Agricola

I GENERAL

• Agriculture, etc.
• Accommodation-labour, mutual between neighbours, 170, 333-4
• Accommodation land, 190-1
• Aqueducts, 293-6
• asses, 107, 330, 334, 400, 422
• contempt for, 12, 69, 145-7, 160, 334
• Decay of, general, 337, 383, 387, 393
• Decay of, in Greece, 11, 96, 104, 127, 129, 132, 300 foll.
• Decay of, in Italy, 11, 14, 143-4, 147, 154 foll., 163, 174, 209-10, 250-1, 265, 271-2, 281 foll., 288, 299, 358, 365, 404 foll.
• Delegation of management, 432-3
• growth of distaste for, 42, [79], 88, [119], 124, 251, [278], 302
• Importance and recognized value of, 3, 5, 6, 8-11, 82, 141, 200, 204-6, 212, 226, [280], 283, 400, 437, 444
• improved by knowledge of foreign countries, 179, [251]
• Industrializing of, 146-7, 150-1, 168-9, 203-4, 445, 447, 452
• in Peloponnesus, 30, 49, 50, [69], 82, 118, 120, 122-3, 128-9
• in the East, 303-5
• Landed peasantry not ‘proletarian’, 457-8
• Military point of view, 3, 8-11, 64-5, 74-5, 122, [128], 132, 133, 147, 152, 163, 166, 176, 213-4, 283, 395-7, 438, 440
• Moral or civic point of view, 3, 11, 31, 64, 70, 83, 96, 107-8, 124, 133, 135 foll., 166, 213, [277 foll.], 281 foll., 302, 439-40, 445, 458
• need of capital, 47, [67], 83, 104, 144, 154, 174, 200-1, 204, [225], 250, 255, 320, 345, 365
• problem of food-supply, 3, 9, 14, 15, [19], 29, 30, 47, 48, 62, 66, 77, 81, 87, 92, 96, 118-9, 132, 208, 211, 283, 288, 309, [326], 332, [337], 339, 347, 357-8, 375, 379, 382-4, 387-98, 403, 406-8, 411-2, 416, 427-8, 460-1
• Property and proprietary rights, 436
• Punic, 151, 164, [168], [179], 203-4, [282], 353
• remunerative or not, 14, 41, 83, 107, 111, 154-60, 166, 169, 174, 186, [193], 201, 205, 252-3, [268], [277], 284, 306, 308-10, 318, 320-2, 351, 365, 404-5
• Barbarian and Greek, 27, 28, 31-2, 34, 54-5, 78-9, [112], 113, [164]
• Barbarian lords and Roman subjects, 427
• Barbarians and the Roman army, 14, 210, 270, 273, 292, 339, 382, 387, 397, 413-4, 417-8
• Barbarians, fertility of, 382
• Barbarians, settlement of, within Roman Empire, 337-8, 340, 360, 384, 414-5, 416, 426, 431
• Bee-keeping, 184, 228, 230, [266], 309
• Beggars, 18, 19, 23, 25, 72, 243, 392
• Book-keeping on great estates, 249-50, 258-9, [264], 335, 368
• Bucolic poetry, 115-6, 218-20, 280
• Capitalism and employment of labour, 2, 36, 48, 55, 57-8, 70-1, 107, 150, 151-2, 156 foll., 173, 220, 254, 302, 441, 443, 454-6
• Capitalism, growth of, 13, 25, 33, 36, 47-8, 49, 58, 70, 76, 83, [106], 129, 142-4, 212, 282, 288 foll., 314
• Capitalist influence hostile to free peasantry, 151-2, 201, [212], [297]
• Capitalist profiteers, 403
• cases, query, hypothetical?, 264, 304-5
• Caste and gild system of later Roman Empire, 210, 212, [376-7], 383, 389-91, 396, 405, 413, 423, 451
• Census, the later Imperial, 388, 390, 420-2, 431
• Centralization, bureaucratic, 379-80, 381, 384
• Cereal crops, 19, 47-8, 81, 104, 107, 111, [118], [121], 154, 174, 249, [253], 266-7, 283-4, 291, 303, 309, 350, 352, 375, 388, 403, 406, 412, [428-9], 461, 463
• Charcoal, 42, 64
• Charitable institutions, 271, 273, 296, 324
• Charity, private, 403
• Christianity, influence of, 410-1, 420, 422-3, 426-32, [435], 449 foll.
