folio, quarto, octavo.
Beyond that they are usually abbreviated by using the Arabic numeral and mo, but without a period;
12 mo, 16 mo, etc.
IX. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Abbreviate the common designations of weights and measures in the metric system, as well as other symbols of measurement in common use when following a numeral;
1 m., 5 dm., 4 cm., 2 mm., c.m. (cubic meter), c.d., min. (minute), sec. (second), lb. (pound), oz. (ounce), yd., ft., in., A. (Anglestrom units), H.P. (Horse power), C. (Centigrade [Thermometer]).
X. FOOTNOTES.
Authorities cited in footnotes should be specified in the following order:
1. The best known name of the author. Give initials only when necessary to distinguish between several authors of the same name. Set in roman lower-case unless otherwise ordered.
2. The name of the book in roman lower-case. If there is a Bibliography, or list of authorities attached to the book the names of all works referred to should there appear in full, but should be abbreviated in the notes. Otherwise, the name is sometimes written in full the first time it is referred to in a footnote and afterward abbreviated. If the book has but few references to authorities the names may be given in full in the footnotes especially when the reference is to the book as a whole and not to a particular paragraph. In such a case as this last the name is often printed in italics.
Always abbreviate uniformly in the same book.
3. The number of the volume in roman numerals of capital letters. No period.
4. The numbers of the pages in Arabic figures. If there are several editions varying in subject matter and paging the edition used should be specified. If the edition has been specified in the Bibliography this information should not be repeated in the footnotes. In books like the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone, or Milton, which have been printed in innumerable editions book, chapter and verse; act, scene and line; section and paragraph, or canto, stanza, and line must be specified.
In abbreviated references to the Bible or to the plays of Shakespeare use Arabic figures prefixed to the name to indicate part of succession of the book, play, or letter.
2 Kings II: 5
3 John 11
1 Henry VI, iii. 2. 14
The following excellently chosen illustrations of good methods in handling numerous footnotes in learned works are taken from De Vinne's "Correct Composition."
From English Past and Present, by R. C. Trench
1 Guest, Hist. of English Rhythms, vol. I. p. 280.
2 Hooker, Eccles. Pol. i. 3, 5.
3 Craik, On the English of Shakespeare, 2nd edit. p. 97.
4 Marsh, Manual of the English Language, Engl. edit. p. 278.
From Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Murray's edition of 1881 (8 vols. 8 vo)
1 Orosius, I. ii. c. 19, p. 143.
2 Heineccius, Antiquitat. Juris Roman, tom. i, p. 96.
3 Jornandes, de Reb. Get. c. 30, p. 654 [p. 87, ed. Lugd. B. 1597].
4 Ausonius (de Claris Urbibus. p. 257-262 [No. 14]).
5 A. Thierry, Lettres sur l'Histoire de France, p. 90.
6 Procopius, de Bell. Vanda., I. i. c. 7, p. 194 [tom. I. p. 341, ed. Bonn].
From Hume's History of England, Cadell's edition of 1841 (6 vols. 8 vo)
| 1 Herbert, p. 431, 432. | 4 Burnet, p. 322. |
| 2 Collier, vol. ii. p. 176. | 5 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. i. |
| 3 Stowe, p. 575. | 6 Mémoires du Bellay, lib. x. |
The comma is often omitted after the period in footnotes. The abbreviation ch, p, and pp, may be made in notes, but not in text matter.
In lower-case text do not use &c, use etc.
By-laws are often printed with side-headings Art. 1, Sec. 2, etc. It is better to print the words, article and section in full in the paragraph where they first appear and to omit the word in subsequent paragraphs, using the proper figure only.
Figures used in illustrations to facilitate their understanding and explained in small text below the illustration or in the text matter itself do not have No. before them either in the illustration or in the explanation.
Figures and letters used as references to footnotes do not take a period.
Where two or more pages are specified in the text set them thus: Pages 24, 25, 57 not pp. 24-5, 57 nor 25-57. When the reference is to several pages continually set pages 24 to 32.
When a period of time is expressed by the dates of two or more consecutive years, set thus: 1846-7, 1861-5, when there is a lapse of a year or more, set thus: 1866-7-1869-70. Do not abbreviate into '66-'7-'69-'70.
LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
The following lists of abbreviations will be found useful.
