  • Hemimetabola, 598.
  • Hemiptera, cardo of, 69;
    • fœtid glands of, 372;
    • lacinia of, 74;
    • palps of, 68;
    • salivary glands of, 333;
    • stipes of, 69.
  • Hepialus, 392, 495.
  • Heptagenia, 467;
    • lingua of, 73.
  • Heredity, bearer of, 498;
    • homochronous, 708.
  • Heremetabola, 597.
  • Herold, on the metamorphosis of the butterfly, 642;
    • on wing-germs, 128.
  • Heterochrony, 542.
  • Heterometabola, 597.
  • Heymons, on homologies of the labrum, 43;
    • on nature of elytra, 126;
    • on origin of fat-body, 575;
    • on paired sexual openings, 493;
    • premandibular segment, 52;
    • on the primitive segments of Phyllodromia, 563;
    • on reproductive glands, 575;
    • tentorium, 50.
  • Hicks, on auditory organs, 293;
    • on olfactory organs, 266.
  • Histogenesis, 650.
  • Histolysis, 643, 650, 678, 680, 685, 688.
  • Hoffbauer, on the structure of elytra, 125.
  • Holmgren, on tracheal end-cells, 437.
  • Holometabola, 598.
  • Holometabolous insects, 595.
  • Holopneustic type of tracheal system, 459.
  • Holoptic head, 98.
  • Homalotylus, 623.
  • Homoptera, number of moults of, 616.
  • Homotenous insects, 597.
  • Honey-dew, 364;
    • deterrent use of, 365;
    • sac, 309;
    • stomach, 309.
  • Hopkins, on pigments, 207.
  • Hornia, hypermetamorphosis of, 693.
  • Horns, 187.
  • Horn, on loss of tarsi, 101;
    • on Platypsylla, 62.
  • House-fly, thorax of, 88.
  • Hum of bee, 295.
  • Hunter, John, on the air-sacs, 456.
  • Hurst, on the formation of the imago in Culex, 670.
  • Hybocampa, 635.
  • Hydrobius, 471.
  • Hydrophilus, 374, 432;
  • Hydropsyche, blood-gills of, 475;
    • gills of, at all stages, 469.
  • Hydroüs, 49, 50.
  • Hylotoma, 52.
  • Hymenoptera, composition of the head in, 55;
    • mouth-parts of, 79, 81;
    • olfactory organs of, 277;
    • open stigmata of, 462;
    • poison glands of, 357;
    • post-embryonic changes in, 661;
    • salivary glands of, 334.
  • Hyperchiria io, 187, 378;
    • poisonous spines of, 192.
  • Hypermetamorphosis, described, 688;
    • causes of, 693.
  • Hypodactyle, 73.
  • Hypoderma, 518.
  • Hypodermis, 188, 612;
    • origin of an imago, 678.
  • Hypopharynx, 13, 54, 68, 70.
  • Hypoptère, 89.
  • Icerya, 616, 626.
  • Ichneumon, 622;
    • hypermetamorphosis of, 701;
    • poison glands of, 359.
  • Ileum, 317.
  • Imaginal buds, 653;
  • Imago, formation of, in Chironomus, 671;
    • Corethra, 668;
    • Culex, 668;
    • Hymenoptera, 661;
    • Lepidoptera, 641;
    • Melophagus, 686;
    • Musca, 673;
    • of fly, development of internal organs of, 678;
    • Simulium, 668.
  • Incasement theory, 641.
  • Indusium, 534.
  • Infra-anal lobe, 183.
  • Infraœsophageal ganglion, 227.
  • Ingluvies, 303.
  • Insecta, diagnostic characters of, 26.
  • Insects, ancestry of, 17;
    • number of species of, 1;
    • relation of, to other Arthropoda, 2;
    • Symphyla, 18.
  • Intestine, fore, embryonic development of, 547;
  • Invaginations of the imaginal buds, 678.
  • Involution of the embryonic membranes, 556.
  • Isotoma, 534.
  • Jackson, on the structure of the cremaster and pupa, 639.
  • Janet on muscular fibres, 216.
  • Japyx, 486.
  • Jolia, 466.
  • Jugum, 123.
  • Julus, larva of, 14.
  • Katydid, 616.
  • Kellogg, on Androconia, 199;
    • on spinules, 197;
    • on striæ of scales, 195, 198;
    • on use of scales, 195.
  • Kennel, on origin of tracheæ of Peripatus, 443.
  • Kenyon, on double segments of Diplopods, 14;
    • on mushroom bodies, 234.
  • Kettelhoit, on specific characters of, 195.
  • Kingsley, on classification of Myriopoda, 12.
  • Kirbach, on salivary duct, 336.
  • Kirby and Spence, views of, on metamorphosis, 642.
  • Klapálek, on gills of case-worms, 467;
    • on sub-nymph of Agriotypus, 701.
  • Klemensiewiez, on eversible glands, 377.
  • Kolbe, on atrophy of tarsi, 101;
    • on blood, 408;
    • on flight of Agrioninæ, 159;
    • on tracheæ, 435;
    • on tracheal gills of Perla, 477;
    • on embryology of the mole-cricket, 529, 572.
  • Korschelt, on the egg-tubes, 502;
    • on egg-genesis, 504.
  • Korschelt and Heider, on the embryology of insects, 531, 535, 538, 554, 559, 570, 579;
    • on formation of the imago of Corethra, 668;
    • on position of genital glands in myriopods, 15;
    • on stem form of myriopods, 17.
  • Koulaguine, on dorsal opening of urinary tubes, 355.
  • Kowalevsky, on embryonic abdominal appendages, 550;
    • on embryonic membranes, 562;
    • on origin of blood corpuscles, 574;
    • experiments on feeding maggots with lacmus, 326;
    • on fat-body, 420;
    • on embryo origin of fat-body, 574;
    • on the mesoderm of the rudiments of the appendages, 675;
    • on openings of heart, 400;
    • on pericardial cells, 420;
    • on phagocytes, 421, 422, 655;
    • phagocytosis, 686.
  • Kraepelin, on homologies of the ovipositor, 168;
    • on organs of smell, 267;
    • on taste, 282.
  • Krancher, on the stigmata, 438.
  • Krauss, on eversible glands, 371.
  • Krawkow, on chitin, 29.
  • Krukenberg, on colors, 202, 205, 206.
