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Airplane Photography

Chapter 42: INDEX
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About This Book

An authoritative technical survey of aerial photography that explains the airplane as a camera platform, details camera designs and mounts, and analyzes lenses, shutters, and magazine systems. It reviews film and plate characteristics, exposure, filters, development, and printing, and gives practical guidance on camera suspension, installation, and motive power. Later chapters cover mapping, oblique and stereoscopic methods, photo interpretation, naval applications, and quality-control tests, and conclude with prospective improvements and peacetime uses such as surveying and exploration.

INDEX

  • Aberrations, lens, 47, 54
  • Aberration, spherical, 47, 54
  • Acetylene light, 284
  • Advertising, use of aerial photography in, 392
  • Aero 1 and Aero 2 filters, 241
  • Airplane, as camera platform, 20
    • types of, 24
  • Air speed, 27, 308
  • Alcohol, use of in plate drying, 275
    • use of in print drying, 286
  • Altimeter, 33, 174
    • reading recorded on film, 135, 171
  • Altitudes of flight for photography, 61, 224
  • Anastigmatic type of lens, 47
  • Aperture, lens, 39, 44, 56, 57
  • Archæological surveying, 413
  • Astigmatism, 49, 50, 54
  • Auxiliaries, camera, 163
    • installation of, 214
  • Bagley camera, 286, 314
  • Balance, of camera, 96
  • Balloons, 15, 16, 18
  • Banking, 27, 324
  • Batteries, storage, 150, 156
  • Bay, camera, 120, 210
  • Bellows, camera, 65, 95
  • Biplane, 24
  • Blast marks in front of guns, 363
  • Bleaching out print to leave interpretation marks, 367
  • Boat, flying, 25, 374
  • Bowden wire, 103, 106, 108, 111, 114, 116, 118, 126, 129, 136, 163
  • Brightness, range of, 221, 225
  • Burchell photographic slide rule, 303, 339
  • Camera, airplane, 39, 384
  • Camouflage, filters for the detection of, 225, 243
    • stereoscopic views and, 329, 358
  • Ceiling of plane, 27, 130
  • Channels, detection of by photography, 408
  • Chemicals, photographic, 257
  • Chlorhydrochinon developer, 261
  • Chromatism, lateral, 49, 54
  • City planning, use of aerial photography in, 396
  • Clock-work for driving cameras, 149, 155
  • Clouds, 224, 242
  • Collimator, 66
  • Color, coefficient or index of negative, 259
    • filters, see filters
    • photography, 385
    • sensitive plates, 15, 174, 233, 237
    • sensitiveness of film, 131
    • sensitizing, methods of, 235
  • Coma, 47, 48
  • Communication, means of on plane, 296
  • Compass, 33, 173
    • reading recorded on film, 135, 171
  • Cone, camera lens, 42, 114
  • Construction operations, aerial photographic records of, 396
  • Contact, imperfect in printing, 279, 284 prints, 45, 279
  • Contacts, electric, on plane, 163
  • Contours by stereo aerial photography, 404
  • Control, distance, of camera, 110, 163
  • Controls, duplicate, 19, 25, 195, 209, 214
  • Convergence point, 337
  • Cord for adjusting shutter aperture, 82
  • Core rack development, 271
  • Contrast, in brightness on earth's surface, 221
  • Counter, exposure, on magazine, 88
    • on release, 164
  • Covering power of lens, 44, 49, 50, 58
  • Crabbing, 27, 308
  • Cradles, camera, 195
  • Cross wires, 23
    • insertion of camera through, 42, 210
  • Curtain, auxiliary shutter, 80, 84, 106
    • speed of travel of shutter, 74
    • uniformity of, 76, 82, 84, 86, 315
  • Cylinders, relation between vibration and number of, 185
  • Dark slides, double, 87, 99
  • Daylight, intensity of, 222
  • Definition, lens, 44
  • Density, of air, effect of on propeller, 154
    • of photographic image, 228
  • Developers, for plates and films, 257, 260
    • for papers, 262
  • Developing machines, film, 133, 273
  • Development, core rack method of, 271
  • DH-4 plane, 210, 217, 296
    • photographic, 213
  • DH-9 plane, 296
  • Diaframs, to equalize illumination of plate, 78
  • Dilution coefficient of developer, 258
  • Dirigibles, 15, 16, 413
  • Distortion, absent with between-the-lens shutter, 74
    • barrel, 51
    • due to camera tilting, 206, 286, 305, 315
    • in aerial maps, 317
    • lens, 39, 44, 51, 54, 56, 62