• Citizen and alien, 32, 36, 47, 48, 66, 96-7, 301, 314, 329
• Citizens as such not producers, 102
• Citizens, new, incorporation of, 126-7, 149, 153, 271, 288, 389, [444]
• Citizenship, 86, 92, 94, 98, 113-4, 120, 301-2, 389, 431, 444
• City and country, 9, 13, 24, 31-2, 40, 43-4, 48, 49, 63, 83, 89, 90, 108-9, 115-6, 124-5, 145-6, 153, 184, [200], 217, 222, 235-6, 251, 278-9, 301-2, 306, 308, 332, 400, 409, 429
• City and State, 380
• Cleruchies, 39, 41-2, 51-2, 81, 83, 105-6, [120]
• Clients [πελάται, clientes], 25, 134, [150], [167], 243, 314, 431, 433
• Colonies, 26-7, 51, 67, 72, 76, 83, 87-8, 152, 174, 207, 270, [272], 273-5
• Commerce and seafaring, 19, 23, 39, 114, 215, 288, 290, 309, 347, 381, 391, 403, 412
• Commerce restricted, 77, 92, 96, [98], 100, 102, [142], [290]
• Communistic schemes and legends, 41, 45, 89, 92, 120, 218, 232, 236, 248, [459]
• Confiscation and redistribution, 67, [70], 72, [88], 89, 128, 155-6, 176-7, 178-9, 193, 200, 203, [225], 234, 236, 240
• Continuity of occupation, importance of, 207-8, 252-3, 255, 344-5, 347, 355-6, 377, 383-4
• Corn-dealers, 81, 403
• Corn trade (Euxine), 31, [39], 81, 104-5
• Cosmopolitanism, 113-4, [187], 232, 271, [288]
• Country carts, 39, 400
• Country houses, 51, 82, 106, 108-9, 124, 157, [164], 165-6, 201, 224, 235, 246, 310, 312, 366, 427-9
• Country life idealized, desire of, 43, [115], 124-5, 200-1, 215, 217, 222, [230], 234-6, 280, [302-3], 417, 429
• Craftsman as employer, 2, [48], [51], 172-3, [385], 441, 446
• Crops, dealers in, 111, 171, 322, 375
• Crops, hanging, sale of, 171, 265, 284, 322
• Crops, variety in, movement towards, 203, 266
• Cultivation etc. by contract, 140, 166, 171-3, [180], 186, 264-5
• Cultivation, intensive, 231, 265, [291]
• Cultivation, movements to extend or maintain, 126-7, [207-8], 211-2, [272], [301], 337-8, 340, 349-52, 357, [383], 387, 394
• Damage, responsibility for, 363, 366, 373-4
• Debt, pressure of, 22, 25, 133-4, 144, 155, [209], 321, 430, 436-7
• Devastation of farms in war, 31, 38, 40, 43, [84], 104, 118, 133, 136, 139, 144, 410-1, 412
• Differentiation of soldier and farmer, 210, 382, 417-8
• Digging, 35, 46, 116, 172, 186, 261, 282, 317
• Dogs, 23, 331, 372
• Domains, imperial, 207, 209, 337, 342-58, 377-8
• Domestication of animals, 15, 32, 433-4
• Drainage, 366
• East and West, 409, 460-4
• Education, 68-9, 72-3, 76, 101
• Emigration of working farmers (?), 207, 256, [272], 274-5, [293], 348-9
• Estates
• abroad, 39, 51-2, 81, 83-4, 106, 207, 214, 248-9, 251, 281-2, [291], 298, [301], 309, 319, 341, 348, 353-4, 405
• and boundaries, 17, 108, 174-5, 190, 331
• as ‘Peculiars’, 354, 377, 392-3
• division of, 22, 190-1, 256
• Great, growth of, in Italy, 126, 143-4, 147, 152-3, 154, 165, 201, 203, 205, 248, 251, 256, 263, 281-3, 297, 314, [354]
• Large and small, 46, 47, 51, 88, 106-7, 119, 125, 129, 138, 141-4, [166], 182, 196, 201, 214, 281-4, 296-7, 334
• Letting to tenants, 14, 36, 39, 52, 82-3, 84, 106, 111, [125], 157-8, 160-1, 167, 177, 183, 191, 194-5, 198, 201-2, 208, 211, 216, 224, 233-5, 246-7, 252-7, 264, 277, 280, 297-9, 303, 307-8, 320-1, 325, 355, 358-9, 362 foll., 367-8, 376, 390, 433, 450, 463
• Management by owner, 13, 57-8, 82, 106, [146], 167, 170-1, 224, [250-1], 284, [319], 325
• Management by owner’s steward, 13, [33], 36, 51, 57-60, 88, 106, 116, 124, 140, 153, 158-60, 168, 186, 194, 224, 251-3, 256 foll., 297 foll., 304, 321, 325, 335, 343, 353, 367-8, 461
• Mixed, 82, [83], 106, 108, [155], 169, [201], 310
• of collegia, 295
• retain names of former owners, 343
• Small, profits on, 160, 184, 230, 284, 306
• Suburban, 109, 128, 164, 248, 294-5, 306, 312
• Eugenics, 72-3, [90], 93
• Evidence, lack of, from working farmer or labourer, 4, 374, [429-30], 454
• Experiments, 258
• Fallows and rotation of crops, 291
• Familiar details, tendency of writers to omit, 16, 44, 136, 140, 213-4, 379
• Farm-equipment found by landlord, 216, 255, 297-9, 320-1, 344-5, 364-5, 367
• Farmer and politics, 11, 12, 36, 40-4, 49, 70, 89, 90, 302
• Farmer as man of substance, 39-40, 41, 46, 104
• Farmer-heroes, Roman, 135 foll., 145-6, 197, 213, 232, 281, 313, 328, 415, 418, 445
• Farmer not a soldier, 74, [98], 101, 210, 313, [316], 396-8, 417
• Farmer rather a seller than a buyer, 42, 167, [185]