  • Künckel d’Herculais, on beating of heart throughout the post-embryonic changes, 686;
    • on the origin of the imaginal from the larval legs, 654.
  • Kupffer, on fine tracheæ, 435.
  • Labella, 13, 446.
  • Labial palpi, imaginal buds of, 658.
  • Labidura, 491.
  • Labium, 68, 549.
  • Labrum, 42, 79;
  • Lacaze-Duthiers on the ovipositor, 167, 169.
  • Lace-winged fly, 517.
  • Lachnosterna, nervous system of, 225.
  • Lachnus, 372.
  • Lacinia, 63;
    • of Eriocephala, 67;
    • mandible of Copris, 61;
    • Ephemera nymph, 61;
    • mandible of Passalus, 61;
    • mandible of Phanæus, 61;
    • mandible of Staphylinus, 61.
  • Lady-birds, 375;
  • Lagoa crispata, 191, 378.
  • Lamarckian factors, 708.
  • Lamina supra-analis, 181.
  • Lampyris, 425, 451.
  • Landois, on pigment, 207;
    • on sense of smell, 267;
    • on origin of the tracheæ and veins of the wings, 145;
    • on wings as respiratory organs, 461.
  • Lang, on metamorphosis of seventeen-year Cicada, 698;
    • on origin of coxal from setiparous glands, 444;
    • on Peripatus, 9;
    • on relation of myriopods to insects, 17;
    • on segmented structure of arthropods, 32;
    • on respiratory system, 430.
  • Langley, on the light of the firefly, 426.
  • Larva, defined, 599;
    • Campodea-form, or campodeoid, 600;
    • growth of, 608;
    • voracity of, 608;
    • eruciform, 705.
  • Larvæ, apodous, 103, 653.
  • Larval insects, tracheal gills of, 466;
  • Latreille, on the median segment, 163;
    • metamorphism, 597;
    • on the term pupa, 625.
  • Latzel, on coxal sacs, 14.
  • Layer, superficial protoplasmic, of egg, 524, 526;
    • germ, formation of, 558.
  • Leach, on ametabola, etc., 596.
  • Leaping power, 219.
  • Legs, abdominal, of lepidopterous larvæ, and larval saw-flies, are they true legs?, 552;
    • atrophy of, 102;
    • mechanism of, 104;
    • movements of, 105;
    • muscles of, 215;
    • post-embryonic development of, 653, 654;
    • pulsatile organs in, 405.
  • Lehrman, on organs of smell, 265.
  • Leidy, on fœtid glands, 373.
  • Lens, crystalline, 250, 251.
  • Lendenfeld on flight, 149, 151, 159.
  • Léon, on labial palpi of Hemiptera, 68;
    • tongue of Hemiptera, 73.
  • Lepidoptera, embryology of, 537;
    • eversible sacs of, 375;
    • maxillæ of, 65, 67;
    • number of moults in, 616, 617;
    • origin of legs of imago, 654;
    • paired oviducts, 492;
    • pupæ of, 628;
    • testes of, 493, 495.
  • Lepisma, 52;
    • double sexual openings in, 486.
  • Leptiform larvæ, 600.
  • Leptis, thorax of, 91.
  • Leucarctia, 391.
  • Leucine, 352.
  • Leucocytes, 407, 421, 650, 678, 680, 685;
    • size of, 407.
  • Leucopis, 113, 517.
  • Leydig, on colors, 202, 204;
    • on nerve-end apparatus in the wing, 153;
    • on organs of smell, 266;
    • on tracheæ, 432.
  • Libellula, 463.
  • Life, embryonic, length of, 582.
  • Light of the firefly, 426;
    • its use, 428.
  • Ligula, 68.
  • Limacodes scapha, 606.
  • Limbs, homologies of, 39;
    • mechanical origin of, 34, 35;
    • lost, reproduction of, 619;
    • result of disuse of, 101.
  • Limnephilus pudicus, 46;
    • maxilla of, 65.
  • Limulus, 5.
  • Lina, 374, 545, 546.
  • Lingua, 68, 70.
  • Lip, under, 68.
  • Lipochrome, 206.
  • Liponeura, 475.
  • Lithocolletis, 618;
    • its cocoon-cutter, 634.
  • Litognatha nubilifasciata, 102.
  • Lobe, axillary, 124;
    • infra-anal, 183.
  • Lobes, œsophageal, 237;
  • Lobulus, 124.
  • Locomotion, 103;
    • on smooth surfaces, 111.
  • Locust, air-sacs of, 424, 456;
    • brain of, 231;
    • cæcal appendages of, 347;
    • digestive canal of, 298;
    • ear of, 288;
    • head-segments of, 546;
    • mode of breathing, 451;
    • hatching, 583;
    • moulting of, 609;
    • nervous system of, 223;
    • number of stages of, 595;
    • number of moults of, 616;
    • olfactory organs of, 272;
    • oviposition of, 520;
    • rectal glands of, 318;
    • reproductive organs of, 488, 489.
  • Locusta viridissima, rectal glands of, 318.
  • Locy, on pulsatile organs in legs of Nepidæ, 405.
  • Lonchodes, 521.
  • Loop of wing, 122.
  • Lophyrus, 59.
  • Lora, 68.
  • Lubbock, on color sense, 261;
    • on vision, 256–258;
    • on distribution of tracheæ, 433.
  • Lucanus, 59, 620;
    • thorax of, 94;
    • dama, nervous system of, 225.
  • Lucas, on segmental arrangement of salivary glands, 337.
  • Luciola, 424, 427, 451.
  • Luna moth, its mode of escape from its cocoon, 635.
  • Lutz, on blood, 275.
  • Lycæna, 381.
  • Lymph, 206.
  • Lyonet, on the imaginal buds, 656;
    • on wing-germs, 128.
  • Machilis, 164, 223, 369, 476;
    • hypopharynx, 72.
  • MacLeod, on the tænidia, 445.
  • Macloskie, on the tænidia, 445.
  • Macrotoma, 616.
  • Macrurocampa, 375.
  • Maggots, 607;
  • Malachius, 374.
  • Male reproductive organs, 485, 494;
    • origin of, 579.
  • Malpighi, on germs of wings, 128;
    • on the heart, 397;
    • on the metamorphosis of silk moth, 641;
    • on urinary vessels, 350.