Scriptural Abbreviations
| Old Testament (O.T.) | ||
| Gen. | Esth. | Joel |
| Exod. | Job | Amos |
| Lev. | Ps. (Pss.) | Obad. |
| Num. | Prov. | Jonah |
| Deut. | Eccles. | Mic. |
| Josh. | Song of Sol. | Nah. |
| Judg. | (or Cant.) | Hab. |
| Ruth | Isa. | Zeph. |
| I and II Sam. | Jer. | Hag. |
| I and II Kings | Lam. | Zech. |
| I and II Chron. | Ezek. | Mal. |
| Ezra | Dan. | |
| Neh. | Hos. | |
| New Testament (N.T.) | ||
| Matt. | Gal. | Philem. |
| Mark | Eph. | Heb. |
| Luke | Phil. | Jas. |
| John | Col. | I and II Pet. |
| Acts | I and II Thess. | I, II and III John |
| Rom. | I and II Tim. | Jude |
| I and II Cor. | Titus | Rev. |
| Apocrypha | ||
| I and II Esd. | Eccles. | Bel and Dragon |
| Tob. | Bar. | Pr. of Man |
| Jud. | Song of Three | I, II, III and IV |
| Rest of Esther | Children | Macc. |
| Wisd. of Sol. | Sus. | |
Commercial Abbreviations
| A1 | Highest class or grade |
| Acct. | Account |
| Advt., Ad. | Advertisement |
| Agt. | Agent |
| Amt. | Amount |
| Anon. | Anonymous |
| Ans. | Answer |
| Art. | Article |
| Av., Ave. | Avenue |
| Bal. | Balance |
| Bd. | Bound |
| Bdl. | Bundle |
| Bds. | Boards |
| Bldg. | Building |
| B.O. | Buyer's Option |
| Bro(s). | Brother; Brothers |
| Chap. | Chapter |
| C.I.F. | Cost, insurance, freight |
| Co. | Company |
| C.O.D. | Cash on delivery |
| Cr. | Creditor |
| Dept. | Department |
| Do. | Ditto, the same |
| Dr. | Debtor |
| E.E. | Errors excepted |
| E.O.D. | Every other day |
| E. & O.E. | Errors and omissions excepted |
| Etc. | (Et cætera) and so forth |
| Ex., Exch. | Exchange |
| Exp. | Express |
| Fgt. | Freight |
| F.O.B. | Free on Board |
| H. | Hour |
| H.P. | Half pay, horse power |
| Incor. | Incorporated |
| Ins. | Insurance |
| K.D. | Knock down (of furniture, etc.) |
| L.P. | Large Paper |
| Memo. | Memorandum |
| Mfg. | Manufacturing |
| Mfr. | Manufacturer |
| Min. | Minute |
| No. | (numero) number |
| O.K. | All right |
| Payt. | Payment |
| Pd. | Paid |
| Per an. | (Per annum) by the year |
| Per cent | (Per centum) by the hundred |
| Pkg. | Package |
| Pl. | Plate, plates |
| Pref. | Preface |
| Rd. | Road |
| Rem. | Remarks |
| Rep. | Reports |
| R.R. | Railroad |
| Ry. | Railway |
| Ser. | Series |
| Sq. | Square |
| S.S. | Steamship, steamer |
| T.F. | Till forbidden |
Miscellaneous Abbreviations
| A.C. | (Ante Christum) before Christ | |||
| A.D. | (Anno Domini) in the year of our Lord | |||
| Ad lib. | (Ad libitum) at pleasure | |||
| Adj. | Adjective | |||
| Adv. | Adverb | |||
| Æt | (Ætatis) of age, aged | |||
| A.H. | (Anno Hegiræ) in the year of the Hegira | |||
| Alt. | Altitude | |||
| A.M. | (Anno Mundi) in the year of the world | |||
| An. | (Anno) in the year | |||
| An. A. C. | (Anno ante Christum) in the year before Christ | |||
| Anat. | Anatomy | |||
| Anc. | Ancient | |||
| Ang.-Sax. | Anglo-Saxon | |||
| Anom. | Anomalous | |||
| Anon. | Anonymous | |||
| Ap. | Apostle | |||
| Apo. | Apogee | |||
| Apoc. | Apocalypse, Apocrypha | |||
| A.R. | (Anno regni) in the year of the reign | |||
| Arch. | Architecture | |||
| A.R.R. | (Anno regni regis) in the year of the reign of the king | |||
| Arr. | Arrival | |||
| Art. | Article | |||
| Assoc., Assn. | Association | |||
| Astrol. | Astrology | |||