• Farmers’ capital mostly fixed, 46, 47, 104, [193]
• Farmers required to be resident, 204-5, 208, 297, 383-4
• Farmers resident in the city, 33, 51, 82
• Farm-hands as oarsmen, 90, 95, 183
• Farming, fancy, 109, 179, 282, 308-10
• Farming, high or scientific, 98-9, 122, 179, [181], 201, 286
• Farming means unremitting attention and toil, 22, 23, [152], 159-60, 166, [197], 218, 222, 251, 321, 451
• Farm slaves barbarians, 63, 92, 94, 124, [292], [325], 337
• Farm tenants and their burdens, 14, [131], [157-8], 183, 195, 197, 209, 211, 254, 377-8, 397, 415
• Figs, 45, 81, 108, 266, 283, 303, [463]
• Financial interests, power of, 152
• Financial system and motives of later Roman Empire, 211-2, [225], 346, 348, 354-5, 375-8, 381-3, 388 foll., 394, 401, 410 foll., 427
• Fires, 249, 374, 428
• Firewood, 42, 107, 111, [115], 118, 252, 309, 388, 408
• Flocks and herds (grazing and breeding), 16, 19, 20, 29, 81, 88, 90, 115-6, 121, 154, 165, 171, 174, 179, 266, 278, 301, 303, 309, [372], 388, 406, 429, 448
• Floods, 108, 312, 322, 374
• Flower gardens, 108-9
• Food, imported, 39, 47, 48, 69, 77, 81, 104, 119, 154, 174, 184, 266, 283, 288, 309, 326, 347, 358, 403, 416
• Foods, 19, 20, 24, 25, 45, 137, 283, 403
• Fortified homesteads, 412-3, 429
• Free craftsmen employed by farmer, 172-3, 184, [462]
• Freedmen (German), 292
• Freedmen (Greek), 80, 82, 85, [123]
• Freedmen (Roman), 127, [160], 168-9, 183, 188, 192-3, 196-7, 201, 213, 234, 236, 243, 244, 264, 271, 284, [288], 290-1, 300, 312, 314-5, 318, [334], 379, [429]
• Freedom, its local value, 21, 137
• Fruit-trees and orchards, 19, 20, 25, 127-8, 139, [178], 230, 344, 350, 421
• Goats, 47, 84, 183
• Granaries, 107, [198], 249, 267, 288, 411-2, 429
• Greeks enslave Greeks, 27, 31, 55, 73, 112, 435
• Herdsmen and shepherds, etc., 16-7, 33, 35, 63, 84, 109, 115-6, 154, 162, 179, 218-20, 301, 304, 310, 315, 448
• Highwaymen and brigands, 154, 160, 179, 191-2, 233, 323, 329, 342, 372, 375, 392, 405
• Home or Manor Farm on estates, [161], [201], 216-7, 235, 246, 254-6, 257, 298, 319, 342, 353, 355
• Horses, 33, 57-8, 120-1, 418-9
• Hunting, fishing, bird-catching, etc., 185, 307, 309, 319, 405
• Imperial jealousy of great private estates, 207, 301, 353, 387, 392-3, 394-5
• Imperial taxation, crushing effect of, 301, [303], 336, 357, 381-4, 387 foll., 393, 410 foll., 421-2, 424, 427
• Improvement by fire, 223
• Internal maladies of Roman Empire, 409 foll., 413
• Irrigation, 16, 246, 293
• Italian agriculture, pictures of, discussed, 178-9, [182-3], 200-1, 214-8, 235, 251-3, 288, 404-6, [419]
• Italian agriculture, protection of, 157, [272]
• Italian land and taxation, 205, 212, [291], 358, 365, 388, 406
• Italian land, encouragement to invest in, 274, 289, 291, 297, 319
• Italian slaves in Italy, 137, 149, [160]
• Jealousy of wealth, 41, 44, 66, 70, 72, [76], 87, [109]
• Jurists as Ministers, 336
• Land, etc.
• as investment, 106, 144, 159, 165, 169, 190, 201, 225, 289 foll., 319-20, 365-6, 405
• as security, 143, 288-90, 296, 324, 326-7, [430]
• bought by capitalist speculators, 47, 57, 106, 142-4, 153, 191, [199], 238, [284], 353
• buying or selling of, 23, [47], 57, 84, 88, 106, 108-9, [119], [135-6], 143-4, 154, 167, 175, 190-1, 193, [200], 234-5, 238-9, 251, 282, 284, 288 foll., 295, 305, 315, 318-20, 405, 428
• grabbing and monopoly, 67, 88, 120, 142-4, 165, 174, 190, 248-9, 251, 282, 313-4, 438
• holding peasantry and military duty, 10, 14, 42, 89, 90, 132-4, 138, 141-2, 148-9, 152-3, 175 foll., 198, 204, 213, 230, 313, [418], 438, 440
• hunger, 8, 52, 54, 87, 106, 128, 133, 135, 145, 174, [437]
• lots, κλῆροι, 20, 21, 22, 26, 39, 51-2, 67, 76-7, 88-9, 91, 94, 120, 128, 133, 174, 177, 210, 441
• lots, sale of, forbidden, 88, [91], 175-6
• lots, small in early times, 135-6, 243, 281-3, 313
• lots, tradition of primitive equality, 75, 89, [91]
• mortgages on, etc., 25, [82], 88, 106-7, 109, 155, 288-90, 327, [430]
• neglect of poorer soils, 351
• owners, large, and war, 38, 39, 41
• owning and citizenship, 8, 14, 25, 31, 32, 36, 44, 57, 66-7, 70, 77, 86, 94, 96, 97, 105-6, 127, 138, 148, 191, [313], 437, 440, 444
• owning and residence, 51-2, 94, 106, 108-9, 124-5, 153, 165-6, 168, 250-1, 256
• owning, prestige of, 13, 14, 39, 58, 106, 154-5, 157, 201, 205, 235, 297, 358, 365-6, 438 foll.