  • Malpighian tubes, 316, 348.
  • Mandibles, 59;
    • composite structure of, 60, 61;
    • lacinia of, 60, 61;
    • vestigial, 62.
  • Manometabola, 597.
  • Mantidæ, coxal glands of, 372.
  • Mantis, oötheca of, 517.
  • Mantis religiosa, embryo of, 584;
    • hatching of, 584;
    • number of moults of, 584, 616.
  • Mantispa, 46, 48, 68, 95, 97;
    • hypermetamorphosis of, 602, 690, 705;
    • life-history of, 602.
  • Marchal on the function of the fat-body, 420.
  • Marey, on motion of insects, 111.
  • Marey’s views on flight, 148, 151.
  • Marshall, on the way Microgaster spins its cocoon, 622.
  • Mason, Wood, on jointed structure of mandibles, 60;
    • on Scolopendrella, 19, 22.
  • Mastopoda pteridis, 103.
  • Maxillæ, first, 62;
    • second, 68;
    • imaginal buds of, 658.
  • Mayer, A. G., on the development of the wings of Pieris and Danais, 136;
    • on formation of scales, 196;
    • on homologies of tracheæ, 443;
    • pigments, 206–208.
  • Mayer, Carl, on scales, 197.
  • May-fly, lingua of nymph of, 73;
    • number of moults of, 616;
    • thorax of, 91.
  • Mechanics of walking, 103.
  • Mechanism of motion, 32;
    • of limbs, 35;
    • of secretion, 326.
  • Meconium, 611.
  • Mecoptera, maxillæ of, 65;
    • number of moults of, 616.
  • Median segment, 90, 163.
  • Medifurca, 92.
  • Megalopyge, 191, 378.
  • Meinert, on buccal organs of myriopods, 13;
    • on coxal sacs, 14;
    • on elytra, 125;
    • on hypopharynx, 78;
    • on organs of taste, 281.
  • Melanoplus, 43, 72, 86, 456;
    • gastro-ileal folds of, 317;
    • hatching of, 583;
    • number of stages of, 595;
    • rectal glands of, 318;
    • tongue of, 72.
  • Meldola, on yellow pigment, 206.
  • Melipona, 359.
  • Meloë, 110, 374;
    • hypermetamorphosis of, 690;
    • lacinia of mandibles of, 62;
    • number of moults of, 617;
    • small eggs of, 524.
  • Melolontha, 213, 438, 455, 456, 458, 498, 549, 550, 551, 562.
  • Melophagus, 507;
    • post-embryonic changes in, 686.
  • Membrane, peritrophic, 313;
    • retaining, of pupæ, 638;
    • serous, 532;
    • vitelline, 520, 534.
  • Membranes, embryonic, 531;
    • formation of, 532;
    • embryonic, involution of, 556.
  • Menge on Scolopendrella, 18.
  • Mentum, 54, 68.
  • Merostomata, 5.
  • Mesoderm, 534, 561, 563;
  • Mesothorax, 86.
  • Metabolia, 596.
  • Metabolous insects, 595.
  • Metameric structure, 33.
  • Metamorphoses of insects, 593;
    • stadia of, 594;
    • stages, 594.
  • Metamorphosis, causes of, 607, 705, 708;
    • significance of, 688.
  • Metapneustic type of tracheal system, 461.
  • Metathorax, 87.
  • Metschnikoff, on embryology of myriopods, 13, 16;
    • on the germs of the genital glands, 580.
  • Miall and Denny, on the blood, 407;
    • on cement glands, 361;
    • on chitin, 29;
    • on digestive canal of cockroach, 316, 317;
    • on heart, 398, 402;
    • on labium, 53;
    • on lingua, 72;
    • on reproductive organs of the cockroach, 487;
    • on respiration, 452;
    • on salivary glands, 331;
    • on tænidia, 447;
    • on the tentorium, 49;
    • on urinary tubes and products, 353.
  • Miall and Hammond, on the differences between the pupa of Lepidoptera and Diptera, 629;
    • on the formation of the imago of Chironomus, 671.
  • Microcentrum, 616.
  • Microgaster, mode of spinning its cocoon, 622.
  • Micropteryx, 621, 626;
    • escape from its cocoon, 633;
    • hypopharynx of, 76;
    • labium of, 76;
    • pupal jaws of, 633.
  • Micropyle, 522;
  • Mid-intestine, 314;
    • origin of, 569.
  • Minchin, on eversible glands, 370.
  • Minot, on cæca of stomach, 347;
    • on colors, 203;
    • on the cuticula, 187;
    • on digestive canal, 318, 320, 321;
    • on distribution of tracheæ, 433;
    • on gastro-ileal folds, 317;
    • on rectal glands, 318;
    • on tænidia, 445.
  • Molar, 61.
  • Mole-cricket, 102, 527, 543, 572, 574;
    • digestive canal of, 350;
    • urinary tubes of, 350.
  • Mosaic theory of vision, 257.
  • Moseley, on circulation of blood, 410;
    • on composition of chitin, 30.
  • Mosquito, 461, 464, 465;
    • poison gland of, 359;
    • sense of hearing of, 292.
  • Moulting, process of, 609;
    • hairs and spines, 612.
  • Moults, number of, 615.
  • Mouth, 302;
    • -appendages, buds of, 665;
    • of embryo, 537.
  • Müller, F., on blood-gills, 475;
    • on larvæ of Psychodes and of Blepharocera, 474;
    • on non-inheritance of the complete metamorphosis, 595.
  • Müller, J., on alluring glands, 391;
    • on heart, 399;
    • on sense and organs of smell, 265;
    • on the development of wings, 138, 143;
    • on vision, 255.
  • Müller, W., on gills of Paraponyx, 470.
  • Müller’s, J., thread, 577.
  • Mumia, 625.
  • Musca, 88, 111;
  • Muscidæ, appendages of imago, development of, 674;
  • Muscles, 31;
    • of caterpillars, 213;
    • of cockchafer, 213;
    • of Cossus, 211;
    • destruction of, during metamorphosis, 680;
    • of flight, 149;
    • of Pygæra, 211;
    • respiratory, 454;
    • structure of, 215.
  • Muscular fibres, 214;
  • Musculature, mode of origin of, 574.
  • Mushroom bodies, 233.
  • Mutilations, inheritance of, 102.