    • pin-cushion, 51
    • produced by film shrinkage, 237
    • produced by focal plane shutter, 74
    • produced by glass plate in front of film, 131
    • with wide angle lenses, 63
    • “Dodging” in printing, 279, 315
    • Doors in plane for camera to work through, 214
  • Drying of films, 267, 276
  • Earth, appearance of from plane, 30
  • Eastman apron film developing machine, 274
    • twin reel film developing machine, 274
  • Efficiency, propeller, 155
  • English aerial photographic practice, 45, 46, 283, 291, 340
  • EK filters, 241
  • Electric, drive for cameras, 116, 119, 123, 145, 149
    • generator operated by motor, 146
    • motor, characteristics of, 151, 156
    • motor, service, 163
  • Elevation possible to detect in stereoscopic views, 340
  • Emulsions, photographic, characteristics of, 227
  • Enlarging, 45, 279, 283
  • Enlarging versus contact printing, 59
  • Exhaustion of developer, 259
  • Exploration, use of aerial photography in, 401
  • Exposure, data charts, 250
    • distance between for mosaic maps, 307
    • distance between for stereos, 336
    • estimation of, 248
    • limitations to, 247
    • meters, 251
    • meter, Wynne, 251
    • of aerial negatives, 247
    • relation between motion of plane and, 68, 185
    • under, period, 230
  • Field, angular, of lens, 57, 302
    • flatness of lens, 56
  • Field laboratory, mobile, 268
  • Film cameras, 43, 130, 134
  • Film, celluloid, 130
    • backed, 133
    • changing in the air, 137, 144
    • color sensitiveness of, 237
    • cut, 275, 278
    • development of, 130, 272
    • drying, 131, 276
    • means for holding flat, 130, 131
    • relative performance of compared to plates, 237
    • satisfactory kinds for aerial work, 238
    • shrinkage, 237
  • Filters, 15, 58, 106, 174, 224, 233, 239, 241, 243
    • effects secured by use of, 241
  • Filters, gelatin, 244
  • Fixing bath, 262
  • Flaps, auxiliary to shutter, 80, 84, 85, 98, 99, 101, 119
    • to protect lens, 214
  • Flash lights, 18, 386
  • Flying boat, 374
  • Focal length, relationship of lens characteristics to, 55, 57
  • Focal plane, 50
    • shutter, 70, 71
    • distortion by, 74
    • performance of, 86
    • types and representative, 80
  • Focus, depth of, 44
    • effect of temperature on, 41, 65
    • fixed, in aerial cameras, 40
    • ground and air, 65
  • Focussing, automatic, 284
    • by parallax, 65, 66
  • Fog, atmospheric, 224
  • French aerial photographic practice, 45, 46, 283
  • Friction disc speed control, 136, 159, 160
  • Fuselage, 21, 87
    • shape and size depending on type of engine, 23
  • Future of aerial photography, 383
  • German aerial photographic practice, 63, 103, 209
  • Glass, optical, used in lenses, 44
  • Gloves, handling apparatus through, 41, 89
  • Governor for camera speed, 159
  • Graphite, use of to prevent static discharge, 134
  • Gravity, action of in aerial cameras, 41, 112, 115, 119
    • center of, should not change in cameras, 125, 207
    • change of center of, in magazines, 92, 112
    • depended on in magazines, 88
    • handles best at center of, 96
    • pseudo, in moving vehicle, 188
    • support at center of, 182, 203
  • Ground speed, 27, 307
    • indicator, 311
  • Guide-books, illustration of, 15, 392
  • Guides for inserting magazines, 41
  • Gyroscope, 189
  • Gyroscopically controlled instruments, 29, 174, 192, 312
  • Gyroscopic erector, 188
    • mounting of camera, 187
    • stabilizer, Gray, 190
  • Hardener, acid, 262
  • Hand operation of deRam camera, 121, 125, 129
  • Haze, 15, 30, 223, 233, 239
  • Head resistance and weight, equivalent, 156
  • Heat, effect of on plate sensitiveness, 175, 232
  • Heater, electric, in camera, 142, 174, 232
  • Horizon, photography of to indicate
    • inclination, 174
    • position of, 30
  • Hurter and Driffield sensitometric curve, 227
  • Illumination of field by lens, 50, 54, 56, 57
  • Image of point source, size of, 49, 54, 56
    • size of in relation to focal length, 59
  • Incidence, angle of assumed by plane at high altitudes, 206
  • Inclinometer, 33, 35, 171, 173
  • Indicators, distance, 163, 295
  • Inertia, 229, 257
  • Installation, camera, 24, 208