• precarious tenure of, 20, 134, 167
• proud capitalists, 14, [47], 155, [169], 201, 235, 249-50, 282-3, 290-1, 314, 332, 358
• public, 68, 94, 134-5, 143, [154], 165, 174-5, 177, 195, 197-8
• question of improvements, [166], 174, [176], 233-4, 252, [301], 365-7
• regarded as property of the state, 204, [277], 303, [377]
• rent of, in money or kind, fixed or by quota, 26, 77, 252, 292, 297, 303, 321, 332, 343-4, 346-7, 356, 365, 371, 376, [394], 428, 433
• systems, foreign, 204-5, 210-1, 291-2
• tenure, questions of, 237-8, 272, [286]
• the classes concerned with it, 432-3
• value dependent on presence of labour, 60, [84], 122, 142, 144, [154], 170, 201, 256, [319], 320, 383, 393-5, 396
• various qualities, importance of, 25, [36], 41-2, 47, [63-4], 82-3, [108-9], 121, 139, 180, 186, 231, [239], [267], 365
• Landed peasantry, attempts to revive, 174-5, 186, 198, [200], 210, 226, 231, 239, [251], 273, [315], [351]
• Landlord
• as tax-collector, 393-4
• can force tenant to cultivate properly, 253-4, 351, 363, 433
• distrains on defaulting tenants, 298, 320-1, 378
• duty to his tenant, 404
• duty to support his tenant’s interests, 404
• encroach on tenants’ rights, 246-7, [393]
• great, and politics, 153, 155, 157, 159, 160, 165, 207
• great, as protectors, 392, 393, 424
• great private, and imperial policy, 281-2, 301, 352-4, 366, [383], 392-3, 394-5
• mad finance of, 154-5, 157, 289
• rights of, 363-4, 367, 394
• selfishness of, 294-6, 375, 405, 407
• the enterprising, glorified, 12, 58, [178-9], 284
• the town-bred man, 108, 200, [234]
• Laws
• Agrarian of 111 B.C., 143, 175
• Claudian, 142, [165], [169]
• Codes, Theodosian and Justinian. See under list of passages cited
• Digest. See under list of passages cited
• Imperial by-laws, 343 foll., 346, 349, 352, 354
• Imperial rescripts and constitutions, 346-7, [352], 360-1, 372, 376, 378, 386-7, 431
• Julian (of Caesar), 177, 288
• Jurists separately cited, 293, 333, 351
• Law appealed to, [329], 331, 402
• Law as evidence, 131, 361-2, 399
• Licinian, 131, 141, 174
• municipal charters, 354
• of Gortyn, 436
• on manumission, 333
• Sempronian (of Gracchi), 175
• Servilian (of Rullus), 177, 198
• Twelve Tables, 283
• Leases, perpetual, 359, 376
• Leisure for citizens, 77-8, 93-4, 97, 102, [188], 454
• Lime, 172, 388, 408
• Limitation of scope, 6, 132
• Literary evidence, nature and value of, 5, 6, 30, 131, 136 foll., 142-4, 145-8, 160, 187-8, 199-201, 213-7, 218 foll., 267-9, 281, 286-7, 300 foll., 303 foll., 305 foll., 317 foll., 325, 328, 399, 402, 409, 415, 417, 420, 422-3, 426 foll., 454
• Loans by the state to landlords, 225, 273, 326
• Local conditions, importance of, 255, 267, 282, 319-20, 372, 388
• Local custom, recognition of, [345], 364-5, 367
• Local government, questions of, 379-80
• Luxury and extravagance, 381
• Luxury, its effect on farming, 179, 246, 266, [306, 308-10], 365-6
• Malarious lands, 180, 182, 253, [462]
• Manufacture of articles on the farm, 185, [219], [227], 262
• Manufactures, 53, [83], 381, 441
• Manuring, 44, 174, 266, 284
• Market gardens, 184, 231, 265, 295-6, 306, 330, 332
• Markets, urban, 306, 308-9
• Master’s eye, importance of, 57-9, 116, 166, 170-1, 194, 243, [251], 252-3, 266, 282
• Metics, 49, 71, [86], 97, 98
• Migration, power of, the mark of freedom, 386, 444, 451
• Military
• Class control [and plunder] farmers, 26-8, 68, 91-2, [94], 101, [103], [104], 436
• Colonies and settlement of discharged soldiers on land, 10, 11, 29, 155-6, 176-7, 179, 210, 214-5, 219, [223], 234, 236, 238, 240, 251, 274-5, 293
• Gymnastics and military service, 100-1, 128, 316
• License and outrages, 104, 160, 219, [313, 315], 330, 342, 374, 378, 405, 422-3
• Mercenary soldiers, 10, 50, 53-4, 64-5, 71, 95, 103-4, 112-3, 116, 119, 125, 132, 292, 339
• Professionalism, growth of, 13, [54], 69, [74], 95, 100, 153, 177, 186, 210, 313, 316, 417
• Service unpopular and evaded, 41, 71, 103, 324, 326
• Substitutes, 324, 396
• Systems, 9-11, 27, [97-8], 101, 122, 128, 132-3, 138-9, 152-3, 175-7, 186, 209-10, [225], 323-4, 339, [341], 396-7, 407, 413-4, 417, [423], 438
• Tenure of barbarian colonists, 273, 339-40, 415
• Veterans, retired, as local magnates, 400, 402
• Milk and cheese, 265, 309
• Mining and quarrying, 51, 59, 108, [192], 443, 446-7
• Money-values, difficulty in ascertaining, 375, 387-8
• Moral causes of Imperial decline, 423-6
• Mules, 24, 33, 400, 422
• Municipal estates, 207, 255, 359, 375-7, 400
• Municipalities and benefactors, 271, 324, 381, [408]
• Municipalities as taxation-centres, 380-1, 390, 392, 401, [408], 421, 425
• Municipalities, jealousy between, 380, 401 408-9
• Municipalities, local senators and magistrates of, 217, 293, 376, 390, 400-1
• Municipal jurisdictions, 354, 380, 399 foll.