  • Myriopoda, 11.
  • Myrmeleon, maxilla of, 64;
    • palpifer of, 69.
  • Mystacides, scent scales of, 199.
  • Nagel, on saliva of larval Dyticus, 324.
  • Nassonow, on double sexual openings, 486.
  • Necrophorus, tracks of, 109.
  • Nematois, 496.
  • Nematus, 53, 54, 618.
  • Nemognatha, epipharynx of, 285;
    • maxillæ of, 64, 65;
    • organs of taste in, 285.
  • Nemoptera, larva of, 42.
  • Nemoura, 468.
  • Neolamarckian factors, 708.
  • Neolepidoptera, 628.
  • Nepa, 523.
  • Nephridia, 348.
  • Nepionic stage or form, 706.
  • Nepticula, 606.
  • Nerve-centre, 222.
  • Nerve-centres, functions of, 243;
    • antennal, 650.
  • Nerves, motor, 222;
    • motor, degeneration of, during metamorphosis, 684;
    • optic, 650;
    • peripheral, transformation of, 684;
    • sensory, 222;
    • stomogastric, 238;
    • sympathetic, 238;
    • visceral, 238.
  • Nervous system, 222;
    • formation of, 566;
    • free from histolysis during pupation, 667, 684;
    • origin of, 554, 566;
    • primitive rolls or strips, 566;
    • slight changes in, during metamorphosis, 684.
  • Neuroblasts, 567.
  • Neuromeres, 227, 231.
  • Neuroptera, 632;
    • lingua of, 69.
  • Newman, on the median segment, 163.
  • Newport, on changes in nervous system of Sphinx during metamorphosis, 648;
    • on circulation, 409;
    • on heart, 399;
    • on larval Julus, 13;
    • on the median segment, 163;
    • on muscular power, 94;
    • on muscles of Sphinx, 213;
    • on number of segments of head, 50;
    • on occiput, 48;
    • on the process of moulting in Sphinx, 610, 611;
    • Scolopendrella, 18;
    • on sense of smell, 265;
    • on tentorium, 49;
    • on tracheal gills of Pteronarcys, 476.
  • Nola, 618.
  • Nucleus, division, 530;
  • Nusbaum, on origin of efferent sexual passages, 578.
  • Nymphalid pupæ, 631.
  • Nymph, 706;
  • Occipital foramen, 46.
  • Occiput, 48, 53.
  • Ocellus, 249;
    • development of, 567.
  • Ockler, on feet of insects, 115.
  • Odonata, 53;
    • embryology of, 540;
    • labium of, its mode of origin, 549;
    • lateral gills of, 468;
    • lingua of, 73;
    • number of moults of, 616;
    • nymphs, 460, 463.
  • Odors, 368.
  • Œcanthus, 476;
  • Œceticus, 634.
  • Œnocytes, 423.
  • Œsophageal valve, 311;
    • valvule, 312.
  • Œsophagus, 303.
  • Œstridæ, 618.
  • Oken, on homology of maxillæ with legs, 39.
  • Olfactory organs, 264.
  • Oligonephria, 354.
  • Oligoneuria, 466.
  • Ommateum, 250.
  • Onychium, 97.
  • Oölemma, 520.
  • Oötheca, 517.
  • Operculum, 181.
  • Optic nerves, 650.
  • Optic tract, 253.
  • Opticon, 253.
  • Oral appendages, 549.
  • Orchelimum, 534.
  • Organ, dorsal, 535, 556.
  • Organs, sensory, 249;
    • of smell, 264.
  • Orgyia, 377, 618;
    • poisonous hairs of, 192.
  • Orgyia antiqua, number of moults of, 618.
  • Orthoptera, fœtid glands of, 369;
    • number of moults of, 616;
    • phagocytes in, 421;
    • salivary glands of, 331;
    • tongue of, 70.
  • Orya, 424.
  • Osmeterium, 377.
  • Osten Sacken, on holoptic heads of Diptera, and on running flies, 98.
  • Ostia, 397, 400.
  • Otiocerus, 58.
  • Oudemans, on relation of myriopods to insects, 17.
  • Oustalet, on rectal respiration, 463.
  • Ovarian tubes, 501;
    • formation of, 578.
  • Ovaries, 500, 502;
    • formation of, 578;
    • groups of, 502.
  • Oviduct, 500, 503;
    • double openings of, 486;
    • origin of, 578, 579.
  • Oviducts, segmental arrangement of, 486.
  • Oviposition, 518, 520.
  • Ovipositor, 167;
    • germinal buds of, 665;
    • imaginal buds of, 666;
    • origin of, 551.
  • Ovum, 515, 521, 524.
  • Packard, A. A., on muscular power of insects, 219;
    • use of air-sacs, 457.
  • Pad, peripodal, 653.
  • Pædogenesis, 708.
  • Paleacrita vernata, maxilla of, 66.
  • Paleolepidoptera, 628.
  • Palmén, on double sexual openings, 490, 492;
    • on tracheal gills, 459, 466;
    • on the tentorium, 50.
  • Palmula, 97.
  • Palpifer, 63, 68.
  • Palpus, first maxillary, 63, 64, 67;
    • second, 68;
    • in Hemiptera, 68.
  • Palpi, labial, imaginal buds of, 658.
  • Pancritius, on wing-germs, 130, 143.
  • Paniscus, 517.
  • Panorpa, abdomen of, 162;
    • maxilla of, 65;
    • number of moults of, 616.
  • Panorpidæ, 602.
  • Papilio, 377.
  • Paraglossa, 54, 68.
  • Parapodial glands, 444.
  • Paraptera, 89.
  • Parnassius, 381.
  • Paronychium, 97.
  • Paraponyx, 470.
  • Passalus, 61;
    • rectal glands of, 318.
  • Pasteur, on the spectrum of the light of the firefly, 426.
  • Patagia, 89.
  • Patten, on embryonic abdominal appendages, 550;
    • on the homologies of the tracheæ, 444;
    • salivary glands, 337.
  • Patula, 391.
  • Pauropus, 18.
  • Paussus, 57.
  • Pawlowa, on blood-vessels in the head, 405.
  • Pedicel, 57.
  • Pediculina, embryology of, 541.
  • Pelidnota, moulting of, 611.
  • Pellicle, subimaginal, 613.