| Astron. | Astronomy | |||
| A.U.C. | (Anno urbis Conditæ) in the year of the building of the city of Rome | |||
| Authorized Version of the Bible | |||
| Av. | Average | |||
| Ave. | Avenue | |||
| B. | (Basso) Bass; bay; born | |||
| B.C. | Before Christ | |||
| Boul. | Boulevard | |||
| B.V. | (Bene Vale) Farewell | |||
| C. | Cape | |||
| Cæt. par. | (Cæteris paribus) other things being equal | |||
| Cap. | (caput) Chapter | |||
| C. or Cent. | Centigrade | |||
| Cf. | (conferre) compare | |||
| Ch. | Child or children | |||
| C.H. | Court House | |||
| Chap. | Chapter | |||
| Circ. | Circle(s) | |||
| Cit. | Citizen | |||
| Col. | Column | |||
| Coll. | College | |||
| Comp. | Companion, comparative | |||
| Cong. | Congress | |||
| C.Q.D. | Marconi Distress signal | |||
| D.B. | Domesday Book | |||
| D.C. | (Da Capo) From the beginning; again | |||
| Dec. | Declination | |||
| Deg. | Degree(s) | |||
| Del. | (Delineavit) he drew it | |||
| Dem. | Democrat | |||
| D.G. | (Dei gratia) by the grace of God; (Deo gratias) thanks to God | |||
| D.V. | (Deo volente) God willing | |||
| E. | East, Eagle(s) | |||
| Ea. | Each | |||
| E.B. | English Bible (common) | |||
| Ed. | Editor, Edition | |||
| E.E. | Errors excepted | |||
| E.G. | (Exempli gratia) by way of example | |||
| Elec. | Electricity | |||
| E.N.E. | East-northeast | |||
| Ent. | Entomology | |||
| E.S.E. | East-southeast | |||
| Etal. | (Et alibi) and elsewhere; (et alii) and others | |||
| Etc. | (Et cætera) and so forth | |||
| Et seq. | (Et sequentia) the following | |||
| Ex. | Example | |||
| Exc. | Exception | |||
| F., Fahr. | Fahrenheit (thermometer) | |||
| Fec. | (Fecit) he made it | |||
| Fem. or f. | Feminine | |||
| Fig(s). | Figure(s) | |||
| Finn. | Finnish | |||
| Fol. or f., ff. | Folio(s) | |||
| For. | Foreign | |||
| Ft. | Fort | |||
| Gent. | Gentleman | |||
| Ger. | German | |||
| Goth. | Gothic | |||
| Gr. | Greek | |||
| H. | Husband | |||
| Hdkf. | Handkerchief | |||
| H.e. | (Hoc est) that is, or, this is | |||
| Hist. | History, Historical | |||
| H.J.S. | (Hic jacet sepultus) here lies buried | |||
| H.M.P. | (Hoc monumentum posuit) erected this monument | |||
| H.R.I.P. | (Hic requiescit in pace) here lies in peace | |||
| H.S. | (Hic situs) here lies | |||
| Ibid. Ib. | (Ibidem) in the same place | |||
| Id. | (Idem) the same | |||
| I.e. | (Id est) that is | |||
| I.H.S. | First letters of ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, Greek for Jesus, or Iesus hominum salvator, Jesus the Savior of Mankind | |||
| Illus. | Illustrated | |||
| Imp. | Imperative (mood) | |||
| Incog. | (Incognito) Unknown | |||
| Indef. | Indefinite | |||
| Indic. | Indicative (mood) | |||
| Infin. | Infinitive (mood) | |||
| In lim. | (In limine) at the outset | |||
| In loc. | (In loco) in the place | |||
| Inst. | (instante) the current month | |||
| Int. | Interest | |||
| Interj. | Interjection | |||
| In trans. | (In transit) On the passage | |||
| Ion. | Ionic | |||
| Ir. | Irish | |||
| Irreg. | Irregular | |||
| Isl. | Island | |||
| Ital. | Italic | |||
| Itin. | Itinerary | |||
| J.H.S. | See I.H.S. | |||
| Jour. | Journal | |||
| Lat. | Latin, latitude | |||
| L.c. | (Loco citato) in the place cited | |||
| L.l. | (Loco laudato) in the place quoted | |||