• Municipal offices shirked, 377, 381, 392, [401], 425
• Music, 98, 123
• Nationalization of aliens, [437], 444
• New Hellenism, 112-4, 164, 275-6
• Official favours and corruption, 357, 389-91, 403-7, 409, 410-1, 413-4, 421-2, 425
• Old age, state-relief in, 80
• Olives and oil, 19, 24, 42, 46, 47-8, 81, 84, 104, 108, 171-2, 174, 266, 283-4, 303, 350, 352, 406, 428, [463]
• Oriental and other foreign influences, 6, 7, 204-8, 210-1, 314
• Oriental Greeks, 113, 153, 271, 379
• Oxen, 16, 22, 24, 44, 47, 99, 172, 180, [197], 214, 228-9, 231, 243, 249, 253, 261, 282, 284, 286, 331, 364, 398, 433-4, 438
• Patrons of villages, 212, 400-1, 425
• Payment in kind, not in debased currency, 211, [359-60], 384, 388
• Peasant-farmer, hard life of, 25, 35-6, [47], 83, 90, 213, 222, [234], 235, [313], [418]
• Peasant-farmer, retirement of, 237
• Penal servitude, 326
• Pigs, 372, 388
• Pitch-works, 192
• Plantation system, 162, 165, 201, 203, 239, 297, 443
• Ploughing, 16, 19, 22-4, 33, 116, [185], 218, 261, 278, 284, 334
• Police, rural, no regular force, 189, 311, 323, 372, 448
• Poor freemen, their trials, 63, 125, 199, 302
• Populations, forced transfer of, 113
• Post, Imperial [cursus publicus], 378, 391, 397
• Poultry, 262-3, 309
• Poverty and discontent, 33-4, 38, 41, 66, 70, [199]
• Poverty, dread of, a stimulus, 22, 23, 25, 29, 36, [45], 46, 47-8
• Poverty in Greece, 29, 53, 54, 302, 329
• Poverty no reproach, 23, 111, [135 foll.], 302
• Private property in land, growth of, 143-4, 174-5, 203, 205, 313, 436-8
• Property, private, forbidden, 73, 75
• Provincial land, tenure of, 293, 303, 351, [358]
• Public opinion, no force of, in Roman Empire, 357, 389
• Reaping, 16, 22-4, 108-10, 180, 278
• Reaping machine, 398
• Reclamation encouraged by temporary exemption from rent or taxes, 337, 344, 349-50
• Religion, 18, 19, 23, 44-5, 120, 170, 258, 260, 314, [404], 434, 444, 448
• Remission of dues to relieve distress, 390-1
• Rent, arrears of, [161], 209, 256, 298, 320-1, 365, 404
• Repetitions unavoidable, 5
• Representative government unknown, 66, [89]
• Restoration of exiles, effects of, 119, 122, 128
• Rich and poor, 90, 94, 112, 120, 129, 205, 271, 273, 295, 302, 306, 329, 331-2, 391, 400, 403-4, 410, 424-5
• Rights of way, watercourses, etc., 108, [258], 294-5, 373
• Roads, 267, 295, 391, 429
• Roads, public, work on, 173, 378, 391
• Roman Empire a machine, 381-2, 384, 425, [427], 451
• Roman Empire, stagnation in, 398, 451
• Roman power of assimilation, failing, 270-1, 338, 340
• Roman subjects prefer Barbarian rule, 423-4
• Rural disputes and affrays, 188-91, 315, 372-4, [405]
• Self-help, duty of, 23
• Sheep, 109, 309
• Slavery, Labour, Serfdom, etc.
• Abolitionism, a modern movement, 34, 84, 445 foll.
