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Aërial Navigation / A Popular Treatise on the Growth of Air Craft and on Aëronautical Meteorology cover

Aërial Navigation / A Popular Treatise on the Growth of Air Craft and on Aëronautical Meteorology

Chapter 3: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT
By Albert Francis Zahm
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About This Book

The book surveys the development of human flight from early passive balloons through powered dirigibles to heavier-than-air craft, emphasizing substantive advances rather than anecdotal or unproductive experiments. It follows technical evolution—balloon types, non-rigid and rigid airships, model and manned gliders, and the rise of stable, powered aeroplanes—supplemented by plates and historical sketches. A substantial section explains atmospheric science relevant to navigation, examining air density, dynamic lift and resistance, prevailing currents, storms, and local gusts that affect performance and safety. Appendices gather quantitative data, mathematical notes, and experimental records for specialist readers while the main text addresses an informed popular audience.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT

FIG.
  
PAGE
1.
 —Da Vinci’s designs for human flying-gear
9
2.
 —A possible air-scout
12
3.
 —Blanchard’s flying-machine
17
4.
 —Lana’s proposed vacuum balloon
24
5.
 —Montgolfier’s experimental balloon
34
6.
 —Charles’ first hydrogen balloon
36
7.
 —Montgolfier’s passenger balloon
39
8.
 —Charles’ passenger balloon
43
9.
 —La Flesselle
50
10.
 —The Great Balloon of Nassau
55
11.
 —Car of Nadar’s balloon
61
12.
 —Diagram of a modern spherical balloon with ripping panel
75
13.
 —Blanchard’s dirigible balloon, 1784
80
14.
 —Robert Brothers’ dirigible, 1784
82
15.
 —General Meusnier’s proposed dirigible, 1784
85
16.
 —Rufus Porter’s dirigible, 1820
87
17.
 —Jullien’s model dirigible, 1850
88
18.
 —Giffard’s steam dirigible, 1852
89
19.
 —Dupuy de Lome’s dirigible, 1872
92
20.
 —Renard’s dirigible, La France, 1884
94
21.
 —La Ville de Paris
121
22.
 —Le Petit Journal, Zodiac type
128
23.
 —Clément-Bayard II, 1910
133
24.
 —Morning Post dirigible, 1910
135
25.
 —Route of British military dirigibles from France to England, 1900
137
26.
 —Da Vinci’s helicopter
175
27.
 —Da Vinci’s parachute
176
28.
 —Veranzio’s parachute
178
29.
 —Lenormand’s parachute, 1784
179
30.
 —Paper traveling parachute
181
31.
 —Wenham’s aëroplane, 1866
185
32.
 —Penaud’s aëroplane toy, 1871
187
33.
 —Tatin’s aëroplane model, 1879
188
34.
 —Hargrave’s model screw monoplane, 1891
190
35.
 —Hargrave’s kite
191
36.
 —Launoy and Bienvenu’s helicopter, 1784
198
37.
 —Forlanini’s helicopter, 1878
200
38.
 —Le Bris’ aëroplane, 1855
204
39.
 —Mouillard’s aëroplane
208
40.
 —Blériot’s Toury-Artenay aëroplane circuit, 1908
269
41.
 —Map of the “Circuit de l’Est”
330
42.
 —Diagram of Curtiss hydro-aëroplane
333
43.
 —The Etrich monoplane of 1910
336
44.
 —Summer and winter average vertical temperature gradients
369
45.
 —General circulation of the atmosphere
378
46.
 —Normal Wind direction and velocity for January and February (Köppen)
381
47.
 —Normal Wind direction and velocity for July and August (Köppen)
383
48.
 —Trade and counter-trade winds
384
49.
 —Velocity diagram in horizontal section of a cyclone
398
50.
 —Funnel-like cloud sometimes observed in a tornado
409
51.
 —Vertical section of the St. Louis, Mo., tornado of May 27, 1896
411
52.
 —Horizontal section of St. Louis tornado of May 27, 1896
412
53.
 —Vertical section of short tornado
414
54.
 —Vertical section of a tall tornado
415
55.
 —Vertical section of a hail tornado
417
56.
 —Universal anemograph
428
57.
 —Records of wind variation in horizontal and vertical direction
429
58.
 —Records of Wind speed obtained by Langley
433