| Long. or long. | Longitude | |||
| L.S. | (Locus sigilli) place of the seal | |||
| LXX | The Septuagint | |||
| M. | (Meridies) noon | |||
| M. | Married | |||
| Mem. | Memorandum, Memoranda | |||
| Mgr. | Manager | |||
| Misc. | Miscellaneous | |||
| Mo(s). | Month, months | |||
| M.S. | (Memoriæ sacrum) sacred to the memory | |||
| MS. | (Manuscriptum) manuscript | |||
| MSS. | Manuscripts | |||
| Mt. | Mount, Mont | |||
| Myth. | Mythology | |||
| N. | Noun, note(s) | |||
| Nat. | National | |||
| Naut. | Nautical | |||
| N.B. | (Nota Bene) note well | |||
| (Nemine contradicente or nemine dissentiente) none opposing | |||
| N.L. | (Non liquet) It does not appear | |||
| N. lat. | North latitude | |||
| N.N.E. | North-northeast | |||
| N.N.W. | North-northwest | |||
| Nom. | Nominative | |||
| Nol. Pros. | (Nol prosequi) indicates in law that a complaint will not be prosecuted | |||
| N.S. | New Style (After 1752) | |||
| N.T. | New Testament | |||
| N.u. | Name(s) unknown | |||
| N.V.M. | Nativity of the Virgin Mary | |||
| N.W. | Northwest | |||
| Ob. | (Obiit) he or she died | |||
| Obj. | Objective (case) | |||
| Obs. | Obsolete | |||
| O.F. | Odd Fellow(s) | |||
| O.H.M.S. | On His Majesty's Service | |||
| Olym. | Olympiad | |||
| Op. | Opposite | |||
| O.S. | Old Style (before 1752) | |||
| O.T. | Old Testament | |||
| P. or pp. | Page or pages | |||
| Par. | Paragraph | |||
| Par. pas. | Parallel passage(s) | |||
| Parl. | Parliament | |||
| Part. | Participle | |||
| Partic. | Particle | |||
| Pass. | Passive (voice) | |||
| Pen. | Peninsula | |||
| Pent. | Pentecost | |||
| Perf. | Perfect (tense) | |||
| Pers. | Person | |||
| Pers. pron. | Personal pronoun | |||
| Persp. | Perspective | |||
| Phil. | Philosophy | |||
| Pinx. | (Pinxit) he painted it | |||
| Pl. | Plate(s) | |||
| Plff. | Plaintiff | |||
| Plup. | Pluperfect | |||
| Plur. | Plural | |||
| P.M. | (Post Meridiem) afternoon to midnight | |||
| P.O. | Post-office | |||
| Pop. | Population | |||
| Posit. | Positive | |||
| P.p. | Past participle | |||
| P.P.C. | (Pour prendre congé) to take leave | |||
| P. pr. | Participle present | |||
| P.R. | (Populus Romanus) the Roman people | |||
| Pref. | Preface | |||
| Pret. | Preterite tense | |||
| Pron. | Pronoun | |||
| Pro tem. | (Pro tempore) for the time being | |||
| Pr. p. | Present participle | |||
| P.S. | Privy Seal | |||
| P.T.O. | Please turn over | |||
| Pt. | Point | |||
| Pub. | Publisher | |||
| Pub. Doc. | Public Documents | |||
| Q. | Question | |||
| Q.B. | Queen's Bench | |||
| Q.C. | Queen's College, Queen's Council | |||
| Q.d. | (Quasi dicat) as if he should say; (Quasi dictum) as if said; (Quasi dixisset) as if he had said | |||
| Q.E. | (Quod est) which is | |||
| Q.E.D. | (Quod erat demonstrandum) which was to be proved | |||
| Q.E.F. | (Quod erat faciendum) which was to be done | |||
| Q.l. | (Quantum libet) as much as you please | |||
| Q. Mess. | Queen's Messenger | |||
| Qm. | (Quomodo) by what means, how | |||
| Q.p. or q. pl. | (Quantum placet) as much as you please | |||
| Qr. | Quarter | |||
| Q.S. | (Quantum sufficit) a sufficient quantity | |||
| Q.v. | (Quantum vis) as much as you will | |||
| Q.v. | (Quod vide) which see | |||
| Qy. | Query | |||
