“I have lived long, sir, in this world, and I have been connected with all sorts of men, of all sects and descriptions. I have been in the public service for a great part of my life, and filled various offices of trust, in conjunction with that venerable gentleman, Albert Gallatin. I have known him half a century. In many things we differed; on many questions of public interest and policy we were divided, and in the history of parties in this country there is no man from whom I have so widely differed as from him. But in other things we have harmonized; and now there is no man with whom I more thoroughly agree on all points than I do with him. But one word more let me say, before I leave you and him, birds of passage as we are, bound to a warmer and more congenial clime,—that among all public men with whom I have been associated in the course of my political life, whether agreeing or differing in opinion from him, I have always found him to be an honest and honorable man.”
In the road to harmony Mr. Adams had to do the traveling. Mr. Gallatin never changed his political opinions. The political career of the two men offered this singular contrast: Adams, dissatisfied with his party, passed into opposition; Gallatin, though at variance with the policy of the administration of which he made a part, held his fealty, and confined himself to the operations of his own bureau.
For a period far beyond the allotted years of man Mr. Gallatin retained the elasticity of his physical nature as well as his mental perspicacity. In middle age he was slight of figure, his height about five feet ten inches, his form compact and of nervous vigor. His complexion was Italian;[28] his expression keen; his nose long, prominent; his mouth small, fine cut, and mobile; his eyes hazel, and penetrative; his skull a model for the sculptor. Thus he appears in the portrait painted by Gilbert Stuart about the time that he took charge of the Treasury Department; he was then about forty years of age. In the fine portrait by William H. Powell, taken from life in 1843, and preserved in the gallery of the New York Historical Society, these characteristics appear in stronger outline. Monsieur de Bacourt,[29] the literary executor of Talleyrand, who was the French Ambassador to the United States in 1840, paid a visit to Mr. Gallatin in that year, and describes him as a “beau vieillard de quatre-vingt ans,” who has fully preserved his faculties. Bacourt alludes to his remarkable face, with its clear, fine cut features, and his “physiognomie pleine de finesse;” and dwells also upon the ease and charm of his conversation.
As his life slowly drew to its close, one after another of the few of his old friends who remained dropped from the road. Early in 1848 Adams fell in harness, on the floor of the House of Representatives; Lord Ashburton died in May. Finally, nearest, dearest of all, the companion of his triumphs and disappointments, the sharer of his honors and his joys, his wife, was taken from him by the relentless hand. The summer of 1849 found him crushed by this last affliction, and awaiting his own summons of release. He was taken to Mount Bonaparte, the country-seat of his son-in-law, at Astoria on Long Island, where he died in his daughter's arms on Sunday, August 12, 1849. The funeral services were held in Trinity Church on the Tuesday following, and his body was laid to rest in the Nicholson vault,[30] in the old graveyard adjoining. The elegant monument erected during his lifetime is one of the attractive features of this venerable cemetery, in whose dust mingle the remains of the temple of no more elevated spirit than his own. The season was a terrible one—the cholera was raging, the city was deserted. In the general calamity private sorrow disappeared, or the occasion would have been marked by a demonstration of public grief and of public honor. As the tidings went from city to city, and country to country, the friends of science, of that universal wisdom which knows neither language nor race, paused in their investigations to pay respectful homage to his character, his intellect, and to that without which either or both in combination are inadequate to success—his labor in the field.
On October 2, 1849, at the first meeting of the Historical Society after the death of Mr. Gallatin, Mr. Luther Bradish, the presiding officer, spoke of him in impressive words, as the last link connecting the present with the past. He dwelt upon the peculiar pleasure with which the presence of Mr. Gallatin was always hailed, and the peculiar interest it gave to the proceedings of the society, and many an eye was dimmed, as he recalled the venerable form, the beautifully classic head, the countenance ever beaming with intelligence, and summed up the long and useful career of the departed sage in these impressive words:—
“The name of Albert Gallatin is emphatically a name of history. Few men have lived in any age whose biographies have been so intimately connected with the history of their country. Living in one of the most interesting periods of the world, a period of great events, of the discussion of great principles and the settlement of great interests, almost the whole of his long and active life was passed in public service amidst those events and in those discussions.... For nearly half a century he was almost constantly employed in the public service; almost every department of that service has received the benefit of his extraordinary talents and his varied and extensive and accurate knowledge. Whether in legislation, in finance, or in diplomacy, he has been equally distinguished in all. In all or in either he has had few equals and still fewer superiors.”
To Jeremy Bentham Mr. Gallatin acknowledged himself indebted, as his master in the art of legislation; but from whatever ground he drew his maxims of government, they were reduced to harmony in the crucible of his own intelligence by the processes of that brain which Spurzheim pronounced capital,[31] and Dumont held to be the best head in America. In that massive and profound structure lay faculties of organization and administration which mark the Latin and Italian mind in its highest form of intellectual development.
His moral excellence was no less conspicuous than his intellectual power. He had a profound sense of justice, a love of liberty, and an unfaltering belief in the capacity of the human race for self-rule. Versed in the learning of centuries, and familiar with every experiment of government, he was full of the liberal spirit of his age. To a higher degree than any American, native or foreign born, unless Franklin, with whose broad nature he had many traits in common, Albert Gallatin deserves the proud title, aimed at by many, reached by few, of Citizen of the World.
FOOTNOTES:
[22] An account of this expedition may be found in the publications of the Maryland Historical Society.
Washington, 29th May, 1826.
Sir,—Mr. Stewart communicated to me your answer of 4th April last to the letter which, at my request, he had addressed to you; and I return you my thanks for your kind offer to forward the object in view,—one which is not, however, of a private nature but connected with what is intended to be a National work; and I have delayed writing in order to be able to send at the same time the papers herewith transmitted.
It is at my suggestion that the Secretary of War has, with the approbation of the President, taken measures to collect comparative vocabularies of all the languages and dialects of the Indian tribes still existing within the United States. The circular is addressed to all the Indian superintendents and agents, and to the missionaries with whom the Department corresponds. But they have no agent with the Nottoways, and we are fortunate that you should have been disposed to lend your aid on this occasion.
It is the intention of government that the result of these researches should be published, giving due credit to every individual who shall have assisted in a work that has been long expected from us, and which will be equally honorable to the persons concerned and to the country. It had been my intention to contribute my share in its further progress: this my approaching departure for Europe forbids. The inclosed papers, attending to the Notes and to the circular, are so full that I need not add any further explanation, and have only to request that you will have the goodness to transmit whatever vocabulary and other information you may obtain to Colonel Tho. L. McKinney, Office of Indian Affairs, under cover directed to the Secretary of War. Mr. McKinney will also be happy to answer any queries on the subject you may have to propose.
I have the honor to be respectfully, sir,
Your most obedient servant,
Albert Gallatin
Mr. James Rochelle,
Jerusalem, Southampton County, Virginia.
Communicated by J. H. Rochelle, Jerusalem, Virginia.
[24] Among the most distinguished of those who have followed the pathway indicated by Mr. Gallatin was the late George Gibbs, an indefatigable student and an admirable ethnologist. His Chinook jargon was published by the Smithsonian Institution.
[25] Mr. du Ponceau became president of the learned societies of Pennsylvania: the Historical Society and the American Philosophical Society.
[26] His favorite novel was The Antiquary, which he read once a year. Novels, he said, should be read, the last chapter first, in order that appreciation of the style should not be lost in the interest excited by the story.
[27] Mr. Gallatin's assertion, which corresponded with that of Jefferson, that Washington had naturally strong passions, but had attained complete mastery over them, is quoted by the Earl of Stanhope (Lord Mahon) in his famous eulogy of Washington's attributes.
[28] The Gallatins claim to descend from one Callatinus, a Roman Consul.
[29] Souvenirs d'un Diplomate. Paris, 1882.
[30] This was the vault of the Witter family, a daughter of which Commodore Nicholson married.
[31] “In my youth the fashion was to decide in conformity with Lavater's precepts; then came Camper's facial angle, which gave a decided superiority to the white man and monkey; and both have been superseded by the bumps of the skull. This criterion is that which suits me best, for Spurzheim declared I had a capital head, which he might without flattery say to everybody.” Gallatin to Lewis T. Cist of Cincinnati, November 21, 1837.
