INDEX.
Abaca, see Manilla hemp
Abies pulp, 60
Acetic acid in bleaching, 114
Acid, action on paper, 163
— in alum, estimating, 207
— — —, evils of, 163
— processes for wood, 69
— radicles and cellulose, 8
Acids added in bleaching pulps, 112
— and cellulose, 12
Adansonia fibre, 53
— —, boiling, 103
— —, cutting, 103
— —, willowing, 103
Adipo-cellulose, 26
Adulterating paper, 130
Agalite loading, 133
Alkali boiled with rags, 82
— process for isolating cellulose, early methods, 65
Alkaline processes for isolating cellulose, 62
Alkalis and cellulose, 14
— and ligno-cellulose, 21
— —, dimensions, 39
— perfoliata fibre, 39
Alum, action on cellulose, 163
—,— on gelatine, 163
—, analysing, 206
— cake, analysing, 206
—, estimating acid in, 207
—, freedom from acid, 163
— in sizing, 139
—, proportion required, 141
— solutions, table of strengths, 143
Alumina resinate, 137
Alumina sulphate, analysing, 206
— — in sizing, 140
Aluminous cake, 140
Ammoniacal solution of cupric oxide, 5
Amyloid, 12
Analysis of plant substances, 42
Analysing alum, 206
— — cake, 206
— alumina sulphate, 206
— antichlor, 208
— bleaching powder, 205
— caustic soda, 205
— dyes, 209
— gelatine, 208
— paper, 199
— pigments, 209
— recovered soda, 205
— size, 203
— soaps, 208
— soda ash, 205
— sodium sulphite, 208
— — thiosulphate, 208
— starches, 208
— wood pulp, 201
Ananassa sativa fibre, 44
Aniline blues, 141
— colours, solutions, 37
— for diagnosing plant substances, 43
— pinks, 142
— sulphate solution, 37
Animal cellulose, 7
Annandale’s damping method, 159
Antichlor, analysing, 208
—, lime and sulphur, 129
—, proportion required to neutralise bleaching powder, 128
—, removing bleaching liquor by, 127
Antichlor, sodium hyposulphite, 127, 129
—, — sulphite, 125
—, testing, 130
Apparatus for microscopic examination of fibres, 35
Ash of cotton pulp, 136
— of esparto pulp, 136
— of linen pulp, 136
— of paper, estimating, 134
— of paper, natural, 136
— of straw pulp, 136
— of wood pulp, 136
Aspen for mechanical wood pulp, 108
Available chlorine in bleaching powder, 110
Bachet and Machard’s process forwood, 69
Baobab fibre, 53
— — composition, 54
Barium hydrate and cellulose, 7
Bark fibres, 2
Barley straw, 98
Barre’s acid process for wood, 69
Bast fibres, 34
— —, dimensions, 39
— filaments, 34
—, nature of, 2
— tissues, 53
Beater bed-plate, 120
— knives, 120
— —, cutting in situ, 121
—, lead-lined, 120
Beaters, 117
—, direct-driven, 126
—, engine for driving, 126
—, water for, 125
Beating esparto, 117
—, proportion of water to pulp, 118
— pulp, 117
— —, duration of, 119
— wood pulp, 117
Bed-plate of beater, 120
Beech, composition, 61
Bertram’s beater, 122
— damping cylinder, 159
— direct-driven beaters, 126
Bertram’s rag boiler, 82
— smoothers, 158
— strainers, 148
Bibliography, 229
Birch, composition, 61
—, pulp yield, 77
Bisulphite, action on cellulose compared with soda, 76
—, colour of pulp produced by, 77
— process, advantages, 76
— processes for wood, 71
Bleached pulp, freeing from bleach, 114
— —, improving colour, 114
Bleaching, acetic acid in, 114
— action should be confined to non-cellulose, 113
— by chlorine, 114
—, electrolytic, 115
— pulp in potchers, 111
— pulps, 110
— rags, 115
— refractory pulps, 114
—, time required by, 113
—, with sodium hypochlorite, 113
Bleaching-liquor, clear, 111
—, removing by antichlor, 127
—, removing from half-stuff, 127
—, storing, 111
—, strength, 111
—, washing out from half-stuff, 127
Bleaching-powder, accelerating action of, 112
—, analysing, 205
— and cellulose, 10
—, available chlorine in, 110
—, keeping, 111
—, neutralising by lime and sulphur, 129
—, — by sodium hyposulphite, 127, 129
—, — by sodium sulphate, 128
—, — by sodium thiosulphate, 127, 129
—, preparing, 110
—, proportion of antichlor required to neutralise, 128
—, quantities needed, 112
Blitz’s sulphide process, 67
Blondel’s acid process for wood, 69
Blotting paper, starching, 139
Blue colours, 141
Boehmeria, 50
— nivea fibre, 39
— puya fibre, 44
Boilers for esparto, 90
— for resolving wood, 74
— for straw, 99
—, iron, 76
—, lead-lining, 75
Boiling adansonia fibre, 103
— jute, 103
— manilla hemp, 103
— rags, 82
— straw, 100
Boiling-liquors, recovering soda from, 179
Bombax heptaphyllum fibre, 39
Books on paper-making, 229