| R., | Reaum. Reaumur (thermometer) | |||
| R.A. | Royal Academy; Royal Academician; Royal Artillery | |||
| R.E. | Royal Engineers | |||
| Recd. | Received | |||
| Rect. | Rector | |||
| Ref. | Reformation, reformed | |||
| Ref. Ch. | Reformed Church | |||
| Ref. | Reference | |||
| Regr. | Registrar | |||
| Regt. | Regiment | |||
| Rel. pron. | Relative pronoun | |||
| Rep. | Representative | |||
| Repub. | Republican | |||
| R.M. | Royal Marines | |||
| R.N. | Royal Navy | |||
| Ro. | (Recto) Right-hand page | |||
| Rom. Cath. | Roman Catholic | |||
| R.P. | (Res Publica) Republic | |||
| Ru. | Runic | |||
| S. | Solo (In Italian Music); South | |||
| S. SS. | Section(s), Saint(s) | |||
| S.a. | (Secundum artem) According to Art | |||
| Sax. | Saxon | |||
| S.C. | (Senatus Consultum) A decree of the Senate | |||
| S.C. | (In Law) same case | |||
| Sch. | Schooner(s) | |||
| Schol. | (Scholium) a note | |||
| Sci. | Science | |||
| Sculp. | (Sculpsit) he engraved | |||
| S.E. | Southeast | |||
| Sen. | Senate, Senator | |||
| Seq. or sq. | (Sequente) and in what follows | |||
| Seqq. or sqq. | (Sequentibus) and in the following (places) | |||
| Ser. | Series | |||
| Shak. | Shakespeare | |||
| Sing. | Singular (number) | |||
| S.J.C. | Supreme Judicial Court | |||
| S. lat. | South latitude | |||
| S.O.S. | Marconi Distress Signal | |||
| S.P. | (Sine prole) without issue | |||
| Sp. gr. | Specific gravity | |||
| S.P.Q.R. | (Senatus Populusque Romanus) the Senate and the Roman people | |||
| S.R.I. | (Sacrum Romanum Imperium) The Holy Roman Empire | |||
| S.R.S. | (Societatis Regiæ Socius) Fellow of the Royal Society | |||
| S.S. | Sunday School | |||
| S.S.E. | South-southeast | |||
| S.S.W. | South-southwest | |||
| St. | Saint, Street | |||
| Stat. | Statute(s) | |||
| Ster. | Sterling | |||
| Subj. | Subjunctive | |||
| Subst. | Substantive | |||
| Su.-Goth. | Suio-Gothic | |||
| Super. | Superfine | |||
| Superl. | Superlative | |||
| S.W. | Southwest | |||
| T. | Tenor (in music); (Tutti) the whole orchestra after a solo | |||
| Ter. | Territory | |||
| Term. | Termination | |||
| Theor. | Theorem | |||
| Tr. | Translator, transpose | |||
| Um. | Unmarried | |||
| Univ. | University | |||
| U.S.A. | United States Army | |||
| U.S.M. | United States Mail | |||
| U.S.N. | United States Navy | |||
| U.S.S. | United States Ship | |||
| U.s. | (Ut supra) as above | |||
| Vat. | Vatican | |||
| V.a. | Verb active | |||
| V. aux. | Verb auxiliary | |||
| V. def. | Verb defective | |||
| V. dep. | Verb deponent | |||
| Ven. | Venerable | |||
| V.g. | (Verbi gratia) for example | |||
| V. imp. | Verb impersonal | |||
| V. in. | Verb intransitive | |||
| V. irr. | Verb irregular | |||
| V.n. | Verb neuter | |||
| Vo. | (verso) left-hand page | |||
| Voc. | Vocative | |||
| Vol. | Volume | |||
| V.r. | Verb reflexive | |||
| V. tr. | Verb transitive | |||
| V. | Vulgate (Version) | |||
| W. | West, wife | |||
| W. lon. | West longitude | |||
| W.N.W. | West-northwest | |||
| W.S.W. | West-southwest | |||
| Xmas | Christmas | |||
| Zool. | Zoology |
SIGNS
In addition to the abbreviations, strictly so called, there are many signs used in various kinds of composition. The most common are included in the following lists.