INDEXToC
- Adams, Henry, calls treaty of Ghent the work of Gallatin, 324
- Adams, John, announces election of Gallatin as senator, 60;
- convenes Congress to consider relations with France, 132
- his message, 133
- replies coolly to resolution of House, 136, 137
- remarks of McClanachan to, 138
- his message in 1797, 139
- visited by House to present answer, 140
- wishes to establish new foreign missions, 141
- informs Congress of French outrages, 147
- and of preparations for war, 147
- sends in X Y Z dispatches, 149
- sends message on French relations, 152, 153
- urges preparation for war, 155
- thanks House for support, 155
- delighted with support of Congress in 1799, 158
- congratulates Congress on settlement at Washington, 162
- supported for President by New England, 163
- in election of 1800, 165
- attributes distresses of Confederation to financial ignorance, 174
- his breach with Hamilton, 177
- Adams, John Quincy, on results of Gallatin's proposed appointment as secretary of state, 295;
- meets Gallatin and Bayard at St. Petersburg, 302
- his training, comparison with Gallatin, 302, 303
- given new commission, 312
- differs with Clay over fisheries and Mississippi navigation, 323
- appointed minister to England, 326
- advised by Gallatin concerning commercial treaty, 333
- appointed secretary of state, 334
- informed by Gallatin of disadvantages of a war with Spain, 336, 337
- his arguments in Apollon case disregarded by Gallatin, 338
- his indignation, 338
- writes opinion of Gallatin in his diary, 333, 339
- described by Gallatin to Badollet, 339, 356
- his pugnacity complained of by Crawford, 339
- negotiates treaty with De Neuville, 340
- comments of Gallatin upon, 340
- appoints Rush secretary of treasury, 342
- offers mission to England to Gallatin, 342, 343
- promises Gallatin _carte blanche_, but gives him full instructions, 343
- his instructions to Rush printed, 345
- warns Gallatin to yield nothing, 346
- congratulates Gallatin on his success, 348
- candidate for presidency, 356
- elected by House of Representatives, 358
- at meeting of New York Historical Society, 384
- Gallatin's friendly greeting to, 384
- eulogizes Gallatin, 384, 385
- his changing party compared with Gallatin's steadiness, 385
- death, 386
- Adams, William, on English peace commission, 316
- Addington, Henry, on Clay's tone as diplomat, 345
- Adet, P. A., French minister, imperils sympathy for France by impudence to Washington, 128;
- Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of, 337
- Alexander, Emperor of Russia, authorizes renewal of mediation, 308;
- Algiers, treaty with, 117, 118
- Alien Bill, debate and passage in House, 152;
- petitions against, in Congress, 157
- Allegheny County, its part in Whiskey Insurrection, 49, 68 78, 96;
- Allègre, Sophie, marries Gallatin, her character and death, 30
- Allègre, William, father-in-law of Gallatin, 30
- Allen, ----, in debate on French relations, 136;
- attacks Gallatin as a French agent, 150
- Allston, Joseph W., at free trade convention, 1831, 241
- American Ethnological Society, founded by Gallatin, 379;
- Ames, Fisher, leading orator of Federalists, 99;
- Anderson, Professor, member of “The Club,” 367
- Anti-Federalists, call convention to organize in favor of amending Constitution, 37;
- Apollon, seizure of, explained by Gallatin and Adams, 338
- Army, reduction of, advocated by Gallatin, 108, 123>129, 130 186, 188;
- his course defended, 216
- Arnold, Benedict, effect of his treason, 12;
- campaign of Lafayette against, 371
- Ashburton, Lord. See Baring, Alexander.
- Astor, John Jacob, assists Gallatin to float loan, 214;
- Astoria, foundation and history of, 288
- Atwater, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Bache, Franklin, educated at Geneva, 4;
- attacks Washington as a defaulter, in “Aurora,” 104
- Bache, Richard, letter to, furnished by Franklin to Gallatin, 11
- Bacourt, M. de, describes Gallatin in old age, 386
- Badollet, Jean, college friend of Gallatin, 5;
- Arcadian schemes of, 9
- letter of Gallatin to, 9
- letters of Serre to, on life in Maine, 15, 25
- informs Gallatin of troubles in Geneva, 25
- at Gallatin's invitation, joins him in America, 25, 26
- established at Greensburg, 27
- letter of Gallatin to, 43
- with Gallatin at anti-excise convention, 52
- advised by Gallatin to avoid United States marshal, 55
- letter of Gallatin to, on French Revolution, 56
- letter of Gallatin to, on his wife, 59
- instructed by Gallatin to secure reëlection of unseated members of legislature, 95
- given an office by Gallatin, 287, 326
- remark of Gallatin to, 299
- letter of Gallatin to, on J. Q. Adams, 339
- takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361
- manages store for Gallatin, 362
- letters of Gallatin to, 365, 370
- Balbi, quotes Gallatin in his Atlas, 374
- Baldwin, Abraham, on committee on finance, 106
- Bank of North America, established by Morris, 172, 248;
- Bank of United States, established by Hamilton, 175, 250, 251;
- its organization, 251, 252
- borrowed from, by Gallatin, 204
- petitions for a re-charter, 252
- Gallatin's report in favor of, 252-254
- a re-charter refused, 231, 254
- its value, 255
- opinion of Gallatin on, 255
- controls state banks, 259
- desire of Astor to crush, 259
- remits specie to foreign stockholders, 260
- its dissolution causes panic, 262, 263
- reincorporation proposed, 265
- vetoed, then approved, by Madison, 265
- its subsequent history, 266
- helps resumption of specie payments, 267
- presidency of, declined by Gallatin, 268
- deposits removed from, by Taney, 269
- accepts charter from Pennsylvania, 271
- its subsequent career, 271
- fails in 1839, 276
- weakness of Madison in 1812 in allowing its dissolution, 296
- Bank, National, of New York, connection of Gallatin with, 269-277
- Banks, state, difficulty of controlling their issues, 256;
- their evil effects, 257
- status in 1811, 258
- increase after termination of Bank of United States, 261, 262
- suspend payment in 1815, 262
- agree to resume, 267
- supported by second Bank of United States, 267
- Gallatin's “Considerations on,” etc., 268
- connection of Gallatin with, 269-277
- speculation craze of, in 1836, 271, 272
- suspend payment in 1837, 272
- conventions of, to prepare for resumption, 273-275
- aided by Treasury, 275
- “Suggestions” of Gallatin, 277
- Barbour, Philip P., presides over free trade convention in 1831, 241
- Baring, Alexander, explains to Gallatin British reasons for refusing Russian mediation, 306, 307;
- Barings, connection with Louisiana purchase, 193, 195;
- Barras, Comte, encouraged by Napoleon's success to bold measures against United States, 132
- Bartlett, John Russell, gives anecdotes of Gallatin, 13, 22
- Bartlett, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Bathurst, Lord, promises to appoint peace commissioners, 314;
- Bayard, James A., elected to Congress, 132;
- on legislative encroachments on executive, 143
- on resolution to furnish foreign correspondence, 156
- defends Sedition Law by a clever amendment, 159
- moves committee to arrange for balloting in 1800, 166
- accompanies Gallatin as peace commissioner, 301, 302
- willing to accept an informal renunciation of impressment, 305
- goes to Amsterdam, 312
- on new commission to treat directly, 312
- visits London, 313
- asks Monroe for authority to negotiate anywhere, 314
- appointed minister to Russia, 326
- Baylies, ----, his report on Western territory complained of by England, 345
- Bentham, Jeremy, works translated by Dumont, 5;
- influences Gallatin, 388
- Bentson, ----, on Astor's hostility to United States Bank, 259
- Berlin and Milan decrees, negotiations for compensation for seizures under, 333
- Biddle, C. C., at free trade convention in 1831, 241
- Biddle, Nicholas, in panic of 1837, 275
- Blount, William, on committee on finance, 107;
- impeached, 138
- Bonaparte, Jerome, his flight to America, 332
- Bonaparte, Napoleon, his precocity compared to that of Gallatin, 32;
- Boorman, James, at free trade convention in 1831, 241
- Borgo, Pozzo di, compared to Gallatin, 32
- Boston, visit of Gallatin to, 12-14, 17;
- Botts, John M., letter of Gallatin to, on bank, 256
- Boundary, northeast, in treaty of Ghent, 321, 322;
- Bourdillon, ----, takes share in Gallatin's land scheme, 361
- Bourne, Shearjashub, on committee on finance, 106
- Brackenridge, Judge H. H., on Gallatin's part in anti-excise agitation, 50;
- in Washington County, advises moderation, 69
- an authority for history of insurrection, 71
- his character and policy, 71
- leads Pittsburgh committee to urge moderation upon rioters, 72
- describes Bradford's behavior, 72
- his estimate of numbers under arms, 72
- compares excitement with that in 1765 and 1775, 74
- at Parkinson's Ferry meeting, 78
- supports Gallatin's efforts to prevent rebellion, 80, 82
- on committee to confer with United States commissioners, 81
