FOOTNOTES:
[1] A litre is a cube the sides of which are 3⅞ in.
END OF VOL. I
Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney Ltd., London and Aylesbury.
ACROSS UNKNOWN
SOUTH AMERICA
BY
A. HENRY SAVAGE-LANDOR
WITH 2 MAPS, 8 COLOURED PLATES, AND 260 ILLUSTRATIONS
FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. II
HODDER AND STOUGHTON
LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO
The Mouth of the Putamayo River.
Printed in 1913
Copyright in the United States of America
by A. Henry Savage-Landor
CONTENTS
VOL. II
| Chapter | Paragraph Description | Pp. |
|---|---|---|
| CONTENTS | iii-viii | |
| LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS | ix-xvi | |
| I | The River Arinos—A Rickety Canoe—Mapping the River—The Siphonia Elastica—Rubber and its Collection—An Enormously Rich Country—A German in Slavery | 1-15 |
| II | Hoisting the British Flag—An Escaped Slave—A Dilemma—Benedicto—The Lutra Brasiliensis—The Seringueiros—A Marvellous River—Rapids | 16-32 |
| III | Dangerous Navigation—Eddies—Whirlpools—An Extraordinary Creature—The Man X—Pedro de Toledo Island—An Interesting Rodent | 33-50 |
| IV | Oleo Pardo Trees—Beautiful Palms—The River Bottom—Swarms of Butterflies—Millions of Bees—A Continuous Torture | 51-61 |
| V | Great Islands—The Trinchão Fish—A Fisherman's Paradise—Alastor Island—Plentiful Rubber—The Civilized Man's Idea of the Tropical Forest—The War-Cries of the Indians—Swarms of Bees and Butterflies | 62-75 |
| VI | The Tapirus Americanus—Striking Scenery—The Mate Tree—Photography in Camp—Brazilian Way of Reasoning—A New Christopher Columbus—The Selection of our Camps—Beautiful Fruit—A Large Tributary | 76-91 |
| VII | Ideal Islands—Immense Figueira Trees—The "Spider Monkey"—Great Variety of Fish in the Arinos—The Rocky Gateway into Diabolical Waters—Shooting Dangerous Rapids—Cutting a Way through the Forest—A Nasty Rapid—Plentiful Fish | 92-111 |
| VIII | Magnificent Basins—Innumerable Rapids—Narrow Escapes—The Destructive Sauba Ants—Disobedient Followers—A Range of Mountains—Inquisitive Monkeys—Luck in Fishing—Rocky Barriers—Venus | 112-128 |
| IX | Dogs—Macaws—Crocodiles—A Serious Accident: Men flung into a Whirlpool—The Loss of Provisions and Valuable Baggage—More Dangerous Rapids—Wonderful Scenery—Dangerous Work—On the Edge of a Waterfall—A Risky Experience—Bravery of Author's Brazilian Followers—A High Wind from the North-East—A Big Lake | 129-150 |
| X | The Point of Junction of the Arinos and Juruena Rivers—Elfrida Landor Island—Terrible Days of Navigation—Immense Islands—An Old Indian Camp—A Fight between a Dog and an Ariranha—George Rex Island—A Huge Sucuriú Snake | 151-164 |
| XI | A Family of Ariranhas—Attacked by them—Three Nasty Rapids—Beautiful Sand Beaches—Exciting Experiences—Going down a Thundering Cataract—Alcides' Narrow Escape—A Night's Work in the Midst of a Foaming Rapid in order to rescue the half-submerged Canoe—Filippe's Courage—Visited by a Snake 20 ft. long | 165-181 |
| XII | A Tiny Globular Cloudlet warning us—Tossed in a Merciless Manner—Saved by Providence—Vicious Waters—A Diabolical Spot—A Highly Dangerous Crossing—A Terrible Channel—More Bad Rapids—On the Verge of a Fatal Drop down a Waterfall—Saved in Time—A Magnificent Sight—The August Falls—A Mutiny—The Canoe, weighing 2,000 lb., taken across the Forest over a Hill-range | 182-206 |
| XIII | A Double Whirlpool—Incessant Rapids of Great Magnitude—A Dangerous Channel—Nothing to Eat—Another Disaster | 207-219 |
| XIV | In the Hands of Providence—A Mutiny—Another Mutiny—Foodless—Hard and Dangerous Work—A Near Approach to Hades—Making an Artificial Channel among Thousands of Boulders—An Awe-inspiring Scene—The Fall of S. Simão—A Revolt | 220-234 |
| XV | Mutiny and Threats—Wasted Efforts—Awful Waters—The Canoe escapes in a Violent Rapid—Another Mutiny—The Canoe recovered—An Appalling Vortex—The Fall of S. Simão—Cutting an Artificial Channel in the Rocks | 235-248 |