Monetary Signs
| Dollar or dollars | |
| cts. | Cents |
| Gn. | Guinea |
| £ (English) | Pound or pounds |
| / or s | Shilling or shillings |
| d. | (Denarius) penny or pence |
| fr. | Franc or francs |
| c. (French) | Centime or centimes |
| m. (German) | Mark or marks |
| Pf. (German) | Pfennig or pfennigs |
| cr. (Austrian) | Crown or crowns |
| hr. (Austrian) | Heller or hellers |
| rub. (Russian) | Ruble or rubles |
| kop. (Russian) | Kopec or kopecs |
| kr. (Danish) | Crown or crowns |
| öro, öre | Oro or öre |
| £ (Italian) | Lira or lire |
| c. (Italian) | Centesimo or centesimi |
Mathematical Signs
| + | Plus |
| - | Minus |
| ± | Plus or minus |
| Minus or plus | |
| × | Multiplied by |
| ÷ | Divided by |
| = | Equal to |
| Not equal to | |
| Identical with | |
| Congruent to | |
| > | Greater than |
| < | Less than |
| The difference between | |
| Is equivalent to | |
| : and :: | Proportion |
| Varies as | |
| Approaches as a limit | |
| ∞ | Infinity |
| Therefore | |
| Because | |
| . . . | Continuation |
| √ | The radical sign |
| Perpendicular to | |
| Parallel | |
| Arc of circle | |
| Degree of circle | |
| ′ | Minute of circle |
| ″ | Second of circle |
| Angle | |
| Right angle | |
| Square | |
| Rectangle | |
| Triangle |
Medical Signs
| ãã | (ava) of each | Drachm | |
| (Recipe) take | Scruple | ||
| , i | Ounce, one ounce | O | (Octarius) Pint |
| ss | Half an ounce | Fluid ounce | |
| iss | One ounce and a half | Fluid Drachm | |
| ij | Two ounces | m | Minim or drop |
Astronomical Signs
Planets
| Sun | Earth | Saturn | |||
| Mercury | Mars | Uranus | |||
| Venus | Jupiter | Neptune |
Phases
| New moon | first quarter | full moon | |||
| last quarter |
Zodiacal
| Aries, the ram | Libra, the scales | ||
| Taurus, the bull | Scorpio, scorpion | ||
| Gemini, the twins | Sagittarius, archer | ||
| Cancer, the crab | Capricornus, goat | ||
| Leo, the lion | Aquarius, waterman | ||
| Virgo, the virgin | Pisces, the fishes |
Aspects and Nodes
| Conjunction | opposition | ||
| Quadrature | or quintile | ||
| Ascending node | sextile | ||
| Descending node | trine |
Ecclesiastical Signs
| The Maltese cross is used before their signatures by certain dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church. It is also used in the service-books of that church to notify the reader when to make the sign of the cross. The ordinary reference mark [dagger] (the dagger) should not be used as a substitute. | |
| Response in service-books. The apothecaries' sign is not an entirely acceptable substitute. | |
| Versicle in service-books. | |
| indicates the words intoned by the celebrant. |
Proofreader's Signs
| No ¶ | No new paragraph. |
| Run in | Let there be no break in the reading. |
| ¶ | Make a new paragraph. |
| Correct uneven spacing of words. | |
| Strike out the marked type, word, or sentence. | |
| Reverse this type. | |
| # | More space where caret is marked, |
| Contract the spacing. | |
| Take out all spacing. | |
| [ | Move this to the left. |
| ] | Move this to the right. |
| Raise this line or letter. | |
| Depress this line or letter. | |
| || | Make parallel at the side with other lines. |
| Indent line an em. | |
| Push down a space that blackens the proof. | |
| x | Change this bruised type. |
| w.f. | Change this faulty type of wrong font. |
| tr. | Transpose words or letters underlined. |
| l.c. | Put in lower-case, or small letters. |
| s.c. | Put in small capitals. |
| caps. | Put in capitals. |
| Insert apostrophe. Superior characters are
put over an inverted caret, as,
etc.; for inferior characters the caret is put in its usual position, as in . | |
| rom. | Change from italic to roman. |
| ital. | Change from roman to italic. |
| Insert period. | |
| , / | Insert comma. |
| ; / | Insert semicolon. |
| : / | Insert colon. |
| =/ | Insert hyphen. |
| One-em dash. | |
| Two-em dash. | |
| Take out cancelled character and close up. | |
| Qu. or? | Is this right? See to it. |
| Insert letter or word marked in margin. | |
| |||| | Hair-space letters as marked. |
| Stet | Restore crossed-out word or letter. |
| . . . . | Dots put below the crossed word mean: Cancel the correction first made, and let the types stand as they were. |
| Over two or three letters. Change for the diphthong or for a logotype, as æ, ffi. | |
| Straighten lines. | |
| ///// | Diagonal lines crossing the text indicate that the composition is out of square. |
| Out, see Copy | Here is an omission; see copy. |
Corrections or textual improvements suggested to the author should be accompanied by the interrogation-point and be enclosed in parentheses or "ringed."
Corrections should always be made in the margin, and never in the text: faults in the types or text to be indicated only by light pen marks.