- describes Gallatin's speech, 82
- claims credit for preventing civil war, 84
- on threats of secession, 86
- defeated by Gallatin for Congress, 93
- Bradford, David, represents Washington County in anti-excise proceedings, 51;
- elected to legislature, 54
- low opinion of Gallatin concerning, 54
- tries to shirk responsibility, 69
- then determines on extreme measures, robs mail, 69
- calls for armed resistance, 70
- unable to countermand order, 70
- assumes office of major-general, 72
- his harangue to the insurgents, 73
- at meeting at Parkinson's Ferry, 78
- advocates armed resistance, 79
- on committee on resolutions, 80
- named to confer with United States commissioners, 81
- urges rejection of their terms, 81, 82
- excepted from amnesty, flies from the country, 84, 85
- Bradford, James, in anti-excise convention, 52
- Bradford, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Bradish, Luther, his eulogy of Gallatin, 388
- Breading, Nicholas, in Pennsylvania ratifying convention, 35
- Breckenridge, John, his brief career, 355
- Brevoort, ----, member of “The Club,” 367
- Brodhead, John Romeyn, orator at fortieth anniversary of New York Historical Society, 384
- Buck, Daniel, on committee on finance, 107
- Burke, Edmund, on place of revenue in the state, 218
- Burr, Aaron, his connection with Dayton, 104;
- Cabinet, its lack of financial coöperation under Jefferson, 188;
- Cabot, George, on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to senate, 61
- Calhoun, John C., reports plan for a national bank, 265;
- California, discovery of gold in, 353, 354
- Campbell, George W., furnished with report by Gallatin on injuries of Great Britain, 292, 303;
- secretary of treasury, 312
- Canning, George, his policy toward United States, 225, 295, 344;
- Carnahan, Dr., describes entry of Whiskey Rebellion prisoners into Cannonsburg, 91
- Castlereagh, Lord, discourages offer of Russia to mediate, 304;
- gives assurance of safety to cartel-ship, 307
- refuses second offer of mediation, 311
- offers to deal directly, 312
- member of cabinet most favorable to America, 314
- advises English commissioners to moderate demands, 319
- approves treaty of Ghent, 326
- arranges commercial convention with Gallatin, 326
- expresses friendly feelings, 335
- Cazenove, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361
- Charles X., in Revolution of 1830, 370, 372
- Chase, Salmon P., negotiations with Treasury Note Committee, 196 and note;
- Chateaubriand, succeeds Montmorenci, 340;
- Cheriot, ----, takes share in Gallatin's land scheme, 361
- Chesapeake, captured by Leopard, 224
- Chevalier, Michel, his studies on money, 278
- Cheves, Langdon, at free trade convention in 1831, 241
- Chôteau, Pierre Louis, meets Gallatin, his influence over Indians, 287, 374
- Circourt, Count de, reviews Gallatin's “Synopsis of the Indian Tribes,” 378
- Civil service, monopolized by Federalists, 280;
- Clare, Thomas, his house the headquarters of Gallatin in 1784, 22, 24;
- rents Gallatin a house, 25
- Clay, Henry, denounces Gallatin for advocating free trade, 242;
- apologizes, 242
- on peace commission, 312
- arrives at Gottenburg, 313
- corresponds with Gallatin concerning place of negotiation, 314
- differs with Adams over Mississippi navigation and fisheries, 323
- joins Gallatin in England, 326
- urges Gallatin to accept mission to Panama Congress, 342
- letter of Gallatin to, on instructions as minister to England, 343
- tone of his diplomatic correspondence, 345
- Gallatin's opinion of, 356
- resignation of Gallatin in his favor, 358
- secures election of Adams, 358
- Clinton, George, marriage of his daughter to Genet, 102
- “Club, The,” in New York, Gallatin's membership of, 366, 367
- Coast survey, established, 290
- Coinage, debate concerning, in Congress, 140;
- regulated by Morris, 172
- Coles, Edward, letter of Gallatin to, 284
- Confederation, Articles of, political conditions under, 33, 34
- Congress, adopts amendments to Constitution suggested by New York and Virginia, 40;
- passes excise law, 49
- modifies it, 52
- gives state courts jurisdiction in excise cases, 67
- receives tricolor from France, 130
- complained of by Jefferson as weak, 138
- suspends commercial intercourse with France, 151
- passes acts authorizing naval defense, 153
- presence of Washington, Pinckney, and Hamilton at, in 1798, 155
- speech of Adams to, 155
- responsibility for war thrown upon, by Madison, 205
- authorizes loan in 1812, 209, 212
- damages Treasury by procrastination, 212
- supports Gallatin's policy of extinguishing debt, 215
- repeals internal revenue act, 221
- passes embargo, 225
- extends terms of credit on revenue bonds, 226
- refuses to recharter the bank, 231, 254
- declares war, imposes increased duties, 234
- reimposes internal taxes, 236
- adopts non-importation against England and France, 292
- orders out naval force, 294
- repeals embargo, 294
- Constable, John, at free trade convention in 1831, 241
- Constellation, defeats La Vengeance, 160
- Constitution of Pennsylvania, convention called to revise, 40, 41;
- Constitution of the United States, adopted, 35;
- struggle over ratification in Pennsylvania, 35
- movement in favor of new convention to amend, 36-40
- amended, 40
- power of Representatives to appropriate, 109
- debate in Congress on relation of treaty power to House of Representatives, 110-115
- argument of Washington on treaty power, 114, 115
- debate in House on relation of Executive to Congress, 142-147
- power of Senate to require treasury reports, 161
- in relation to state bills of credit, 257
- question of power of United States to acquire territory, 285
- in relation to National University, 291
- to annexation of Texas, 351
- Cook, Edward, presides over meeting of whiskey insurgents at Parkinson's Ferry, 79;
- indorses resolution to submit to terms of United States commissioners, 83
- Cooper, Dr. Samuel, interested in Gallatin through Madame Pictet, 17
- Couronne, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361
- Crawford, William H., follows Gallatin's treasury policy, 215;
- at Gallatin's suggestion, urges Emperor again to mediate, 315
- complains of Adams's pugnacity, 339
- wishes Gallatin to stand for Vice-President, 341
- looked upon by Gallatin as strongest leader after the triumvirate, 355
- supported by Gallatin, Jefferson, and Madison against Adams, 356
- stricken with paralysis, 357
- nominated for President by caucus, 357
- defeated by Adams, 358
- Cuba, avowed intention of United States to prevent English seizure of, by war if necessary, 346
- Cumberland Road, reported to Congress in 1807, 290
- Dallas, Alexander J., his career compared to that of Gallatin, 28, 58;
- his parentage, 58
- secretary of state for Pennsylvania, 58
- friendship with Gallatin, 58
- excursion with Gallatin, 58, 59
- describes to Gallatin his experiences with militia in suppressing Whiskey Rebellion, 92
- follows Gallatin's loan policy, 215
- regrets absence of internal taxes, 236
- proposes a national bank, 265
- resigns, 266
- Dallas, Mrs. A. J., on excursion with her husband and Gallatin, 58, 59
- Dallas, George M., accompanies Gallatin to Europe, 301;
- Davis, Garrett, letter of Gallatin to, on manifest destiny, 352
- Davis, Matthew L., quarrel between Jefferson and Burr over his appointment, 282
- Dawson, John, on Sedition Law, 162
- Dayton, Jonathan, elected speaker of House by Democrats, 98;
- Debt, public, payment by public lands urged by Gallatin, 122;
- its permanence condemned by Gallatin, 126
- controversy between Gallatin and Smith as to increase of, 126
- attempt of Continental Congress to investigate, 171
- attempts of Morris to secure its funding, 172, 173
- funded by Hamilton, 174, 175
- increased under Wolcott, 178
- creation of domestic loans, 178
- Gallatin's subdivision of, 184, 185
- its extinction Gallatin's main desire, 186, 188 198, 203 208
- stated by Gallatin in 1801-2, 191
- plan for its discharging, 191
- actual reduction of, 192
- increased through Louisiana purchase, 192, 193 195
- new funds, 195, 196
- funding of debt in 1807, 198
- statement regarding, in 1808, 202
- its increase during war foreseen by Gallatin, 203
- reduction in 1812, 205
- loan of 1812, 209
- declines below par, 210
- revives, 211
- loan of twenty-one millions, 212
- increase in 1816, 215
- Gallatin's policy toward, continued by Dallas and Crawford, 215
- eventually extinguished, 215, 269, 271
- absence regretted by Woodbury, 271
- De Fersen, his correspondence proves guilt of Louis XVI., 57
- De Lolme, ----, school companion of Gallatin, 5
- Democratic party. See Republican party especially, 358-360
- De Neuville, Hyde, French minister, demands dismissal of insolent postmaster, 333;
- negotiates commercial convention with Adams, 340
- De Rham, ----, member of “The Club,” 367
- Dexter, Samuel, succeeds Wolcott in Treasury Department, 177;