• Apprenticeship, 79
• Competition of slave labour with free, [48], [59], 71, 85, 124, [131], 157, 302, 441, [443]
• Eunuchs, 28, 310
• Handicraftsmen, 16, 18, 23, 25, 28, 35, 62, 68, [73], 88, 144, 184, [193], 199, 245, 437-8, 441
• Handicraftsmen, free, their difficulties, 302
• Harbouring runaways, 375, [394], 404
• Hired labourers not αὐτουργοί, 12, 13
• Itinerant labourers, jobbing gangs of, 14, [110], 173, 222, 256, 327, 443
• Journeyman contrasted with independent craftsman, 2, 35, [48], 452, 455
• Labour, attempts to entice it from neighbours, 394
• Labour despised, 19, 22, 28, 59, 64, 78, 80, 85, 188, 193, 245, 287, 359, [438], 440, 442, 444-5, 452
• Labour, division of, 12, 15, 99
• Labourer goes with the land, 94, [131], [211], 319-20, [360-1], 368, [393-5]
• Labourer, status of, often uncertain, 3, 33, 110-1, 117, 128, 193, 218-21, 222, 227-8, 256, 442-3
• Labour for daily bread, 55-6, 58, 62, 111, [175], 199, 204, 313, 327, 441
• Labour, for self or for another, 12-15, 25, 144, 148, 299, [327], 370, 399, [436], 438-44, 445, 458
• Labour glorified, 231, 277-80
• Labour good for the labourer, 56, 58, 64, 277-80, 316-7
• Labour in discharge of debt, 161, 180, 182, 263, 437
• Labour not degrading, 16, 19, 23, [64], 111, 149, 246, 277-9
• Labour, personal, of working farmer, (see αὐτουργία), 23-4, 25, 30, 36, 44, 45, 58, 86, 123, 128, 136, 148-9, [165], 180, [184], 197, 208, 213-4, [216], 226, 230-1, 234, [243], [255], 283, 304, [325], 332, 345, 347, 353, [371], 395, 439 foll., [463]
• Labour question fundamental, 211-2, 237, 239-40, 268, 287, [344], 394 foll., 458
• Labour, rustic, as a punishment, 124-5, 145-6, [167], 248, 444
• Labour, rustic, as healthy exercise, 236, 277-80, 316-7, 440
• Labour-services of tenants due without wage, 161, [201-2], [209], 211, 254, [256], 257, [265], 298, 342, 344-6, 348, 351, 353-4, 359, 383-4
• Later serf-colonate a result of gradual change, 211-2, 254-6, 257, 333, 356, 359, 361, 378 foll., [386], 393-4, 424-5, 436, 450
• Manual labour and direction, 12, 13, 20, 23-4, 35, 57-60, 124-5, 158, 176, 181, 258, 299, 316, 319, 371, 395, 445, 455, 458
• Occasional labour, 15, 53, 85, 108, 111, 157, 161, 166, 180 foll., 186, 201, [254], 265, 342, 344-5, 346, 348, 359, 434, 443, 455
• Odd jobs, porterage, etc., 46, 327
• Overseers, etc., 51, [57], 59, 60, 88, 97, 165, 181, 261, 321, 404, 443, 447, 462
• Quasi-slavery of free workers, 99, 144, 188, 441 foll.
• Self-disposal, 441, 443-4, 451, 453, 456
• Serfage and slavery confused, 84, 86, 292
• Serfage distinct from slavery or caste-system, 26-7, [131], 360-1, 436
• Serf-colonate failing, 460, [463], 464
• Serf-cultivators, 26-8, 30, 37, 50, 60, 69, 75, 77, 82, 84, 87, 92, 127, [131], 292, 361, 431, 436
• Serfdom is practically slavery, 425, [431]
• Serf employed in war, 37, 75, 95
• Slave artisans and craftsmen, 51, 55, 57, 184, 441, 446
• Slave as fellow-man, 34, 56, 62, 113, 245, [260], 323, 328, 445
• Slave brigands, 154, 189-92, 392, 448
• Slave-gangs, not to be homogeneous, 77, 94, 162, 181-2
• Slave-gangs, special foremen of, 158, 185, 260
• Slave insurrections, 162, 175, 177, 181, 191, 198, 448
• Slave-labour always available, 157, 174-5, 239, [285-6], 446, 455
• Slave-labour, excess of, attempt to lessen, [131]
• Slave-labour, specializing of, on estates, 203, 261, 265, 461
• Slave-labour untrustworthy and wasteful, 97, 111, 157, 180 foll., 186, 253, 283, 285, 319, 355, [398], 417, 419, 445, 455
• Slave not a person, 44, [57], 77, 401
• Slave not enrolled in army, 175, [186], 323-4, [396]
• Slave philosophers, 327
• Slave-qualities, 34, 56, 180-1, 259
• Slavery, absolute power of master, 18, 56-7, 158-9, 167, 244, 446
• Slavery and labour in general, 2, 3, 15, 16, 34, [46], 48, 78, 110-2, 135-8, 161, 170, 180-2, 186, 216, 222, 230-1, 239, 281, 285, 299, 304, 316, [383], 385, 395, 429, 433-5, 440 foll., 444-5, 455
• Slavery, attempts to justify, 79, 439
• Slavery, domestic, 8, 26, 30, [39], 61, [80], 97, [109], [123], 124, 137, 221, 231, 244, 249-50, 285, 309-10, 311, 318, 429, 431, 441-2, 446
• Slavery from gambling debt, 291
• Slavery, growth of humaner views on, 61-2, [79], 167, 182, 185, [221], [229], 242-3, 244-5, [260-1], [285], 310-1, 317, 323, 326-8, 438, 445
• Slavery ignored, 237-40
• Slavery, industrial, 8, 51, 53, 55, [80], 123, [137], 335, 441
• Slavery, its economic success or failure, 156 foll., 283, 285, 323, 370, [434], 442, 445