  • Pelobius, 461, 475.
  • Penis, 180;
    • velum of, 181.
  • Pericardial cells, 405;
    • diaphragm, 402;
    • septum, 574.
  • Periopticon, 231, 253.
  • Peripatus, 9, 580;
    • nephridia of, 349;
    • trachea of, 443.
  • Peripodal cavity, 669;
  • Periplaneta, 72, 370;
    • egg-tubes of, 501;
    • tongue of, 72.
  • Peritoneal membrane, 444.
  • Peritracheal circulation, 397;
    • membrane, 444.
  • Peritreme, 90.
  • Peritrophic membrane, 313.
  • Perlidæ, 69, 468, 491, 493.
  • Perris, on organs of smell, 266.
  • Phagocytes, 421, 650, 655, 680, 683, 685.
  • Phagocytosis, 421.
  • Phanæus, 61;
    • reduced tarsi of, 101.
  • Phanæus pegasus, 188.
  • Phaneroptera, 44.
  • Pharynx, 302.
  • Phasmidæ, eggs of, 521.
  • Phosphorescence, 424;
    • physiology of, 426.
  • Photogenic organ of beetles, 424.
  • Phragma, 93.
  • Phryganea, 455.
  • Phyllium, 521.
  • Phyllocnistis, 606.
  • Phyllodromia, 506;
    • embryology of, 541, 563, 583;
    • eversible glands of, 370;
    • fat-body, origin of, 575;
    • micropyle of eggs of, 523;
    • pleuropodia of, 551;
    • origin of sexual organs of, 576, 578–580;
    • mode of hatching, 583;
    • oötheca of, 519.
  • Phytonomus, 617.
  • Phytophagous larvæ, 606.
  • Pictet, on blood gills, 475.
  • Pieris, 39, 614;
    • embryology of, 546;
    • green pigment of, 206;
    • post-embryonic changes of, 651;
    • wing-germs of, 133.
  • Pigment, 183, 203;
    • chemical nature of, 206;
    • of eye, 253;
    • physical nature of, 206.
  • Pits, olfactory, 271.
  • Planta, 638.
  • Plantula, 97.
  • Plate, extensor, of foot, 116;
    • pressure, 116.
  • Plateau, on digestion, 324;
    • on functions of ganglia, 244;
    • on muscular power, 217;
    • on respiration, 453;
    • on vision, 256, 259.
  • Platycrania, 521.
  • Platygaster, hypermetamorphosis of, 701;
    • sexual cells of, 581.
  • Platypsyllus, 62.
  • Platysamia, 460.
  • Platyzosteria, 371.
  • Plectoptera, 459, 466.
  • Pleuropodia, 476, 551, 583.
  • Pleurum, 87.
  • Plumules, 198.
  • Pocock, on classification of myriopoda, 12, 21.
  • Poduridæ, 574.
  • Poisonous spines, 191, 199.
  • Poisons, effect of, on pulsations, 412;
  • Poison apparatus, 357;
    • glands, 357;
    • nature of, 357.
  • Polar cells, 580.
  • Polymitarcys, 467.
  • Polymorphous insects, 597.
  • Polynema, hypermetamorphosis of, 702.
  • Polynephria, 354.
  • Polyphemus silkworm, 621.
  • Polypodous ancestor of insects, 22;
    • embryos, 550.
  • Polypody, 550;
    • suppression of in dipterous embryos, 707.
  • Pore-canals, 188.
  • Porthesia, 529.
  • Postfurca, 92.
  • Post-gula, 54, 68.
  • Post-retinal fibres, 231, 232.
  • Postscutellum, 87.
  • Pouch, copulatory, 505.
  • Poujade, on flight, 159.
  • Poulton, on the differences between the limbs of the pupa and imago, 628.
  • Præscutum, 87.
  • Pratt, on absence of polypodous embryo in Muscidæ, 55;
    • on the dorsal position of the stomodæum of Diptera, 537;
    • on epigenetic period, 688;
    • on fate of the leucocytes, 685;
    • post-embryonic changes of Melophagus, 686;
    • significance of metamorphosis, 688;
    • on wing-buds, 127.
  • Preantennal appendages, 548.
  • Premandibular segment, 51, 52, 549.
  • Press of spinning apparatus, 341.
  • Primitive band, 531;
  • Prionocyphon, 472.
  • Prisopus, 69, 477.
  • Proboscis, 446.
  • Procephalic lobes, 544.
  • Proctodæum, 537, 547, 569.
  • Prodoxus, 606.
  • Progoneate myriopods, 21.
  • Pronotum, 87.
  • Pronucleus, 526.
  • Propodeum, 163.
  • Propupa, 627.
  • Prosopistoma, 467.
  • Prostheca, 61.
  • Prothorax, 86.
  • Protocerebrum, 231, 232;
    • its representative in annelids, 227.
  • Proventricular valvule, 313.
  • Proventriculus, 306;
  • Prussic acid, 374.
  • Psephenus, 462, 473.
  • Pseudoglomeris, 598.
  • Pseudonychium, 97.
  • Pseudo-tracheæ, 446.
  • Psocus, 616.
  • Psychodes, 474.
  • Psylla, 361, 518;
    • glandular hairs of, 192;
    • nymph of, 163.
  • Pteronarcys, 468, 476.
  • Pterygodes, 89.
  • Pterygota, 27, 595.
  • Pulex, number of moults of, 617.
  • Pulex canis, hatching spine of, 586;
    • hypopharynx of, 77.
  • Pulling power, 218.
  • Pulse, 411.
  • Pulvillus, 97, 114, 116.
  • Pump, pharyngeal, 302;
    • adaptation of, to its surroundings, 631;
    • armature of, 631;
    • structure, 632.
  • Pupa, coarctate, 621, 626;
    • libera, 626;
    • mode of escape of, from its cocoon, 632;
    • mode of suspension, 637;
    • nymphalid, 631;
    • obtecta, 626;
    • spines of, 629;
    • state defined, 625.
  • Pupa, semi, 691.
  • Pupal, pseudo-, stage, 691;
    • sustainers, 638.
  • Puparium, 621.
  • Pupation, mechanism of, 661;
    • process of, 659.
  • Pupipara, post-embryonic changes in, 686.
  • Pushing power, 218.
  • Pygidium, 163.
  • Pyloric valvule, 315.