- consents to hold over until appointment of successor, 181
- Diplomatic history, mission of Genet to United States, 57, 102;
- Jay's treaty with England, 102, 103 117
- Fauchet's dealings with Randolph, 103
- Wayne's treaty with Indians, 117
- Pinckney's treaty with Spain, 117
- expulsion of Pinckney from France, 132
- X Y Z affair and consequences, 149, 152 153
- events leading up to war of 1812, 295
- offer of Russia to mediate, 299
- mission of Gallatin, Bayard, and Adams to Russia, 301, 303
- correspondence of Gallatin with Baring, 305-307, 309
- renewed offers by Russia, 308
- again refused by England, 311
- offer of England to treat directly, 311
- appointment of a new commission, 312
- place of negotiation, 314
- futile appeal of Lafayette to Emperor to mediate, 315, 316
- appointment of English commissioners, 316
- exorbitant English demands, 317
- suspension of negotiations, 318
- alteration of British tone, 319
- resumption of negotiations and refusal by Americans of English demands, 319
- further English demands for cession of territory refused, 321
- discussion over boundaries, fisheries, and Mississippi navigation, 322, 323
- these points abandoned, 323
- article against slave trade adopted, 323
- conclusion of treaty, 324
- part played by Gallatin, 324, 325
- commercial convention with England, 326, 327
- mission of Gallatin to France, 330-341
- negotiations over French captures under Berlin and Milan decrees, 332, 333
- over an impudent postmaster, 333
- negotiations with Holland, 334
- commercial convention with England, 334, 335
- negotiations with France over Apollon case, 338
- commercial convention with France, 340
- failure to settle American claims, 341
- Gallatin's mission to England, 343-347
- instructions, 343
- negotiations with Canning, 345, 346
- conclusion of convention with Goderich's ministry, 347
- Ashburton treaty negotiations, 349, 350
- Disunion, threatened in 1795, 116;
- planned by New England in 1812, 213
- Duane, William, intimate with Jefferson, 286;
- Duby, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361
- Dumont, Etienne, college friend of Gallatin, his subsequent career, 5;
- Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen, friend of Gallatin, his philological studies upon Indians, 376, 377
- D'Yvernois, proposes to transport University of Geneva to United States, 291;
- receives shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 362
- Edgar, James, on committee of whiskey insurgents to confer with United
- Elliott, ----, on controversy between Wolcott and Gallatin, as to surplus, 190, 191
- Ellsworth, Oliver, on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to Senate, 61
- Embargo, opposed by Gallatin, 201;
- Emlen, George, at free trade convention in 1831, 241
- England, anger against, at time of Jay treaty, 103;
- renews provision order, 103
- danger of war with, 116, 118, 120
- hard pressed by France in 1797, 139
- its friendship more dangerous than France's enmity, 163
- adopts Orders in Council, 201, 225
- commercial policy toward United States, 224, 225 295
- danger of war with, 224, 229
- Madison's preference for, 295
- events leading up to war with, 295, 296
- mistaken view of Gallatin concerning its diplomacy, 304
- unwilling to tolerate Russian mediation, 304, 306 311
- its policy explained by Baring, 306, 307
- offers to treat directly, 311
- willing to push on war after fall of Napoleon, 313, 316
- hopes to divide United States, 313
- appoints commissioners, 316
- makes exorbitant demands, 317
- its policy modified by Castlereagh, 319
- demands cession of territory, 321
- loses interest in war, 322
- rejects article on impressment, 322
- negotiation of convention with, in 1815, 334, 335
- at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 337
- mission of Gallatin to, 343-347
- complains of tone of American diplomacy, 344, 345
- negotiations with, 345, 346
- agrees to renew commercial convention, 347
- refuses to negotiate on impressment, 347
- makes Ashburton treaty, 349, 350
- Eppes, John W., letter of Gallatin to, on public lands, 239
- Erskine, D. M., his negotiations, 295
- Etsko, ----, Polish refugee, helped by Gallatin, 372
- Eustis, William, advised by Gallatin concerning treaty with Netherlands, 333, 334
- Ewbank, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Excise (see Whiskey Insurrection), recommended by Hamilton, 175
- Fauchet, his dealings with Randolph, 103;
- condemned by Federalists, 134
- Fayette County, settlement of Gallatin, 22, 26 27;
- Fazzi, ----, takes share in Gallatin's land scheme, 361
- Federalist party, its origin, 57;
- prejudiced against Gallatin by his resolution demanding information from Hamilton, 64, 65
- opposes his election to Congress, 95
- reconstructs cabinet, 97, 98
- its leaders in House, 98, 99
- attitude toward France and England, 100, 101
- charged with being bribed by England, 103
- in debate on appropriating power, 108, 109
- in debate on treaty power, 111-115
- defends Jay treaty, 118
- strengthened in fourth Congress, 128
- retains nominal majority in fifth Congress, 133
- in debate on French relations, 134-136
- in debate on checks on executive, 143-147
- strengthened by X Y Z affair, 149
- commits mistakes, 151, 152
- its badge, 153
- controls sixth Congress, 158
- refuses to repeal Sedition Law, 159
- defeated in 1800, 163
- forced to choose between Burr and Jefferson, 164
- bargain with Jefferson, 164
- its possible plans for defeating any choice, 165
- and for nominating a president pro tempore, 165
- allows Jefferson's election, 166, 167
- its share in building country, 169
- breach in, 177
- enjoys Republican inconsistency, 237
- monopolizes offices, 280
- extinguished by battle of New Orleans, 358
- Few, William, connected by marriage with Gallatin, 59
- Finances, efforts of Gallatin to secure minute supervision of by Congress, 64, 106 107;
- efforts to establish permanent appropriations, 107
- appropriations, power of Congress over, 108, 109
- their necessity to successful government, 170
- finances of the Revolution under Morris, 170-174
- under treasury board, 173, 174
- under Hamilton, 174-176
- under Wolcott, 176-178
- under Gallatin, 186-215
- sketch of, by Gallatin, 184
- “View of,” by Gallatin, 185
- preliminary sketch on Gallatin's assuming office, 186
- estimate of sources of wealth, 187
- estimate for 1801, 190
- denial of a surplus, 190, 191
- plan for discharging debt, 191, 192
- its execution, 192, 194
- report for 1803 on reduction of debt, 195
- Louisiana purchase, 193, 195
- place of payment of principal and interest, 195, 196
- addition to sinking fund, 196
- report for first four years, 197
- estimates of revenue for Jefferson's second term, 198
- conversion of debt, 198
- full treasury in 1807, 198
- Gallatin's consideration of military value of surplus, 199
- on war revenue, 200, 201
- effect of embargo, 201
- sources of revenue, 204
- deficiency in 1809, 204
- report of 1811, 205
- demand of Gallatin for internal revenue, 206
- war estimates, 206-209
- including “treasury notes,” 207 210
- loan of 1812, 209
- estimates for 1812, 210
- report for 1812, 211
- success of loan, 210, 211
- report of loan of twenty-one millions, 212
- stock not taken by New England and Southern States, 213
- saved by Parish, Girard, and Astor, 213, 214
- review of Gallatin's influence, 215-216
- table of revenue and expenditure, 217
- revenue established by Hamilton, 217
- its character, 218
- and amount, 219
- permanent estimate of, 220
- internal revenue retained by Gallatin, 220
- his proposed expenditures, 220
- repeal of internal revenue, 221
- increased income, 221
- establishment of Mediterranean fund, 222
- income during Jefferson's first term, 223
- increased estimates of Gallatin, 223
- internal improvements planned, 224
- doubling of duties recommended as a war measure, 225
- effect of embargo on revenue, 225, 227
- review of revenue during Jefferson's administrations, 226, 227
- surplus in 1808, 226
- internal improvements advocated by Jefferson, 226, 227
- estimates of receipts for 1809, 228
- report of Gallatin to Congress on need for new revenues, 229
- vagueness of Madison concerning, 229, 230
- report for 1809, 230
- refusal of Congress to re-charter bank, 231
- report for 1810, 231
- report of Gallatin in January, 1812, 232
- proposal to impose internal taxes, 234
- increased war duties, 234
- war budget for 1813, 235
- internal taxes, their history, 235
- reimposed by Congress, 236
- receipts from, 237
- public lands, receipts from, 238, 239
- administration of Treasury under Gallatin, 244-246
- history of Bank of North America, 248-250
- of Bank of United States, 250-255
- panic of 1815, 262-264
- second United States Bank, 265-268
- resumption of specie payment, 267
- report of Gallatin on ratio of gold and silver, 268
- “Considerations on Currency and Banking,” 268
- diminution of debt in 1832, 269