| XVI | At Death's Door—Mundurucu Indians—All Author's Followers poisoned by Wild Fruit—Anxious Moments—Seringueiros—A Dying Jewish Trader—The Mori Brothers—A New Hat—Where the Tres Barras meets the Arinos-Juruena—The Canoe abandoned | 249-265 |
| XVII | A Fiscal Agency—Former Atrocities—The Apiacar Indians—Plentiful Rubber—Unexploited Regions—Precious Fossils thrown away by Author's Followers—A Terrific Storm—Author's Canoe dashed to pieces—The Mount St. Benedicto | 266-277 |
| XVIII | Starting across the Virgin Forest—Cutting the Way incessantly—A Rugged, Rocky Plateau—Author's Men throw away the Supplies of Food—Attacked by Fever—Marching by Compass—Poisoned—Author's Men break down—Author proceeds across Forest endeavouring to reach the Madeira River—A Dramatic Scene | 278-298 |
| XIX | Benedicto and Filippe show Courage—Confronted with a Mountainous Country—Steep Ravines—No Food—Painful Marches—Starving—Ammunition rendered useless by Moisture—The "Pros" and "Cons" of Smoking—A Faint Hope—A Forged Tin which should have contained Anchovies—Curious Effects of Starvation upon the Brain—Where Money is of no avail—Why there was Nothing to eat in the Forest—The Sauba Ants—Sniffed by a Jaguar—Filippe tries to commit Suicide | 299-320 |
| XX | Benedicto and the Honey—Constantly collapsing from Exhaustion—A Strange Accident—Finding a River—People's Mistaken Ideas—Sixteen Days of Starvation—An Abandoned Hut—Repairing a Broken-down Canoe—Canoe founders—A Raft constructed of Glass | 321-338 |
| XXI | The Launching of the Glass Raft—Accidents—The Raft sinking—Saved—Our First Solid Meal—Its Consequences—The Canuma and Secundury Rivers—Marching back across the Forest to the Relief of the Men left behind—A Strange Mishap—A Curious Case of Telepathy | 339-364 |
| XXII | Baggage Saved—The Journey down the Tapajoz River—Colonel Brazil—Wrecked—From Itaituba to the Amazon—Benedicto and the Man X are discharged | 365-385 |
| XXIII | Santarem to Belem (Pará)—The Amazon—From Belem to Manaos—The Madeira-Mamore Railway | 386-404 |
| XXIV | Attacked by Beri-beri—A Journey up the Madeira River to the Relief of Filippe the Negro and Recovery of Valuable Baggage left with him—Filippe paid off—A Journey up the River Solimões—Iquitos | 405-418 |
| XXV | From Iquitos to the Foot of the Andes up the Rivers Ucayalli, Pachitea and Pichis—The Cashibos or "Vampire Indians" | 419-438 |
| XXVI | Across the Andes—The End of the Trans-continental Journey | 439-457 |
| XXVII | The Peruvian Corporation Railway—The Land of the Incas—Lake Titicaca—Bolivia—Chile—The Argentine—A Last Narrow Escape—Back in England | 458-476 |
| APPENDIX | Some of the Principal Plants of Brazil—Mammals—Birds—Fish—Reptiles—Vocabularies | 477-496 |
| INDEX | 497-504 |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
VOL. II
| Page | |
| The Mouth of the Putamayo River (Coloured Plate) | Frontispiece |
| Rubber Tree showing Incisions and the Collar and Tin Cup for the Collection of the Latex | 4 |
| Coagulating Rubber into a Ball | 4 |
| Balls of Rubber outside a Seringueiro's Hut | 8 |
| Method of pressing Rubber into Cakes, the Alum Process of Coagulation being used | 8 |
| The Upper Arinos River | 12 |
| The Arinos River above the Rapids | 12 |
| The First Rocks in the Arinos River | 20 |
| Enormous Globular Rocks typical of the Arinos River | 20 |
| A Rocky Barrier in the River | 24 |
| A Picturesque Double Waterfall on the Arinos River | 24 |
| An Island of the Arinos River | 28 |
| Vegetation on an Island in the River Arinos | 28 |
| Preparing the Canoe to descend a Rapid | 36 |
| A Cataract on the Arinos River | 36 |
| A Rapid on the Arinos River | 44 |
| Taking the Canoe through a Narrow Channel | 44 |
| A Formidable Vortex | 64 |
| Going down a Violent Rapid in a Narrow Channel | 64 |
| The Result of Half an Hour's Fishing on the Arinos-Juruena | 84 |
| Leading the Canoe down a Rapid by Rope | 92 |
| Characteristic Rocky Barrier across the Arinos River (Author's Sextant in Foreground) | 92 |
| Whirlpool at End of Rapid | 100 |
| In Shallow Water | 100 |
| Fishing on the Arinos: a Jahu | 104 |