  • Pyrophorus, 424.
  • Pyrrarctia, 617.
  • Pyrrhocoris, 372.
  • Quiescent pupal life, 598.
  • Ranatra, 523.
  • Raphidia, 631.
  • Raschke, on the rectal respiration of Culex, 465.
  • Rath, Vom, on larval Julus, 13.
  • Ratzeburg, on composition of head in Hymenoptera, 55.
  • Réaumur, on the cremaster, 637;
    • on the double sexual openings of Ephemera, 489;
    • on germs of wings, 128;
    • on the heart, 403;
    • on the mechanism of pupation, 661;
    • on metamorphosis, 642;
    • on the origin of legs of imago from those of the larva, 654;
    • on rectal respiration, 463;
    • on sense of smell, 264;
    • on vision, 256.
  • Rectal glands, 318;
    • tracheal gills, 463.
  • Rectum, 318;
    • of embryo, 577.
  • Reinhard, on head of Hymenoptera, 55;
    • on the median segment, 164.
  • Reproduction, organs of, 485;
    • origin of, 575.
  • Repugnatorial glands, distribution of, 382.
  • Respiration, 430, 451;
  • Respiratory system, 430;
    • mechanism of, 451.
  • Resting stage, 707.
  • Retina, origin of, 568.
  • Retinula, cells of, 250, 253.
  • Rhabdites, 167, 517.
  • Rhabdom, 250.
  • Rhabdopoda, 176.
  • Rhipiphorus paradoxus, 697.
  • Rhopalum, 636;
    • pupal spines of, 636.
  • Rib, Semper’s, 121.
  • Ribs of wings, 146.
  • Ridges, primitive, of nervous system, 554.
  • Riley, on the cremaster, 637;
    • egg-burster, 585;
    • hatching of seventeen-year Cicada, 584;
    • life-history of Epicauta, 692.
  • Rods of eye, 253.
  • Rods, visual, of eye, origin of, 568.
  • Rombouts, on locomotion of insects on smooth surfaces, 114.
  • Ruptor ovi, 585.
  • Ryder, on loss of tarsi, 101;
    • on Scolopendrella, 19.
  • Sacs, air, 456;
    • use of, 457;
    • coxal, 14;
    • eversible, 369;
    • hypodermal, 653.
  • Saliva, 324;
    • poisonous, 359.
  • Salivary duct of Stomoxys, 446;
    • glands, 331, 570;
    • glands, formation of imaginal during metamorphosis, 683;
    • homologues of coxal glands, 337;
    • modified, 337;
    • segmental arrangement of, 331.
  • Savigny on epipharynx, 43;
    • on homologies of appendages, 39, 71.
  • Saw-fly, 374.
  • Scale-hairs, 198.
  • Scales, 187, 193, 202;
    • battledore, 198;
    • development of, 195;
    • distribution of, 193;
    • of fly’s wing, 124;
    • scent, 198;
    • flattened, 193;
    • striæ of, 194, 202.
  • Scape, 57.
  • Scent-glands, 39.
  • Scent-scales, 198.
  • Scepsis, 618.
  • Schæffer, on blood, etc., in the pupal wings, 146;
    • the fat-body, 420;
    • leucocytes, 421;
    • on origin of scales, 196;
    • on the rudimentary wings, 128.
  • Schatz, on colors of butterflies, 202.
  • Schiemenz, on salivary glands of bees, 334.
  • Schindler, on urinary tubes, 351.
  • Schiödte on blood-gills, 475.
  • Schmidt, on the metamorphosis of male Coccidæ, 640;
    • Scolopendrella, 21, 24.
  • Schneider, on the funnel of the proventriculus, 313;
    • on spermatophores, 500.
  • Sciara, 348, 636.
  • Sclerites, cervical, 46.
  • Scolopendrella, 18;
    • the ancestor of insects, 17;
    • spinning glands, 346.
  • Scudder on the glazed eye of pupal butterflies, 631.
  • Scutellum, 87.
  • Scutum, 87.
  • Secretion, definition of, 327;
    • mechanism of, 326;
    • products of, 329.
  • Sectores coconis, 634.
  • Segment, antennal, 227;
    • deutocerebral, 227;
    • intercalary, 51;
    • median, 90, 163;
    • premandibular, 51, 52, 228;
    • procerebral, 231.
  • Segmental arrangement of genital glands, 486.
  • Segments, number of, in head, 50, 68, 227, 229;
  • Seirarctia, 618.
  • Selandria larva, mouth-parts of, 68.
  • Seminal ducts, 496.
  • Semipupa, 691.
  • Semper, ground-membrane of, 136;
    • on origin of hair-scales, 195.
  • Sense organs, special, in flies, 293.
  • Sensory organs, 249.
  • Serosa, 532.
  • Setæ, 188.
  • Sexual differences, secondary, 59, 99, 101, 114;
  • Sharp, on causes of segmentation of Crustacea, 33;
    • on cervical sclerites, 46;
    • on sternites, 92;
    • homologies of elytra, 126.
  • Sheep-tick, 507;
    • post-embryonic changes of, 686.
  • Sialidæ, 602.
  • Sialis, 462, 468.
  • Siebold, organ of, 290;
    • on spermatophores, 500.
  • Silk, 340;
    • composition of, 346.
  • Silk-fibre, composition of, 346.
  • Silk-gland, 339;
    • anal, 346;
    • appendages of, 345;
    • histology of, 334;
    • modified coxal glands, 346;
    • moulting of, 345.
  • Silkworm, 331, 339, 366;
    • amount of food eaten by, 608;
    • functional salivary glands of, 331;
    • mode of escape of, from its cocoon, 635;
    • Polyphemus, 621;
    • voracity of, 608.
  • Simmermacher, on feet of insects, 113.
  • Simulium, 668, 678;
    • hypopharynx of, 78;
    • wing-germs of, 129.
  • Sinclair on double segments of Diplopods, 14.
  • Sisyra, abdominal appendages of, 164.
  • Sitaris, 691.
  • Slug-worm, 188.
  • Smell, experiments on, 269;
  • Smith, on lack of fore-tarsi in a moth, 102;
    • jointed structure and lacinia of mandibles, 61;
    • maxilla, 65;
    • on scent-glands, 391.
  • Sole, extensor, 116.
  • Somites, 30.