- removal of deposits from Bank of United States, 269, 270
- extinction of debt by Woodbury, 270, 271
- distribution of surplus among States, 271
- inflation in 1836, 272
- panic of 1837, 272, 273
- Findley, James, in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 43;
- represents Fayette County in legislature, 44
- Findley, William, describes Whiskey Insurrection, 71;
- Fish, Preserved, at free trade convention in 1831, 241
- Fisheries, discussed in treaty of Ghent, 322, 323;
- unfavorable settlement of question in 1818, 335
- Florida, question of its annexation, 285
- Forsyth, John, asks Gallatin's advice as to Smithson's bequest, 378
- Fox, C. J., his precocity compared to Gallatin's, 32
- France, sympathy of Republicans for, 116;
- sends tricolor to Congress, 130
- its policy in Revolution, 131
- situation in 1796, 131
- endeavors to get aid of United States, 131
- determines to coerce it, 132
- refuses to receive Pinckney, 132
- policy of Adams toward, 137
- success in 1797, 139
- danger of war with, in 1798, 147
- question of war with, debated in Congress, 148-151
- non-intercourse with, 151, 159, 160
- adopts conciliatory measures, 160
- commercial convention with, 162
- adopts Milan decree, 229
- mission of Gallatin to, 331-341
- refuses to pay for seizures under Berlin and Milan decrees, 333
- urges peace with Spain, 336
- offers to mediate with United States between Spain and her colonies, 336
- conduct at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 337
- Apollon case, 338
- commercial convention with, 340
- fails to settle claims, 340, 341
- Revolution of 1830 in, 370, 371, 372
- Franklin, Benjamin, gives Gallatin letter to Richard Bache, 11;
- compared to Gallatin, 389
- Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, friend of Madame Voltaire, 7;
- Free trade, advocated by Gallatin, 240;
- French Revolution, premonitions of, in Europe, 6;
- Gallatin, Abraham, grandfather of Albert, 2;
- Gallatin, Albert, his place in United States history, 1;
- birth and ancestry, 2
- adopted by Mlle. Pictet, 2
- his schooling and home training, 2, 3
- benefits from cosmopolitan society of Geneva, 4
- academic friendships, 4, 5
- restless, although not ambitious, 5
- discontented with political conditions, 6
- visits Voltaire, 7, 8
- refuses offer of commission in Hessian service, 8
- quarrels with grandmother, 8
- plans to find freedom in America, 9, 10
- leaves Geneva secretly, 9
- plans to rise by land speculation and commerce, 10
- at Nantes receives letters from family, 10, 11
- relations with guardian, 11
- invests money in tea, 12
- voyage to Boston, 12
- finds difficulty in selling tea, 12
- finds Boston bigoted and unfriendly, 13
- his walk to Blue Hill, 13
- encounter with inquisitive landlord, 13, 14
- persuaded by Madame De Lesdernier, makes trading voyage to Machias, 14
- frontier life there, 15, 16
- commands earthwork at Passamaquoddy, 16
- meets La Pérouse, 16
- returns to Boston and teaches French, 17
- recommended by Mlle. Pictet to Dr. Cooper, 17
- teaches French successfully in Harvard College, 17, 18
- glad to leave Boston at conclusion of war, 18
- visits New York, 18
- meets Savary, 19
- dissolves partnership with Serre, 19
- meets Pelatiah Webster at Philadelphia, 19
- accompanies Savary to Richmond, 19
- decides definitely not to return to Geneva, 20
- joins Savary in land speculations in West Virginia, 20, 21
- his aversion to debt, 21
- returns to Philadelphia and leads exploring party down Ohio, 21
- at George's Creek builds log-house and opens store, 22
- encounters Washington, 22
- declines Washington's offer to become land agent, 23
- enjoys a winter in Richmond society, 23
- his gratitude for hospitality and kindness, 24
- commissioned by Henry, locates lands in Western Virginia, 24
- interrupted by Indian troubles, 24
- takes oath of allegiance to Virginia, 25
- invites Badollet to join him from Geneva, 25, 26
- purchases Friendship Hill, 26
- rumor of his death causes inquiries from Geneva, 27
- attains majority and calls for property, 28
- difficulties of his life on frontier, 28
- not to be blamed for his choice of location, 28, 29
- offered place in office by Marshall, 29
- advised by Patrick Henry to begin in West, 29
- visits Richmond and Philadelphia, 29
- journey to Maine, 29, 30
- kindness towards Lesdernier, 30
- marries Sophie Allègre, her sudden death, 30
- disheartened, wishes to abandon Western lands, 30, 31
- his maturity in political thought, 32
- early an advocate of democracy, 32, 33
- probably dislikes the Federal Constitution, 34, 36
- an opponent of centralization, 34
- influences arguments of Smilie in Pennsylvania ratifying convention, 36
- represents Fayette County at convention of anti-Federalists, 37
- friendship with Smilie, 38
- drafts resolutions providing for vigorous organization against Constitution, 38, 39
- In Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention.
- Elected a delegate from Fayette County, 40
- his opposition to alteration of form of government, 41
- advocates enlarged popular representation, manhood suffrage, easy naturalization, 42
- takes minor part in convention, his high opinion of its ability, 42, 43
- after convention, falls into melancholy, 43
- wishes to leave America, 43
- reproached by Genevese friends with indolence, 43, 44
- In Pennsylvania Legislature.
- Elected to represent Fayette County, 44
- describes his legislative career, 45-47
- his influence and activity, 45
- advocates improved education, 45
- supports turnpike, 45
- gains reputation by report of Ways and Means Committee, 46
- advocates redemption of paper money and financial reform, 46
- reports a resolution for abolition of slavery, 47
- at first dislikes Philadelphia, later prefers it to New York for democracy, 47, 48
- drafts resolutions condemning Hamilton's excise bill, 48
- takes part in public meeting in Washington County against the bill, 50
- secretary of convention of western counties at Pittsburgh, 52
- signs resolutions advocating resistance, 53
- draws petition to Congress, 53
- returns to Philadelphia to find cause damaged by action of counties, 54
- advises evasion of federal writs to arrest, 55
- in legislature proposes a township veto on taxation and popular education, 55
- wishes to visit Geneva in 1793, 56, 57
- views on French Revolution, 56, 57
- elected senator in spite of insufficient residence, 58
- acquaintance with Dallas, 58
- on journey with him, meets Hannah Nicholson, 59
- marriage, 59
- his family connections by marriage, 59
- later business connections with brother-in-law, J. W. Nicholson, 60
- takes seat as United States senator, 60
- his election protested on ground of insufficient residence, 60, 61
- complains of membership of committee to consider case, 61
- his exact status, 62
- submits statement of facts to Senate, 62
- is declared disqualified by narrow majority, 62, 63
- his dignified conduct of case, 63
- pending the decision, introduces resolution calling upon Hamilton to make a minutely itemized report, 64
- probably causes his own expulsion by thus irritating Federalists, 64, 65
- later obliged to answer a similar demand from Federalists, 65
- not cast down by exclusion, 65
- gains increased popularity in Pennsylvania, 65, 66
- In Whiskey Insurrection.
- Takes wife to Fayette County, 67
- at outbreak of violence advises distillers to submit to law, 69
- his estimate of numbers of insurgents in arms, 73
- remains at first aloof from excitement, 75
- determines to take control of movement, 75, 76
- alarmed at probable excesses of mob and danger of repression, 76
- delegate to convention at Parkinson's Ferry, 78
- confers with Marshall, 78
- chosen secretary, 79
- opposes resolution to resist by force, and moves reference of resolutions to a committee, 80
- succeeds in modifying resolutions not to obey excise and trial laws, 80
- on committee on resolutions, 80
- on committee to confer with government commissioners, 81
- points out folly of resistance, 81
- counsels submission, 81
- his eloquent speech, 82, 83
- prevents anarchy, 82
- charged by J. C. Hamilton with cowardice, 84
- his real courage, 84
- hastens submission of Fayette County, 85
- secures adoption of declaration defending county's action, 85
- secretary of meeting at Parkinson's Ferry, which makes complete submission, 89
- considered by Federalists to be chief instigator of the insurrection, 90
- describes conversation with Dallas, 92
- again chosen to legislature and also to Congress, 93
- his election to Assembly contested and declared void, 93, 94
- in his speech during debate admits error of his course, 94
- urges Badollet to secure reëlection of all Western assemblymen, 95
- re-elected to legislature, 95
- witness before grand jury in trial of prisoners, 96
- draws petition to Washington for pardon of offenders, 96
- his loyalty to constituents, 96
- Member of Congress.