| Fish of the Arinos River | 104 |
| A Fine Cataract on the Arinos-Juruena River | 108 |
| Preparing the Canoe prior to descending a Rapid | 112 |
| A Nasty Rapid | 112 |
| A Giant Central Wave emerging from a Narrow Channel | 116 |
| A Dangerous Rapid | 120 |
| Taking the Canoe and Part of the Baggage down a Narrow Passage among Rocks | 120 |
| The Canoe being led down a Rapid | 124 |
| Crocodile about to attack one of the Dogs of the Expedition. Photographed by Author at a Distance of Three Metres (Rio Arinos-Juruena) | 128 |
| Terrifying Rapid shot by Author and his Men in their Canoe | 132 |
| Author's Men shooting a Crocodile | 136 |
| A Cataract in the River Arinos | 140 |
| Author's Canoe among Great Volcanic Rocks | 140 |
| Preparing to descend a Rapid | 144 |
| A Cataract in the Arinos River | 144 |
| Lake formed where the Arinos and Juruena Rivers meet | 148 |
| Going through a Rapid | 148 |
| Author's Canoe going down a Cataract | 152 |
| The Immense Waves encountered by Author in emerging from the Channel, in the Rapid of the Inferno. (The Canoe with its Occupants shot up Vertically in the Air) | 156 |
| A Giant Sucurí Snake with Entire Deer contained in its Digestive Organs | 160 |
| An Easy Rapid | 164 |
| Going through a Narrow Channel | 164 |
| A Dangerous Vortex | 168 |
| Preparing the Canoe to go down a Rapid | 168 |
| A Narrow Passage in the Arinos River | 172 |
| Treble Vortex. (The Water revolved in Three Different Directions in Succession) | 172 |
| At the August Falls | 176 |
| Author and His Men in Water up to their Necks for an Entire Night endeavouring to save their Canoe, which in shooting a Rapid had become stuck between Rocks (Coloured Plate) | 178 |
| The Salto Augusto from Above | 192 |
| The Upper Terrace of the August Waterfall | 184 |
| Interesting Geological Formation below the Salto Augusto | 188 |
| The Salto Augusto (Upper Terrace) | 192 |
| Foliated Rock below the August Falls | 196 |
| The Wooden Railway constructed by Author in order to take the Canoe Overland for Two and a Half Kilometres at the August Falls | 200 |
| Formation of Rock below the August Falls | 200 |
| Photograph showing the Road cut by Author across the Forest in order to take the Heavy Canoe Overland | 204 |
| Conveying the Canoe across the Forest on Improvised Railway and Rollers | 208 |
| Pushing the Canoe Uphill through the Forest. (Notice Men With Heads wrapped owing to Torturing Insects) | 212 |
| Conveying the Canoe, weighing 2,000 lb., over a Hill Range—The Descent | 216 |
| Author's Canoe being made to travel across the Forest | 220 |
| Distant View showing Both Falls at the Salto Augusto | 224 |
| Launching the Canoe after its Journey over a Hill Range | 224 |
| A Most Dangerous Rapid navigated by Author and his Men | 228 |
| Letting the Canoe jump a Rapid | 232 |
| Artificial Canal made by Author and his Men in order to take their Canoe along where the River was Impassable | 236 |
| Rapid through which Author took his Canoe | 240 |
| Conveying the Canoe by Hand down a Rapid | 244 |
| Canoe being taken along an Artificial Canal made by Author and his Men | 248 |
| A Moment of Suspense: Author and his Men in their Canoe going through a Narrow Channel between Vertical Walls of Rock. The Water forced through from Three Large Arms of the River joining at that Point formed a High and Dangerous Central Wave (Coloured Plate) | 250 |
| Conveying the Canoe through the Forest. (Notice the Side of the Canoe split and stuffed with Pieces of Cloth) | 252 |
| Leading the Empty Canoe down a Dangerous Channel. (Photographed a Few Seconds before the Rope snapped and Canoe escaped) | 256 |
| The S. Simão Waterfall | 260 |
| The Huge Canoe being taken through a Small Artificial Canal made in the Rocks by the Author and his Men | 264 |
| Mundurucu Indians | 268 |
| Author taking Astronomical Observations on a Sandy Beach of the River Arinos-Juruena | 272 |
| Where the Rivers Arinos-Juruena and S. Manoel meet | 276 |
| José Maracati, Chief of the Mundurucus, Tapajoz | 276 |