• Slavery justified, 34, 78-9, 100, 439, 442
• Slavery, kidnapping, 20, 53, 55, 79, 122, 160, 243, 263, [323], 326, [329]
• Slavery, legends of none in early times, 15, 30, 62, 123, 439, [452]
• Slavery of debtor to creditor, 25, [134], 263, 269, 436-7, [438], 442
• Slavery, origin of, 15, 17, 78, 236-7, 434, 446
• Slavery originally on small scale and domestic in character, 137, 149, [228], [231], 243, 245, 285, 434-5, 446
• Slavery, query, assumed, 16, 17, 20, 30, 32, 37, 44, 48, 68, 74-5, 84, 136, 213-4, 220, 304, 368, 445
• Slavery, question of manumission, 21, 38, 58, 62, 79, 80, 84, 97, 122, 123-4, 129, 149, 158, [168], 182, 196, [218], 219, 260, 263, [288], 311-2, 318, 326, 333-4, 368, 369, 371, 431, 442-3, 446-7
• Slavery recognized as basis of social and economic system, 45, 56, 60, 77-8, 99, 100, 102, [141-2], 192, 239, 256, 285-6, 310
• Slavery, rustic, 8, 9, 20, 23-4, 25, [30], 37, [39], 44-5, 46-7, 50-2, 57-9, 63-4, [68], 77, 79, 80, 84, 87, 97, 106-110, 116-7, 122, 124, [129], 135-8, 144 foll., 151-4, 158, 160-2, 165 foll., 170 foll., 174 foll., 180 foll., 184 foll., 203, [208], 214, 216-7, 222, 227-33, 237, 240, 242-3, 258-63, 281, 285, 299, 310-1, 315, 321, 325, 333-4, 337, 340, 341-2, 345, 353, 355, 363-4, 369, 387, 394, 404, 414, 429, 435, 443-4, 455, 461-2, 464
• Slavery, secondary (slaves of slaves), 18, [259]
• Slavery, the relation questioned, 33-5, 56, 113, 244, [302], [335], 446
• Slavery unknown among the gods, 35
• Slavery, was it the basis of ‘classical’ civilization?, 7, 8, 15, 453, 455
• Slaves acquire property, [see peculium], 38, 58, 80, 167-8, 181-2, 219, 250, 263, 318, 369, 442
• Slaves and freemen work side by side, 48, 63, 135-8, [140], 149, 171-3, 180 foll., 444-5
• Slaves as gladiators, 162, 189, 328
• Slaves as informers, danger from, 84, 244, [334]
• Slaves as oarsmen, 53, 90, 95, 122, 326
• Slaves as property, 17, 18, [55], 56-7, 77, 82, 122, 155, 167, 172, 182, 189, [221], 311, 315, 369-70, 442-3
• Slaves as war-booty, 10, 17, 27, 37, 53, 55, 120, 122, 129, 136, 153, 176, 236-7, 310, 325, 337, 387
• Slaves a worry to masters, 97, 124, 285
• Slaves brought on the stage, 34, 62, 113
• Slaves, care of their health, 77, 161, 185, 262, 442, 462
• Slaves, condition of, 17, 18, 20, 21, 56-7, 311, 324, 370-1
• Slaves, contractors’ gangs of, 108, 110, 166, 214
• Slaves, cruel punishment of, 196, 244, 249, 443
• Slaves, deliberate breeding of, 161, [169], 181, [249], 257, 260, 262, 311-2
• Slaves employed in business and professions, 97, 192, 305, 446
• Slaves employed in hunting, 405
• Slaves, female, 17, 18, 24, 45, 57, 168, 181, 221, 231, 257-8, 260, 262, 307, 318, 364, 431
• Slaves, food, lodging and dress of, 20, 23-4, 25, 45, [57], 116, 154, 157, 171-2, 181, [193], 258, 260, 309, [441]
• Slaves, good health of, 317, 440
• Slaves, home-born [οἰκογενεῖς, vernae], 129, 169, 181, 235, 262, 311-2, 430-1
• Slaves let out for service at a rent, 38, 39, 61, 64, 80, 110, [117], 170, 193, 247, 256, 370-1, 442-3
• Slaves liable for masters’ safety, 244, 323
• Slaves, loyalty of, 18, 20, 34, 61, 240
• Slaves, masters responsible for their vices, 56-8, 61, 77, 245
• Slaves, moral qualities needed in, 56-8, [61], 77, [97], [181-2], 196, 259-61, 323
• Slaves, names of, 45, 63-4, 137, 213, 285
• Slaves not αὐτουργοί, 12, 13, 439
• Slaves of publicani, 151, 188, 192
• Slaves, old age of, 80, 97, 158, 167, 182, 263, 326, 443, 447
• Slaves, public, 68, 86, 91, [400], 446
• Slaves, punishment of, interrupted by war, 45
• Slaves, restriction on sale of, 394
• Slaves, rewards of, better than punishments, 181-2, [185]
• Slaves, runaway, 50-1, 158, 192, 375, 404, 435, [447]
• Slaves serving in war, 10, 122, 129, 142, [162], 183, [323-4], 396, 407
• Slaves, supply of, reduced, or rise in price of, 41, 117, 141-2, 160-1, 162, [204], 208, 210, 257, 298, 310, 340, 344, 351, [354], [375], 387, 450
• Slaves, torture of, 110, 421
• Slaves, training of, 57, 169, 181-2, [258], 260
• Slaves unruly, 38, 78, 181, [260], [310]
• Slave-tenant or métayer a quasi-partner, 298-9, [466]
• Slave-tenants, 257, 299, [307], 367-8, 369, 371, [393], [404], 450
• Slave-trade, 17, 18, 20, 25, 53, 55, 57, 61, 79, 87, 112, 122, 137, 153-4, [169], 176, 210, 236, [242], 256, [259], 291-2, 310, 325-6, 327, 329, 414, 435, 446
• Unskilled labour (‘hands’), 39, 99, 170, 172, [180-1], 188, 193, 227, 261, 442 foll.