- Moves appointment of committee on finance to control Treasury, 106
- appointed upon it, 106
- wishes to put appropriations on permanent footing, 107, 108
- refuses to devote military funds to establishing Indian trading posts, 108
- opposes habit of appropriating without debate, even to objects already approved, 109
- supports resolutions calling for papers in Jay treaty, 110
- upholds power of House of Representatives, 111, 112
- denies that treaties override discretion of House, 112, 113
- appointed to carry call to Washington, 114
- claims right of House to participate in treaties, 114
- stands beside Madison as leader of debate, 115
- insists on separate consideration of treaties, 118
- objects to Federalists' threats of war with England, 118, 119
- complains of abandonment of “free ships” principle in Jay's treaty, 119
- low opinion of Indians, 122
- urges resistance to impressment, 122
- suggests plan for advantageous sale of public lands, 122
- and their use to pay debt, 122
- views on taxation, 123
- opposes military establishment and navy, 123, 124
- laments necessity of payment to United States Bank, 124
- attacked for participation in Whiskey Insurrection, 124
- makes no reply, 125
- criticises conduct of Treasury Department, 125
- opposes principle of a national debt, 125
- asserts a great increase in public debt, 126
- defends assertion against W. Smith, 126
- objects to adjournment to pay respects to Washington on birthday, 126
- recognized as leader of opposition by Federalists, 127
- does not expect or desire renomination, 127
- reëlected to Congress, 127
- becomes leader of Republicans in House, 128
- wishes House to compliment Washington personally on his retirement, but not his administration, 129
- describes Andrew Jackson's appearance, 129 n.;
- insists on payment of indebtedness of States to government, 129
- chairman of conference committee, 129
- opposes army and navy expenditure, 129, 130
- secures passage of bill confining treasury expenditures, 130
- in sympathy and confidence of Jefferson, 133
- deprecates debating foreign relations, 134
- wishes to treat France like other nations, 134
- opposes threatening France, 135
- joins moderate Republicans in voting with Federalists for address to President, 136
- opposes appropriation for defense, 137
- objects to employment of frigates, 137
- favors defense of ports and harbors only, 137
- opposes salt duty, 137
- and excessive loans, 137
- points out method of impeachment in Blount case, 138
- describes his desire for moderation, 138
- calls Federalists aristocrats, 139
- votes against presenting answer to message in person, 140
- now acknowledged leader of Republicans, 140
- presents anti-slavery petitions from Pennsylvania, 140
- his opinion of use of foreign coins, 140
- estimate of specie in United States, 141
- opposes proposal to expel Lyon, 141
- on executive power of appointment, 142
- wishes to abandon foreign political intercourse, 143
- upholds power of House to check executive through appropriations, 143
- makes elaborate speech on checks of legislature on executive, 144-146
- and on necessity of abstention from European politics, 145
- practical drawbacks to his theory, 147
- his speech circulated by party, 147
- opposes war measures against France, 148
- supports call for papers of envoys to France, 148
- presents petition against authorizing private citizens to arm vessels, 149
- opposes bill to authorize President to arm convoys, 149
- prefers submission to French outrages rather than war, 150, 151
- attacked by Allen of Connecticut, his reply, 150, 151
- opposes non-intercourse with France, 151
- declares Sedition Bill unconstitutional, 152
- high words with Harper over Alien Bill, 152
- taunted by Harper, 152
- opposes declaration of state of relations by Congress, 153
- votes against abrogating treaty with France, 154
- continues to harass Wolcott in the Treasury, 154
- his even temper, 154
- opposes bill to punish correspondence with foreign princes, 155, 156
- opposes bill to incite French West Indies to revolt, 156, 157
- opposes authorization of President to suspend commerce in certain cases, 157
- opposes building ships of the line, 157
- tries to defeat or ameliorate Alien and Sedition Laws, 157, 158
- aided in sixth Congress by Nicholas and Macon, 159
- votes with Federalists to suspend commercial intercourse with France, 159
- opposes proposal to amend Foreign Intercourse Act, 160, 161
- opposes bill requiring report from secretary of treasury, because originating in Senate, 161
- opposes continuance of non-intercourse, 162
- his position in presidential contest in 1800, 164
- irritated by influence of S. Smith over Jefferson and Madison, 164
- reasons that attempt of Federalists to defeat an election by the House is constitutional, 164, 165
- but any president pro tempore would be unconstitutional, 165
- suggests course of action for Republicans, 165
- probably expects to use violence against Federalists, 166
- review of his congressional career, 167
- leader of party, yet not a partisan, 167, 168
- one of Republican triumvirate, 168
- his departure leaves party without a legislative leader, 168
- Secretary of the Treasury: Funding.
- His place as financier in United States history, 170
- Jefferson's choice for secretary of treasury, 178, 179
- hated by Federalists in Senate, 178
- assigned to Treasury by public opinion, 179
- doubts his abilities and chances of confirmation by Senate, 180
- plans to move to New York, 180
- refuses to accept until confirmed by Senate, 181
- finally agrees to serve, 181
- brings family to Washington and enters on duties, 181, 182
- his thoroughness, 182
- exhausts himself by his energy, 182
- sketch of his financial career in Pennsylvania and in Congress, 183, 184
- his one principle the extinguishment of debt, 184
- publishes sketch of the finances in 1796, 184
- publishes in July, 1800, “Views of Public Debt,” etc., 184, 185
- ability of these essays, 185
- outlines policy of expenditures and receipts to Jefferson, 186
- endeavors to systematize treasury statements, 186
- points out economic reasons for increase of revenue, 187
- urges specific appropriations by Congress and absence of departmental discretion, 187
- urges reduction, both of debt and of taxes, 188
- unable to work with other departments because of Jefferson's habits, 188
- lack of elasticity in his plans, 189
- embarrassed by complications in department, 189
- his first report to Congress, 190
- denies existence of any surplus, 190
- explains plan for extinction of debt by 1817, 191
- given authority by Congress, 192
- table showing success of his measures, 192
- in spite of Louisiana purchase, reduces debt by one third, 192, 194
- dissatisfied with financial terms of Louisiana purchase, 193
- novelty of his distinction between place of payment of interest and principal, 195
- arranges that Louisiana debt shall not retard payment of old debt, 196, 197
- his report of 1805, 107
- proposes funding of outstanding obligations in 1807, 198
- reports a full Treasury on occasion of threatened war with England, 198
- discusses application of surplus to war expenses, 199
- suggests methods of war taxation, 200
- prefers war to embargo, 201
- draws the embargo bill, 201
- discusses its financial effect, 201, 202
- confident attitude as to war loans, 202
- his policy supported by Jefferson, 203
- realizes that war will prevent reduction of debt, 203, 204
- relies on customs, tonnage dues, and land sales for revenue, 204
- reports deficiency owing to embargo, 204
- forced to borrow, 204
- reviews situation in 1811 with satisfaction, 205, 206
- asks for increase of revenue in case of war, 206
- proposes war loans, 207
- and interest-bearing treasury notes, 207
- insists on actual increased receipts, not apparent measures, 207, 208
- on necessity of upholding credit, 209
- receives authority from Congress, 209
- submits war budget, 209, 210
- his last annual statement in 1812, 211
- reports need of new loans, 212
- his personal friends, Parish, Girard, and Astor, save government credit, 213, 214
- fails to negotiate loan at par, 214
- failure of his hopes to extinguish debt, 215
- his policy vindicated by successors, 215
- charged with sacrificing defenses of country to reduction of debt, 216
- attempted defense of his course by “Democratic Review,” 216
- his determination to follow financial principles and not a partisan course, 216, 218
- does not invent new sources of revenue, 218
- his estimates follow those of Hamilton, 219
- estimates permanent revenue, 220
- unable to abandon internal revenue, 220
- does not protest against its abolition by Congress, 221
- does not alter estimates in spite of increase of revenue, 221
- proposes additional tax to meet war with Tripoli, 222
- applies surplus as far as possible to Louisiana purchase, 222
- political effect of his success during Jefferson's first term, 223
- in 1805 raises estimate of permanent revenue, 223
- impresses economy upon other departments, 223
- prepares scheme of internal improvements, 224
- after Chesapeake affair recommends borrowing, 224
- and doubling duties in case of war, 225
- receipts during his second term, 226
- his warning of diminished resources in future ignored by Jefferson, 226
- estimates for 1809, 228
- points out necessity of submitting to war or loss of foreign trade, 228, 229
- promises not to use internal taxes, 229
- reports diminished income and deficiency in 1809, 230
- declares for a strict enforcement or abandonment of embargo, 230
- disgusted at refusal of Congress to recharter United States Bank, 231
- tenders resignation to Madison, 231
- obliged to remain for lack of possible successor, 231
- continues to advocate increased customs, 232
- points out that, had his recommendations been followed in 1809, there would have been a large surplus, 232, 233
- forces Congress to choose between a bank or internal taxes, 233, 234
- himself proposes internal taxes, 234