Bottoms, caustic, 177
Broke paper, grinding mill, 105
— —, using up, 104
Bromine and jute, 18
Broussonetia kæmpferia fibre, 54
Burning recovered soda, 186
Calcining recovered soda, 186
Calendering, 167
Calenders, 158
—, deflection, 171
Calcium carbonate mud, 190
— hypochlorite, removing from pulp, 114
— sulphate, estimating, 203
— — loading, 131
Carbonic acid bleaching, 115
Carbonising recovered soda, 186
Caustic soda, analysing, 205
— —, brands, 178
— —, commercial forms, 177
— — drums, emptying, 179
— —, prices, 179
— — solutions, table of strengths, 109
Causticising, 187
— by ferric oxide, 232
—, lime used, 190
—, oxygenating during, 191
Cellular tissue in straw, 103
Cellulose, 4
—, absorption of acids and basic oxides, 7
—, action of alum on, 163
—, — of cuprammonium on, 5, 217
—, — of lime on, 84
—, — of soda and bisulphite compared, 76
—, — of sulphur on, 130
—, — on light, 6
— and acids, 12
— and alkalis, 14
— and barium hydrate, 7
— and bleaching powder, 10
— and chlorine, 10
— and humus, 15
— and hydrochloric acid, 13
— and lead solutions, 8
— and metallic salts, 8
— and nitric acid, 13
— and oxygen, 10
— and sulphuric acid, 12
— and water at high temperature, 14
— and zinc chloride, 13
—, animal, 7
—, behaviour under Schweitzer’s reagent, 5
—, bleaching should not affect, 113
—, burning, 23
—, characters, 4
—, combinations, 7
—, — with acid radicles, 8
— compared with jute, 17
—, composition, 4
—, decomposition, 12
—, — by ferments, 15
—, — by heat, 23
—, destructive action of soda on, 64
— di-nitrate, 10
—, early form of alkali process for isolating, 65
— formed by vinegar plant, 16
—, formula, 4
— gelatinised, 5
—, general method of isolation, 4
— hexa-nitrate, 9
Cellulose in contact with iron, 13
— in fibre, estimating, 42
— in straw, 99
—, isolating by sulphurous acid, 64
—, — from plant substances, 62
—, — from wood, Schultze’s method, 21
—, lignification, 17
—, mineral constituents, 5
—, modifications of, in the plant, 16
—, nitration of, 8
—, oxidation, 10
—, penta-nitrate, 9
—, percentage yielded by jute, 19
—, proportion in esparto, 96
—, — of, in well-boiled pulp, 113
—, reactions, 6
—, soluble in Schweitzer’s reagent, 5
—, — sulphides for isolating, 67
—, solubility, 5
—, synthesis, 15
—, tetra-nitrate, 10
—, triacetyl, 8
—, tri-nitrate, 10
—, yield from esparto, 95
—, — from straw, 98
Celluloses, compound, hydrolytic resolution, 63
—, —, treating for paper, 63
Cellulosic fermentation, 16
Chapman’s evaporator, 184
Chemical analysis of plant substances, 42
— examination of paper, 201
Chestnut, pulp yield, 77
China clay, estimating, 203
— — loading, 131
— —, character, 50
— —, composition, 51
— — fibres, dimensions, 39
— —, forms in which employed, 51
— —, general chemical characteristics, 51
— —, micro-chemical reaction, 51
— —, microscopic features, 51
Chlorinating straw pulp, 102
Chlorinating wood tissue, 19
Chlorine and cellulose, 10
— and jute, 18
— as a bleaching agent, 114
—, available, in bleaching powder, 110
— water solution, 37
Clarifying water, 125
Classification of paper as to strength, 197
Cleaning straw, 100
Closing plates of strainers, 150
Cochineal lakes, 142
Collodion pyroxyline, 10
Colophony, 137
Colour, improving, 114
— of pulp produced by bisulphite, 77
Colouring paper, 141
Commercial statistics, 221
Composition of paper, testing, 199
Compound celluloses, hydrolytic resolution, 63
— —, treating for paper, 63
Conifer pulp, 60
Constitution of plant fibres, 1
Cooke and Hibbert’s beater, 123
Corchorus capsularis fibre, 39, 44, 52
— olitorius fibre, 39
Cork, 26
Cotton, 46
—, classification, 46
—, composition of raw fibre, 47
— fibres, dimensions, 39
—, forms in which employed, 48
—, general chemical characteristic, 47
— in paper, detecting, 199, 201
—, micro-chemical reaction, 47
—, microscopic features, 46
—, nature of, 1
— pulp, ash, 136
— —, beaten, 118
— —, dimensions of fibre, 119
— —, treatment for paper, 79
— sections, 47
Couch rolls, 156
Cream caustic, 177
Cross’s boiler, 76
Crotalaria juncea fibre, 44, 50
Crystal carbonate, 138
Cuprammonium, 217
Cuprammonium solution, preparing, 217
Cuticular tissue, 26
Cutting, 171
— adansonia fibre, 103
— beater knives, 121
— jute, 103
— manilla hemp, 103
— rags, 81
— straw, 100
Dahl’s sulphide process, 67
Damping-cylinders, 159