  • Sorby, on change of color in Aphides, 205.
  • Sounds, 293.
  • Specius, 585.
  • Spengel, on color sense, 260.
  • Spermatheca, 506.
  • Spermatid, 498.
  • Spermatocyte, 498.
  • Spermatogonium, 498.
  • Spermatophore cap, 499.
  • Spermatophores, 497, 499.
  • Spermatozoa, 497, 525;
    • formation of, 498.
  • Sperm-nucleus, 525.
  • Sphinx, 456, 552;
    • moulting of, 610.
  • Sphinx ligustri, changes during metamorphosis, 646.
  • Spilosoma, 391.
  • Spindle, directive, 525.
  • Spines, 187, 189;
    • glandular, 190;
    • helcodermatous, 612;
    • locomotor, 612;
    • moulting, 612;
    • poisonous, 189.
  • Spinneret, 342;
    • of caterpillars, 75.
  • Spinning apparatus, 340;
    • at end of body, 346;
    • glands, 339;
    • process of, 340.
  • Spinules, 189, 197.
  • Spiracles, 437;
    • types of, 438.
  • Spiral thread, 444;
    • absence of, 447;
    • origin of, 448.
  • Spraying apparatus, 370.
  • Spring of Collembola, 551.
  • Spuler, on pigments, 207, 208;
    • on structure of scales, 195, 197.
  • Squama, 123.
  • Squamæ, 124.
  • Squamula, 124.
  • Squamule, 89.
  • Stadia of metamorphosis, 594.
  • Stage, carabidoid, 692;
    • gastrula, 535;
    • metabolous, 594;
    • resting, 707;
    • scarabæidoid, 692.
  • Stages, ametabolous, 594.
  • Stagmomantis carolina, embryo of, 584;
    • hatching of, 584.
  • Staphylinus, 61, 454.
  • Stenobothrus sibiricus, swollen foretarsus in male, 113.
  • Stenosternus, 101.
  • Sternum, 87, 89.
  • Stigmata, 437;
    • closed, 460;
    • closing apparatus of, 441;
    • mesothoracic, 462;
    • number of, in the embryo, 554;
    • number of pairs of, 439, 461;
    • position of, 440;
    • vestigial, 460.
  • Sting, bee’s, 172.
  • Stipes, 63.
  • Stokes, on the tænidia, 445;
    • hairs in, 451.
  • Stomach, chyle, 314, 325;
    • absorbent cells of, 328;
    • glandular cells of, 327;
    • formation of, in imago fly, 681, 682;
    • origin of, 569.
  • Stomach-mouth, 309.
  • Stomodæum, 537, 547, 569.
  • Stomoxys, 446.
  • Strauss-Dürckheim, on the heart, 397;
    • on muscles of cockchafer, 213.
  • Streak, embryonal, 531;
    • primitive, 531.
  • Streblopus, 101.
  • Striæ of scales, 194, 202.
  • Styles, abdominal, 176;
    • of ovipositor, 167.
  • Stylopidæ, 486;
    • hypermetamorphosis of, 695.
  • Stylops childreni, triungulin larva of, 695.
  • Subgalea, 73.
  • Submentum, 54, 63, 68, 69.
  • Substance, fibrillar nerve, 238.
  • Sucking stomach, 302, 305.
  • Supra-anal plate, 181.
  • Supra-œsophageal ganglion, 231.
  • Supra-spinal vessel, 403.
  • Suranal plate, 181.
  • Surroundings, physical, 463.
  • Sustainers of the pupa, 638.
  • Swammerdam, on discovery of air-sacs, 456;
    • on germs of wings, 128;
    • on the mechanism of pupation, 661;
    • on metamorphosis, 599;
    • on rectal respiration, 463.
  • Swimming, act of, 116.
  • Symphyla, 18;
    • characters of, 22.
  • Synaptera, 27, 534, 594, 705.
  • Syromastes, 372.
  • Tabanus, 629;
    • mouth-parts of, 79.
  • Tænidia, 444;
  • Talæporia, 634.
  • Talocera, 57.
  • Tanypus, 472.
  • Tarsus, 96;
    • changes of, from larva to imago of Lepidoptera, 655;
    • reduction in or loss of, 101, 102.
  • Taste, organs of, 281.
  • Tegeticula yuccasella, 65, 66.
  • Tegmina, 124.
  • Tegula, 89, 124, 125.
  • Telea polyphemus, amount of food eaten by, 608;
    • cocoon of, 621;
    • moulting of, 610;
    • thorax of, 88.
  • Teleas, hypermetamorphosis of, 703.
  • Telephorus, 111, 538;
    • tenent hairs of, 99.
  • Tenebrio, 617.
  • Tenent hairs, 99.
  • Tentacle of maxilla, 65.
  • Tentorium, 49.
  • Tergum, 87.
  • Termen, 122.
  • Termes, abdomen, 162;
    • origin of wings of, 140, 143.
  • Termes flavipes, 64.
  • Termopsis, 48, 64.
  • Testes, 487, 495;
    • incipient eggs in the germ of the testis, 504.
  • Theory of incasement, 641.
  • Thomas, on origin of scent-scales, 199.
  • Thorax, 86, 95;
    • gills on, 468.
  • Thread-plate, 575.
  • Thread, spiral, 444;
  • Thyridium, 124.
  • Thyridopteryx, 634.
  • Thysanoptera, nymph of, 597.
  • Thysanura, 72;
    • cercopods of, 164;
    • genital organs of, 486.
  • Tibia, 96;
    • formation of, in imago of Lepidoptera, 655.
  • Tineid larva, wing-buds of, 652;
    • wing-germs of, 129.
  • Tipula, 629;
  • Tissue, connective, 574.
  • Tongue, 70.
  • Torulus, 57.
  • Tracheæ, 431, 442;
    • capillary, 655;
    • distribution of, 432;
    • end-cells, 437;
    • hairs in, 451;
    • moulting of, 612;
    • origin of, 553;
    • origin of, in worms, 442;
    • size of, 433;
    • of wings, 144.
  • Tracheal gills, of adult insects, 476;
  • Tracheal system, amphipneustic type, 462;
    • apneustic type, 459;
    • closed, 459;
    • holopneustic type, 459;
    • metapneustic type, 461;
    • peripneustic type, 462;
    • propneustic type, 462;
    • reformation of, in metamorphosis, 683.