- his last report predicts deficiency and asks a loan, 235
- his recommendations of internal taxes disregarded, 235
- his previous use of Hamilton's internal taxes, 235
- his suggestions followed in 1813, 236
- connection with sale of public lands, 238
- unable fully to utilize this resource, 239
- earliest public advocate of free trade, 240
- later in career becomes leader of cause, 241
- his part in convention of 1831, 241
- draws memorial to Congress, 242
- his views followed in tariff of 1846, 242
- opposed to protection, 242
- violently attacked by Clay, who apologizes, 242
- introduces reforms in annual report, 245
- tries to induce Congress and departments to adopt scheme of minute appropriations, 245, 246
- carries system into his own household, 246
- effects of his methods, 247
- on Jefferson's dislike of banks, 251
- his report of 1809 on Hamilton's bank, 252, 253
- suggests its renewal, with modifications, 253, 254
- his testimony as to its value, 255, 256
- estimate as to state banks in 1811, 258
- describes hostility of Astor to bank, 259
- left, by failure to renew bank charter, at mercy of capitalists, 260
- his opinion that absence of bank caused suspension of specie payments in 1815, 262
- on Jefferson's proposal to issue paper money, 264
- his success a vindication of Federalist finance, 266
- opinion of services of second national bank, 266
- declines offer of secretaryship in 1816, 266, 267
- urges Madison to restore specie payment, 267
- declines position as president of Bank of United States in 1822, 268
- prepares statement of relative value of gold and silver, 268
- writes “Considerations on Currency and Banking,” 268
- advocates use of specie and limited use of paper money, 268
- accepts presidency of National Bank of New York, 269
- his opinion of Jackson, 270
- his bank involved in panic of 1837, 272
- conducts resumption, 273
- chairman of committee of banks, 273
- submits reports, 275
- declines presidency of Bank of Commerce, 276
- resigns presidency of National Bank, 277
- publishes “Suggestions on Banks and Currency,” 277
- condemns paper money, 277
- declines offer of Treasury Department from Tyler, 278
- in the cabinet, agrees with Republican leaders on all points except bank, 279, 280
- prepares circular announcing disregard of party in appointments, 281
- and condemning political influence of officials, 281
- his policy opposed by Jefferson, 282
- obliged to follow cabinet in policy of partisan appointments, 282
- advises early preparation for campaign of 1804, 283
- wishes States divided into election districts, 283
- criticises annual messages of Jefferson, 283
- his proposal to appoint a woman to office condemned by Jefferson, 283
- suggests in vain regular cabinet consultations, 283, 284
- urges payment of tribute to Tripoli rather than war, 284
- opinion asked on points of constitutional law, 284
- holds inherent right of United States to acquire territory, 285
- disapproves of Texas annexation, 285
- advises Jefferson concerning Louisiana treaty, 285, 286
- attacked by Duane, for not turning out Federalists, 286
- absence of favoritism in his appointments, 286, 287
- supervises sale of lands, 287
- acquaintance with Chôteau, 278
- drafts promise of protection for Astor's fur trade, 288
- opposes vainly Jefferson's gunboat scheme, 289
- submits plan of defense against England, 289
- urges moderate tone in message, 290
- devises scheme of internal improvements, 290
- doubts success of a National University, 291
- opposes a permanent embargo, 291
- prepares Campbell's report urging resistance, 292
- receives authority from Congress to enforce non-intercourse, 293
- favors war, 293
- submits “Notes on Political Situation,” 294
- opposes ordering out naval force in favor of letters of marque, 294
- his appointment as secretary of state prevented by Republican opponents in Senate, 294, 295
- continues to advise Madison, 295
- his measures meet opposition in Senate, 295
- deserted by Madison in his attempt to secure re-chartering of bank, 296
- tenders resignation, 296
- bitterly attacked in “Aurora,” 297
- accused of dominating Madison and of corruption, 297, 298
- considered by Jefferson ablest man in administration except Madison, 298
- unable to command support in Congress, submits to war policy, 298, 299
- asks leave of absence and appointment as minister to Russia, 299
- attempts made to alienate him from Jefferson and Madison, 299
- his high regard for Jefferson, 300
- continued good terms with Madison, 300
- Minister to Russia; Treaty of Ghent.
- His voyage with Bayard, 301
- visits Gottenburg and Copenhagen, 301
- at St. Petersburg meets J. Q. Adams, 302
- his knowledge of history, 302
- lack of diplomatic experience as compared with Adams, 302
- contrast in character with Adams, 303
- considers peace necessary because of inefficiency in conduct of war, 303
- abandons his former opposition to a navy, 303
- low opinion of English diplomacy, 304
- view of necessity of an English renunciation of impressment, 305
- writes to Barings, 305
- receives Baring's reply, 306, 307
- explains case to Romanzoff, 307
- assured by Moreau of imperial sympathy, 308
- warned by him of England's purposes, 308
- writes to Monroe asking instructions, 308, 309
- informs Baring of inability to negotiate except through Russia, 309
- writes to Moreau, 309, 310
- instructs Dallas as to duties in London, 310
- receives news of refusal of Senate to confirm his nomination, 310
- contemplates visit to London, 311
- hears that British government proposes to treat directly, 311
- unable to return home, 312
- journey to Amsterdam, 312
- not at first included in second commission, but later added, 312
- visits London, 313
- learns of arrival of Clay and Russell, 313
- urges Lafayette to mediate, 313
- wishes to change place of negotiation from Gottenburg, 314
- urges Crawford to secure interposition of emperor, 315
- receives letter from Lafayette through Humboldt, promising aid, 315
- makes official appeal to emperor, 315
- learns of refusal of England to admit intervention, 316
- warns Monroe of English preparations, 316
- visits Paris, 316
- meets British commissioners at Ghent, 316
- notifies Monroe of determination of England to dismember United States and attack New Orleans, 317, 318
- despairs of peace, 318
- draws reply of commissioners rejecting British demands, 319
- explains reasons for willingness to discuss Indian article, 319, 320
- condemns burning of public buildings at Washington, 320
- expresses confidence in American securities, 320
- has difficulty in mediating between Clay and Adams on fisheries and Mississippi navigation, 322, 323
- proposes engagement to abandon use of savages in future war, 323
- the credit of treaty due to him, 324
- his diplomatic skill, 324
- wins European admiration, 325
- visits Geneva, 325, 326
- sees Napoleon during Hundred Days, 326
- appointed minister to France, 326
- with Clay and Adams negotiates commercial convention, 326, 327
- friendly attitude of Castlereagh toward, 326
- on value of abolition of discriminating duties, 327
- returns to New York, 327
- withholds acceptance of French mission, 327
- describes to Jefferson European opinion of United States, 327
- describes condition of France after Revolution, 327, 328
- does not consider republican form of government suitable everywhere, 328
- weary of politics, declines nomination to Congress, 329
- declines French mission on ground of poverty, 329
- finally yields to Monroe's requests, 329
- refuses offer of Treasury Department, his reasons, 330
- rejoicings of Jefferson over his appointment, 331
- Minister to France.
- Received by Richelieu, 331
- discusses American sympathy for Bonaparte, 331, 332
- received by Louis XVIII., 332
- familiar relations with royal family, 332
- negotiates for indemnity for seizures, 332
- annoyed by French demand for dismissal of a disrespectful American postmaster, 333
- advises Adams and Eustis in negotiations, 333
- returns to Paris, 334
- with Rush conducts negotiations with England, 334, 335
- tries to explain Jackson's occupation of Pensacola, 336
- refuses to mediate with France between Spain and revolted colonies, 336
- points out disadvantages of war with Spain, 337
- succeeds in pacifying French indignation at seizure of Apollon, 338
- does not adopt Adams's line of defense, 338
- Adams's opinion of, in diary, 338, 339
- his opinion of Adams, 329
- continues to negotiate with regard to commerce, 340
- loath to return without success, 340
- criticises Adams's terms of French treaty as unfavorable, but advises signing, 340
- fails to secure satisfaction and returns to America, 341
- settles at Friendship Hill, 341
- pressed by Monroe to return to France, 341, 342
- declines mission to Panama Congress, 342
- Minister to England.
- Appointed envoy and minister, with liberty to return on completion of negotiations, 342, 343
- secures modification of instructions, 343
- complains of peremptory character of instructions, 344
- his voyage, 344
- dislike of English and French diplomacy, 344
- learns of English resentment at tone of American ministers, 344, 345
- negotiates with Canning, 345
- asks for instructions as to renewal of convention of 1815, 345
- pleased with ability of Lawrence as _chargé d'affaires_, 346
- his threat of war quoted by Chateaubriand, 346
- warned by Adams to yield nothing, 346
- concludes negotiation with Goderich, 347
- thinks Canning meant to discuss impressment, 247
- returns to America, congratulated by Adams, 348
- his social life in London, 348
- ready to accept French mission in 1834, 349
- prepares argument in Northeastern boundary arbitration, 349
- publishes an account of facts in the case, 349
- visited by Ashburton, 350
- publishes pamphlet on Oregon question, 351
- presides at meeting to protest against annexation of Texas, 351
- condemns Mexican war, 352
- publishes pamphlet concerning it, 352
- condemns “manifest destiny” talk, 352, 353
- Republican Leader.
