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A Text-book of Paper-making

Chapter 108: Manufactured Material.
By C. F. Cross
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About This Book

This work provides a comprehensive examination of the principles and processes involved in paper-making, emphasizing the scientific understanding necessary for effective practice. It covers the chemical properties of cellulose, the physical structure of fibers, and the analysis of plant substances, detailing methods for isolating cellulose from various raw materials. The text discusses specialized treatments for different fibers, bleaching, and the mechanical processes involved in paper production. Additionally, it addresses the testing and quality control of paper, along with considerations for site selection and water purification in paper mills. The authors aim to enhance the reader's grasp of the scientific foundations essential for modern paper-making.

Manufactured Material.

Our import trade in manufactured paper has been growing of late years, as the following figures will show:—

Imports of pa­per and paste­board, of all kinds except hangings:
cwt. l.
1880. 1,021,952 1,159,646
1881. 1,065,912 1,138,943
1882. 1,098,118 1,202,905
1883. 1,160,104 1,245,861
1884. 1,447,335 1,403,446

At the same time, our exports of manufactured paper, though amounting to only about one-third the weight, have very nearly as high an aggregate value as the imports, and have increased in much the same proportion in corresponding years. Thus:—

Exports of paper of all kinds but hangings:
cwt. l.
1880.   472,168 1,106,996
1881.   555,219 1,242,962
1882.   584,947 1,305,025
1883.   597,923 1,284,862
1884.   670,760 1,374,392

The above figures relate to paper manufactured in the United Kingdom. In addition, there were re-exports of paper of foreign and colonial manufacture to the following amounts:—

Re-exports of foreign-made paper:
cwt. l.
1880.    68,843   108,426
1881.    68,861   101,197
1882.    50,403    82,464
1883.    49,526    76,620
1884.    51,467    78,785

Taking the latest year for which detailed statistics are available, viz. 1884, we find that the importations of paper {226} are derived from foreign states in the following proportions:—

Imports of paper in 1884—

(a) Writing or printing paper:
From Cwt. £
Germany    92,681   129,112
Belgium    42,139    68,370
Sweden    27,747    36,682
Holland    26,507    34,884
France     6,463    28,925
Austria     5,399     9,314
Norway     4,300     4,771
Other countries     3,174     5,655
  208,410   317,713
(b) Unenumerated sorts:
From Cwt. £
Germany   139,156   209,916
Sweden   116,488   120,793
Belgium    82,263   124,476
Holland    54,594    84,699
Norway    32,294    26,765
France    19,328    69,763
United States    10,980    31,201
Austria     5,927    12,012
Spain       736     4,059
Japan       421     4,736
Other countries     3,547     5,995
  465,734   694,415
(c) Pasteboard and millboard:
From Cwt. £
Holland   439,749   201,894
Germany   235,658   116,185
Belgium    51,235    25,350
Sweden    32,331    20,241
Norway     8,260     5,726
France     3,262    19,259
Other countries     2,696     2,663
  773,191   391,318

The exports of home-made paper in the same year were distributed as follows:— {227}

Exports of home-made paper in 1884—

(a) Writing, printing, and envelopes:
To Cwt. £
Australasia   280,024   545,830
France    44,427   101,833
Bengal and Burma    33,963    71,834
Bombay and Scinde    29,767    64,227
British South Africa    16,900    33,041
British North America    14,871    44,511
Madras    10,532    25,651
Argentine Republic     8,683    30,954
United States     6,985    31,722
Sweden and Norway     6,101    11,870
Belgium     5,981    13,926
Germany     5,969    14,188
British West Indies     4,706    13,411
Ceylon     4,668    10,919
Other countries    31,397    93,454
  504,973 1,107,371
(b) Pasteboard and millboard:
To Cwt. £
Australasia    14,542    20,771
Bengal and Burma     5,147     4,589
Bombay and Scinde     4,572     4,134
France       987     2,309
Other countries     5,571    13,367
   30,819    45,170
(c) Unenumerated, and articles made of paper:
To Cwt. £
Australasia    62,731    81,385
British South Africa     9,341    11,809
Bombay and Scinde     7,146    10,389
Argentine Republic     6,283     8,113
Germany     5,147    11,394
Belgium     5,122    11,300
France     5,052    16,238
Bengal and Burma     5,006     6,678
United States     4,841    14,668
British America     3,737     7,801
Holland     2,410     5,529
Other countries    18,152    36,547
  134,968   221,851
{228}

The re-exports of foreign and colonial-made papers during the same period went to the following destinations:—

Re-exports of foreign paper in 1884—

(a) Printing and writing:
To Cwt. £
British India    10,488    14,643
Australasia     4,908     7,695
Other countries     3,236     7,554
   18,632    29,892
(b) Unenumerated:
To Cwt. £
British India     5,852     7,354
Egypt     5,167     7,751
Australasia     2,131     4,398
Russia     1,560     7,829
Other countries     8,465    15,825
   23,175    43,157
(c) Pasteboard and millboard:
To Cwt. £
All countries     9,660     5,736