  • Instructions, operating, to be placed on apparatus, 42
  • Instruments, airplane, 30
  • Instrument board, 30
    • photographing, 170
  • Intensification of aerial negatives, 262
  • Intensity of daylight, 222
  • Interpretation of aerial photographs, 17, 40, 351
  • Interval between exposures, 40, 158, 305, 307
    • for stereoscopic pictures, 334, 338
    • methods of regulating, 124
  • Isochromatic plates, 233
  • Italian photographic practice, 122, 377
  • Jamming of cameras in operation, 119, 120
  • K1 and K2 filters, 239
  • Keeping power of developer, 259
  • Kites, 15, 16, 18
  • Laboratory, mobile photographic, 269
  • Landscape gardening, use of aerial photography in, 395
  • Latitude of plates, 229
  • Lens, 42, 39, 44, 383
    • aperture, 39
    • characteristics, 46
    • mounts, 65
    • suitable for aerial photography, 62
    • symmetrical, 52
    • telephoto, 61
    • testing and tolerances, 52
    • unsymmetrical, 52
    • wide angle, 62
  • Levels, spirit, on camera, 95
  • Light, distribution of in aerial view, 221
    • trail method of testing camera mountings, 183
  • Loop, centrifugal force in, 29
  • Machine gun ring as camera mount, 321
  • Magazines, 87
    • bag, 88, 101
    • Bellieni, 92
    • Chassel, 92
    • deMaria, 89, 98
    • Ernemann, 89
    • Folmer, 90
    • Fournieux, 92
    • Jacquelin, 92
    • Piserini and Mondini, 90
    • Ruttan, 92
  • Magazine racks, 94
    • installation of, 217
  • Mapping, 64, 135, 185, 186, 304, 401
  • Maps, mosaic, 17, 39, 64, 314
  • Marking of negatives, 278
  • Metol-hydrochinon developer, 261
  • Mirrors for oblique photography, 324, 326
  • Monoplane, 24
  • Motions of camera, 179
  • Motive power for aerial cameras, 145
  • Mounting, camera, 102, 103, 179, 183 384
  • Mounting, camera, turret, 312
    • of prints, 316
    • of stereograms, 346
  • Movement, of film during exposure, 75, 142
    • of image, permissible, 68
  • Moving pictures from plane, 350
  • Mud splashing on camera, 214
  • Naval aerial photography, 368
  • Negative lens sight, 168, 299, 305
  • Night photography, 386
  • Numbering devices in cameras, 169
  • Oblique views, 39, 320
    • angles at which taken, 40, 321
    • exposures for, 69
    • filters for, 242
    • use of hand cameras for, 95
  • Observer, function of in aerial photography, 291, 295, 304
  • Oil spray from motor, 214
  • Opacity, 228
  • Opening for camera, 211
  • Opposite directions, shutter to move alternately in, 76, 139
  • Orthochromatic plates, 233
  • Overlaps, for mapping, 307
    • for stereoscopic views, 40
    • on a turn, 64, 139
  • Panchromatic emulsions, 233
  • Panoramic views, 321
  • Parallax method of focussing, 65, 66
  • Parallel, flying in, 308
  • Photographic planes, special, 213
  • Pilot, function of, in aerial photography, 291, 295
  • Pinpoints, 39, 291
  • Pistol grip for hand cameras, 95, 96
  • Plate holders, 87
  • Plates, bathed, 235
    • behavior of compared to film, 237
    • color sensitive, 233
    • iso- and ortho-chromatic, 233
    • panchromatic, 233
    • satisfactory kinds for aerial work, 238
    • self screening, 245
    • shape of, 63
    • size of, 43, 62
  • Plumb line, behavior in banking plane, 28
  • Ply-wood veneer construction, 23, 211
  • Positype paper, 238
  • Potassium carbonate for drying plates, 276
  • Power required to drive cameras, 125
  • Pressure, of shutter curtain, 131
    • plate, for holding film flat, 131, 141
  • Printing, 279
  • Prints, paper, 253
    • development of, 286
  • Prisms for oblique photography, 324, 326
  • Propeller, characteristics, 152
  • Pump, for producing suction on film, 132
  • Punch marks on film, 144, 272
  • Pyro developer, 261
  • Racks, negative, 271
  • Real estate, aerial mapping of, 393
  • Rectifying, 286, 305
  • Reduction of aerial negatives, 262
  • Release, shutter, 96, 99
    • duplicate, for pilot, 164
  • Release, shutter, time controlled, 124
  • Relief, criterion for correct, 335, 344
    • exaggerated, 337
    • impression of, produced by motion, 349
  • Resolving power of plates, 59, 235, 260
  • Richard stereo printing frame, 283, 348
  • Rinsing of plates, 259
  • Rubber, sponge, use of in camera mountings, 195, 203
  • Safe lights, photographic, 269