| Apiacar Boy | 280 |
| Apiacar Indian | 280 |
| Apiacar Women | 284 |
| Mundurucu Women | 288 |
| Apiacar Children | 288 |
| Raft constructed by the Author in order to navigate the Canuma River with his Two Companions of Starvation (Coloured Plate) | 336 |
| Canoe made of the Bark of the Burity Palm | 340 |
| Indians of the Madeira River | 340 |
| Caripuna Indians | 348 |
| Indian Idols of the Putumayo District | 348 |
| Trading Boats landing Balls of Rubber, River Tapajoz | 352 |
| Itaituba | 356 |
| A Trading Boat on the Tapajoz River | 360 |
| The S.S. "Commandante Macedo" | 360 |
| Colonel R. P. Brazil and his Charming Wife | 364 |
| Where the Madeira-Mamore Railway begins | 368 |
| Madeira-Mamore Railway, showing Cut through Tropical Forest | 368 |
| Bolivian Rubber at Abuna Station on the Madeira-Mamore Railway | 372 |
| The Inauguration Train on the Madeira-Mamore Railway | 372 |
| Wreck of the "Mamoria" in the Calderão of the Solimões River | 376 |
| Indians of the Putumayo District. (Dr. Rey de Castro, Peruvian Consul at Manaos in the Centre of Photograph) | 376 |
| A Street in Iquitos | 380 |
| The Launch "Rimac" on the Ucayalli River | 380 |
| A Trail in the Andes | 384 |
| Campas Indian Children | 388 |
| Campas Old Woman and her Son | 392 |
| Campas Indian Woman | 396 |
| Campas Woman | 400 |
| Campas Man, Woman and Child | 400 |
| The Ucayalli River | 402 |
| The Launch on which Author travelled almost to the Foot of the Andes | 402 |
| Campas Family wading across a Stream | 404 |
| A Farmhouse on the Andes | 404 |
| On the Andes: an Elevated Trail overlooking a Foaming Torrent. (See Arch cut in Rock) | 406 |
| La Mercedes | 410 |
| The Avenue of Eucalypti near the Town of Tarma (Andes) | 410 |
| On the Andes | 412 |
| A Street of Tarma | 412 |
| The Market-Place, Tarma | 414 |
| The Highest Point where Author crossed the Andes before Reaching the Railway at Oroya | 416 |
| Oroya | 420 |
| Oroya, the Highest Railway Station in the World | 420 |
| In the Andes at 16,000 Feet above the Sea Level | 422 |
| The Highest Point of the Oroya Railway: the Galera Tunnel | 422 |
| The Oroya Railway (A Great Spring emerging from the Mountain-side) | 424 |
| Beautiful Scenery on the Peruvian Corporation Railway to Cuzco, Peru | 424 |
| A. B. Leguia, the President of the Peruvian Republic | 426 |
| The American Observatory, Arequipa, and Mount Misti, Peru | 428 |
| On the Peruvian Corporation Railway on the way to Cuzco | 428 |
| A Beautiful Example of Ancient Spanish Wood-carving, Peru | 432 |
| Wonderful Example of Old Spanish Wood-Carving, Peru | 434 |
| On the way to Cuzco: Railway Bridge partly carried away by Swollen River | 436 |
| Great Sand Dunes along the Peruvian Corporation Railway to Cuzco | 438 |
| Inca Bath or Fountain | 438 |
| Cuzco: Llamas in Foreground | 440 |
| A Famous Inca Wall, Cuzco. (The various Rocks fit so Perfectly that no mortar was used to keep them in Place) | 442 |
| Inca Three-Walled Fortress of Sacsayhuaman, Cuzco | 444 |
| The Inca Temple of the Sun, with Spanish Superstructure | 446 |
| Inca Doorway, Cuzco | 446 |
| Inca Steps carved in a Dome of Rock, Cuzco. (Fortress noticeable in the Distance) | 448 |
| The "Round Table" of the Incas | 452 |
| Entrance to Inca Subterranean Passages | 452 |
| Inca Place of Amusement: a Toboggan Slide of Rock | 454 |
| An Inca Grave, Bolivia | 454 |
| Inca Remains near Cuzco | 456 |
| Where a Stone Fight took place in the Inca Country. (Notice the Innumerable Rocks which have been thrown down the Hill from the High Inca Structure) | 458 |
| Entrance to Inca Subterranean Passages | 458 |
| The Great Inca Ruins of Viraccocha, in Tinta (Cuzco) | 460 |
| Inca Pottery, Weapons and Ornaments of Gold and Copper | 464 |
| Inca Towers of Sillistayni, Puño (Lake Titicaca) | 468 |
| An Inca Statue, Bolivia | 468 |
| Lake Titicaca | 470 |
| Guaqui, the Port for La Paz on Lake Titicaca | 470 |
| On the Andes | 474 |
| Llamas in Bolivia | 476 |
| Borax Deposits, Bolivia | 476 |