  • Tracheoles, 126, 653.
  • Tract, optic, 253.
  • Trajectory made by wings, 150.
  • Tribolium, 617.
  • Trichodes, tracks of, 110.
  • Trichogen, 188, 199, 366.
  • Trichoptera, 469;
    • appendages, 550;
    • development of wings of, 142;
    • embryology of, 537;
    • eversible glands of, 375;
    • haustellum of, 75;
    • hypopharynx of, 74;
    • pupal jaws of, 633;
    • spinneret, 74.
  • Trilobita, 5.
  • Tritocerebrum, 231, 237.
  • Triunguline larva, 100, 693, 695.
  • Trochanter, 496;
    • divided, 97.
  • Trochantine, 95.
  • Trogoderma, 617.
  • Trophi, 54, 59, 549.
  • Trouvelot, on the moulting fluid, 610;
    • process of moulting of Telea, 610;
    • spinning of cocoon by Telea, 621.
  • Truxalis, 422.
  • Tubercles, 187, 192.
  • Tubes, egg, 501;
  • Tympanum, 289.
  • Typhlocyba, 616.
  • Uljanin, on the sexual cells of the honey bee, 582.
  • Ungues, 96.
  • Uranidin, 206.
  • Urates, 352.
  • Urea, 352.
  • Urech, on pigments, 206, 208.
  • Uric acid, 352.
  • Urinary bladder, 351;
    • tubes, 316, 317, 348;
    • absent in Collembola, 353;
    • excretions of, 351;
    • origin of, 572;
    • primitive number of, 352;
    • solid contents of, 352.
  • Urine, 206.
  • Urite, 163.
  • Uromeres, 163.
  • Uro-patagia, 183.
  • Urosome, 163.
  • Urosternites, 163.
  • Uterus, 507.
  • Utriculi, 487.
  • Uzel, on the embryology of Campodea, 51, 53;
    • premandibular segment in Campodea, 51, 52.
  • Vagina, 507.
  • Valery-Mayet, on life-history of Sitaris, 691.
  • Vallisneri, on the cremaster, 637.
  • Valvule, cardiac, 312;
    • proventricular, 313;
    • pyloric, 315.
  • Van Bemmelen, on colors, 208.
  • Vanessa antiopa, 638.
  • Vanessa io, 381.
  • Vanessa urticæ, before pupation, 644;
    • changes in nervous system during its metamorphosis, 646.
  • Van Rees, on post-embryonic changes of Muscidæ, 673, 674, 676, 680, 683, 684.
  • Vas deferens, 496;
    • origin of, 579.
  • Vasa deferentia, 496;
    • origin of, 579.
  • Vayssière, on lingua of Ephemera, 73.
  • Veins of wings, 121, 144.
  • Velum penis, 181.
  • Venomous glands, 358.
  • Vent, 319.
  • Ventriculus, 314.
  • Vermipsylla, tongue of, 77.
  • Verson, on serially arranged dermal glands, 366;
    • vestigial stigmata, 460.
  • Vesicles, air, 456;
    • use of, 457;
    • frontal, 621;
    • of head of semipupal fly, 677.
  • Vespa crabro, 217;
    • olfactory organs of, 276.
  • Vessel, dorsal, 397;
  • Vestigial tracheæ, 460.
  • Viallanes, on brain, 231;
    • head segments, 51.
  • Vision, mode of, by compound eyes, 256;
    • by simple eyes, 255.
  • Vitelline membrane, 520.
  • Viviparous insects, 515.
  • Volucella, thorax of, 91.
  • Vosseler, on fœtid glands, 369.
  • Wagner, on the circulation, 419.
  • Walking, mechanics of, 103, 106.
  • Walter, on epipharynx of moths, 44;
    • on hypopharynx of moths, 75.
  • Wasps, taste-organs of, 277, 286.
  • Wax, of butterfly, 364;
    • of caterpillar, 364;
    • of saw-fly larva, 364.
  • Wax-glands, 361, 364.
  • Weevil, embryology of, 538;
    • bean and pea, hypermetamorphosis of, 700.
  • Weismann’s discovery of imaginal buds, 599, 643, 650;
    • on formation of imago, 67;
    • vesicle of semipupal fly, 677;
    • on tracheæ, 434;
    • on origin of tracheæ, 447;
    • on origin of wings, 127, 129;
    • theory of histolysis, 643.
  • West, Tuffen, on feet of fly, etc., 100;
    • on walking, 99.
  • Westwood, on head of Hymenoptera, 55.
  • Wheeler, on embryonic abdominal appendages, 550;
    • on the homologies of the ovipositor, 167;
    • homology and primitive number of urinary tubes, 354, 355;
    • on œnocytes, 423;
    • on pleuropodia, 476, 550, 551;
    • on the premandibular segment, 51;
    • on structure of chorion, 521.
  • Wielowiejski, on blood tissue, 408;
    • egg-tubes, 502;
    • fat-body, 419;
    • phosphorescence, 424;
    • tracheæ and their endings, 436.
  • Williston, on anal glands, 372.
  • Will, on organs of taste, 282.
  • Wing-buds, or discs, 127, 129;
  • Wingless insects, 598.
  • Wings, 120;
    • buds of, 664;
    • cells, 121;
    • circulation of blood in, 410;
    • development of tracheæ of, 144;
    • development of veins of, 144;
    • embryonic development of, 126;
    • folding of, 154, 156;
    • imaginal buds of, 653;
    • mechanism of, 153, 156;
    • origin of, 138;
    • primitive origin of, 137;
    • as respiratory organs, 461;
    • rudimentary, ground-membrane of, 136;
    • spreading of, 155;
    • theory of, 144;
    • tracheæ in, 122;
    • veins of, 121.
  • Wistinghausen, von, on tracheal endings, 436, 447.
  • Witlaczil, on honey dew, 364.
  • Wood-Mason, on gills of Paraponyx, 470;
    • on Scolopendrella, 19, 22.
  • Xiphidium, embryo of, 534;
  • Yersin, on results of section of commissures, 245.
  • Yolk, amount of, 524, 529;
    • membrane, 520;
    • segmentation of, 526;
    • cells, 562;
    • ridge, median, 563.
  • Zaitha, 431;
    • pleuropodia of, 551.
  • Zone, annular, 653.