  • Safety catch on camera mounting, 203
    • device on camera driving mechanism, 162
  • Salvaging of ships, aerial photography and, 399
  • Seaplane, 25, 374
  • Self screening plates, 245
  • Semaphore signalling in plane, 297
  • Semperfocal enlarging camera, 284
  • Sensitized materials, requirements for, 225
  • Sensitometry, 227
    • of papers, 253
  • Shadows, compass directions from, 356
    • proper direction for, in examining prints, 352
  • Shaft, flexible, 119, 123, 142, 161
  • Sheaths, plate, 87, 88, 93, 126, 170
  • Shrinkage, film, 237, 317
  • Shutter, 42, 68
    • between-the-lens, 58, 70, 112, 115, 316, 387
    • efficiency, 70, 72, 76
    • focal plane, 70, 71, 73
    • focal plane, double for stereo work, 341, 345
    • focal plane, moving alternately in
    • opposite directions, 76
    • focal plane, types of, 80
  • Shutter, Folmer, 80
  • Sights, 164, 166, 296, 301, 327
    • adjustable for angle of incidence of plane, 169
    • attached to plane, 167
    • negative lens, 168, 299, 305
    • rectangular, 98, 167, 373
    • stereoscopic, 338
    • to indicate size of field, 166, 373
    • tube, 101, 166
  • Single-seaters, carrying cameras in, 114, 211
  • Slide rule, photographic, 303, 339
  • Solenoid, 151, 163
  • Sound, not to be used for indication in plane, 164
  • Spacing of pictures in film camera, 144
  • Speaking tubes on plane, 296
  • Speed, of development, 236, 267
    • of plates, 228, 236
    • criteria of, 230
    • effect of temperature on, 175, 232
    • variable, control of camera, 144, 151
  • Spotting, 64, 125, 291
  • Spring motors, 149, 155
  • Springs, use of in aerial cameras, 41
    • in magazines, 88
  • Stabilized camera, 95, 187
  • Static electric charges on film, 131, 133
  • Stereo-comparator, 404
  • Stereo-oblique views, 115, 321, 343
  • Stereoscopes, 331
  • Stereo printing, 283
  • Stereoscopic cameras, 341, 344
    • effect, absence of at flying heights, 30, 334
  • Stereoscopic photography, 329
    • mounting, 346
    • pictures, fusion of without instruments, 330, 343
    • sights, 338
    • views, 39, 40, 64
      • uses for, 348
    • vision, principles of, 329
  • Stop-watch attached to shutter release, 310
  • Strap, on hand camera, to go around observer's neck, 99
    • on plate magazine, 87
    • to go over hand, on hand camera, 100
  • Stream lines, 26
    • lined hood, 214
  • Suction for holding film flat, 131, 132, 142
    • advantages of continuous and intermittent, 132
  • Surveying by aerial photography, 401
  • Tank development, 270
  • Tearing edges of prints, 317
  • Telephones on planes, 296
  • Telephoto lens, 61
  • Temperature, coefficient of development, 258
    • effect of on focus, 41
    • effect of on mechanical functioning, 41, 102, 125
    • effect of on plate speed, 232
    • limits of development, 258
  • Test chart, lens, 52
  • Threshold value, 230
  • Thrust, propeller, 152
  • Timber, location of by aerial photography, 413
  • Tone rendering, correct, 226, 230, 239
  • Touch, sense of, not dependable in plane, 41, 125, 164
  • Trailer, photographic truck and, 268
  • Transmission of power to camera, 161
  • Transparencies, 252, 330
  • Transparency, 227
  • Trays, camera, 195
  • Tri-color ratio, 235
  • Triplane, 24
  • Tuning fork, used in shutter tester, 79
  • Turbine, wind, for driving camera, 116, 127, 144, 147, 158
  • Uniformity of curtain speed in focal plane shutter, 76, 82, 84, 86, 315
  • Unit system of camera construction, 42
  • Uprights, camera, in plane, 209
  • Uses for aerial photography, 388
  • Velocity constant, 258
  • Veneer construction, 23, 209, 211
  • Venturi tube, 132, 142, 144
  • Vibration, 16, 18, 26, 40, 41, 58, 102, 179
  • Volcanoes, photography of, 15, 399
  • Water for mixing chemicals, 262
  • Watkins factor, 258
  • Weight and head resistance, equivalence, 156
    • of film compared to plates, 101, 130
    • of deRam camera, 123
    • of hand cameras, 96
    • of K type camera, 144
    • of K film roll, 144
    • of L type camera, 117
    • of M type camera, 109
    • of storage batteries, 157
  • Wind, flying against, 68, 308
  • Windows in side of plane, 214, 328
  • Wire, barbed, appearance of in aerial photograph, 360