• Wage-earning, 3, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 34, 35, 44, 46, [53], 58-9, 61-4, 78-9, [88], 109-10, 117, 125, 140, 144-5, 150, 157-8, [160], 170-3, 175-6, 180, 182, 186, 188, 193, 199, 200-1, 216, 222, 235, 256, 287, 304-5, [313], 327, [344], [359], 370, 385, 434, 441 foll., 452, 456-9
• Wage-labour for special work, 46, [110], 111, 125, 157, 171-3, 180, 182, 186, [202], 266
• Wage, legal right to, 304
• Small cultivating owners in Roman Empire, 341, 346, 390
• Small holdings of state tenants, 177, 198
• Small landholders persecuted by big neighbours, 144, 242, 248, 251, 283, 315, 330-1, 372, 467
• Soldiers as practical farmers, 184, 340
• Soldiers driven to farm-work, 53, [90], 147-8
• Specialization in politics, 69, 72-5, 92-3, 98, 102
• Squatters on waste land, 230, 272, 300 foll., [337], 349-52, 357, 428
• State-contracts, 83, 142, 151-2, 187, 192, 366, 376
• State-pay for public duties, 34, 38, 46, 47, 83, 87, 88, [120], 441
• Steward a slave, 59, 97, [116], 124, 140, 153, 158-9, 166, 170-1, 186, 195-6, 216-7, 224, 242, 257-9, 264, [368], 443
• Steward (vilicus) as tenant of a farm, 299, [307], 367-8
• Steward directing free workers or overseeing tenants, [see procurator], 173, 216, 264
• Steward, the interest of, 153-4, 158-9, 166, 254, 443, 447
• Stoicism and Stoics, 187, 193, 242, 244-6, 275 foll., 310, 442, 449
• Tax-farming system superseded, 206
• Tenancies, beneficial, 143, 376
• Tenancies, large, not common, 298, 343-4
• Tenancy a contract-relation regulated by law, 208-9, 246-7, 252-7, 297-9, 321, 345, 362 foll., 433
• Tenant, claims of, 363-4, 374, [466]
• Tenants find sureties, 345, 363
• Tenants, good, hard to find, 208-9, 252-6, 298-9, 320-1, 367, 369, 450
• Tenants-in-chief as rent and tax collectors, 343, 355
• Tenants-in-chief, holding of the state [Middlemen], 195, 207-8, 209, 211-2, 343-53, 356, 358-9
• Tenants-in-chief oppress sub-tenants, 346, 348, 354-7, 359, 384
• Tenants-in-chief subletting to small farmers, 195, 197, 208-9, 211-2, [340], [342], 343 foll., 353, 355, 376-7, [405]
• Tenants, interest of Imperial government in their welfare, 394, 397-8, 400
• Tenant’s property pledged to landlord, 363, 368
• Tenant, the town-bred man, 254
• Threshing, 16, 24, 278
• Tillage by Mattock, 214, 284, 313, [316]
• Tillage, the appliances of, 180, 197, 303
• Timber, 39, 96, 118, 227, 320
• Tombs on estates, [41], 109, 312
• Transport as an element of cost, 391
• Transport by road or river, 267, 322
• Upkeep, importance of, 262, 365
• Veterinary treatment, 228, 418
• Village communities, 134, 291, 437-8 [463]
• Vines, 19, 24, [43], 47-8, 81, 104, 107-8, 111, 121, 139, [157], 172, 174, 185-6, 261, 266, 283-4, 303, 308, 320-2, 352, 406, 416, 421, 428, [463]
• Voluntary action, its limits in ancient world, 440-4
• War and peace, 67, 89, [91], 95, 100, 102
• Wayfarers, nuisance from, 267
• Weather-wisdom, 31-2
• Wine, use of, 19, 42, 283, 388