- His opinion of contemporary political leaders, 355, 356
- prefers Crawford to Adams, 356
- requests Macon to take
- part in caucus for Crawford, 356
- thinks universal suffrage compensates for dangers of consolidation, 356
- accepts reluctantly nomination for vice-president, 357
- dislikes formality of nomination, 357
- withdraws to help ticket, 358
- considers the election to prove decease of Republican party, 359
- condemns Jackson's violations of law, 359
- favors an insignificant or weak executive, 359
- visits Washington in 1829, notes disappearance of old régime, 330
- Society, Literature, Science.
- His land speculations not profitable, 351
- plans Genevese Colonization Association, 361
- loses money through Morris's failure, 362
- speculates in Virginia military lands, 362
- estimates value of estates, 362, 363
- ill at ease in general society, 363
- his establishment at Washington described by Irving, 363
- house burned by British, 364
- builds at Friendship Hill, finds it lonely in winter, 364
- visited by Lafayette in 1825, 364, 365
- settles permanently in New York, 365
- frequent changes of residence, 365
- devotes last years to scientific studies, 366
- conversational ability, 366
- chosen member of “The Club,” 366 367
- leads conversation, 367
- described by Irving, 368
- wishes to establish free university in New York, 368
- presides over council of New York University, 369
- resigns, owing to clerical opposition, 370
- continued interest in French politics, 370
- letter of Lafayette to, on marriage of his daughter, 371
- assists Polish refugees, 372
- interested in Indian customs, 373, 374
- writes for Humboldt a synopsis of Indian tribes, 374
- publishes Indian vocabularies, 375
- issues circulars inviting information, 375
- correspondence with individuals, 375, 376
- republishes Synopsis, 377
- scientific character of his results, 377, 378
- his advice requested concerning Smithson's bequest, 378
- its publications submitted to him, 378, 379
- founds American Ethnological Society, 379
- defrays cost of publishing its transactions, 379
- essay on nations of Mexico and Central America, 380
- authorizes General Scott to purchase documents in Mexico, 380
- writes introduction to Hale's “Indians of Northwest America,” 380
- gathers information regarding gold in America for Humboldt, 381
- describes his reasons for success, 381
- his caution in reasoning, 382
- fails to establish a literary periodical, 382
- chosen president of New York Historical Society, 382
- his inaugural address on course of United States History, 382-384
- opinion of Washington, 383, 384
- friendly greeting to Adams in 1844, 384
- eulogized by Adams, 384, 385
- his party career contrasted with that of Adams, 385
- personal appearance and portraits, 385, 386
- crushed by loss of wife, 387
- death, 387
- eulogized by Bradish before Historical Society, 388
- acknowledges indebtedness to Bentham, 388
- his brain, 389
- summary of character and services, 389
- Characteristics.
- General estimates, 1, 388 389
- unfriendly views of, 90, 297 338
- his own estimate, 381
- ambition, 5, 10 58, 127 180, 328
- business ability, 28, 60 361, 362
- cosmopolitanism, 7, 389
- courage, 75, 76 84
- debt, aversion to, 21
- diplomatic ability, 303, 324 325, 330 345
- financial ability, 45, 179 185, 215
- friendliness, 24, 30 300, 372
- geography, love of, 16
- history, love of, 3, 302
- indolence, 43
- leadership, 128, 133 159, 167 357
- literary interest, 382
- maturity, early, 31
- partisanship, 140, 147 167
- personal appearance, 385, 386 389
- political shrewdness, 76, 95 128, 357
- social habits, 44, 348, 363, 367, 368
- temper, evenness of, 65, 152, 154, 303, 324
- thoroughness, 182, 381
- Political Opinions.
- Alien Bill, 152, 158
- appointments to office, 281, 282, 286, 359
- army, 108, 123, 129, 180, 303
- Bank of United States, 231, 252-256, 262, 266, 296
- banking, 256, 268, 273, 277
- cabinet, 188, 222, 245, 283
- coinage, 140, 268
- Congress, powers of, 109, 110, 112, 143, 144, 153, 161
- constitution of Pennsylvania, 41, 42
- debt, public, 45, 125, 126, 191, 203, 205, 208, 222, 269
- democracy, 6, 8, 10, 33, 34, 42, 48, 55, 126, 389
- education, 45, 291, 368-370
- election of 1800, 164-166
- embargo, 201, 206, 230, 291
- England, diplomacy of, 304, 344
- England, policy toward, 228, 292, 310, 327, 337, 343-347
- ethnology, 373-381
- excise, 53, 80
- executive, 144-146, 359
- Federalist party, 119, 129, 139, 140, 164, 179
- financial measures of Hamilton, 184, 185
- foreign correspondence bill, 155
- foreign ministers, 142, 143, 145, 147
- France, diplomacy of, 304, 344
- France, policy toward, 134, 135, 148, 149, 157, 159, 167, 310, 332, 333, 338, 340
- free trade, 240-243
- French Revolution, 56, 76, 139, 328
- gunboat scheme, 289
- impeachment, 138
- Indians, 108, 122, 320, 323, 373-381
- internal improvements, 45, 224, 290
- Jacksonian democracy, 359
- Jay treaty, 119, 136
- manifest destiny, 352
- Mexican war, 352
- military matters, 137, 289
- money, relation to wealth, 260
- navy, 123, 124, 130, 137, 186, 303
- northeastern boundary, 347-349
- northwest boundary, 343, 347, 351
- panic of 1815, 262
- paper money, 46, 207, 264, 267, 268
- party management, 38, 41, 95, 128, 164, 359
- peace, 149, 150, 167, 284
- public lands, 46, 122, 238, 239
- Republican party, 355, 359
- revenue, internal, 221, 233, 234
- revenue, sources of, 187, 223, 232
- Sedition Act, 152, 158, 159
- slavery, 47, 140
- Spain, policy toward, 336, 337
- suffrage, 42
- surplus, use of, 206, 216
- taxation, 123, 199, 200
- Texas annexation, 351
- territory, constitutional power to acquire, 285
- Treasury, administration of, 64, 106-108, 125, 130, 154, 189, 205, 208, 217, 245-247
- treaty of Ghent, 317, 318, 319, 323
- treaty power, 114
- United States, history of, 382, 383
- war of 1812, 320
- war finances, 190, 200, 203, 207, 208, 222, 224, 229, 232, 234, 298
- Whiskey Insurrection, 94
- Gallatin family, 2;
- Gallatin, Frances, marries B. K. Stevens, 371;
- Gallatin, James, accompanies his father to Europe, 301
- Gallatin, Jean, father of Albert Gallatin, 2;
- his death, 2
- Gallatin, P. M., guardian of Albert, 10;
- Gallatin, Susanne Vaudenet, grandmother of Gallatin, her character, 7;
- Gambier, Lord, on English peace commission, 316
- Gardner, John L., at free-trade convention, 241
- Genet, Edmond C., effect of his intemperance on parties, 57;
- Geneva, place of Gallatin family in, 2;
- Geneva Academy, studies of Gallati in, 2, 3;
- Germans, in Pennsylvania, oppose improvement of education, 45
- Gerry, Elbridge, on French mission, 139;
- remains to negotiate loan, 152
- Gibbs, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Gilbert, Ezekiel, on Committee on Finance, 107
- Giles, William B., Republican leader in debate, his character, 100, 133;
- Gilman, Nicholas, on Committee on Finance, 106
- Girard, Stephen, assists Gallatin to float loan, 213, 214;
- his reasons, 259
- Goderich, Lord, renews convention of 1815 with Gallatin, 347
- Goldberg, ----, Dutch commissioner to make commercial treaty, 334
- Goodhue, Jonathan, at free-trade convention of 1831, 241
- Goodhue, ----, member of “The Club,” 367
- Goodrich, Chauncy, in Congress, 99;
- Goulburn, Henry, on English peace commission, 316;
- Grenville, Lord, sends Fauchet letter to Washington, 103;
- Griswold, Roger, attacks Gallatin's account of sinking fund, 65;
- Gunboats, Jefferson's scheme for, 288;
- Gurney, ----, in Pennsylvania legislature, 183
- Hale, ----, introduction to his work on Indians written by Gallatin, 380
- Hamilton, Alexander, his career compared to that of Gallatin, 28, 32;
- amends excise law, 52
- demands punishment of Pittsburgh leaders of opposition, 53, 54
- drafts proclamation against them, 54
- attacked by Gallatin in Senate, 64
- deprecates demand for minute information, 64, 65
- submits plan for crushing insurgents, 76, 77
- impatient at delay, writes as “Tully” advocating punishment, 87
- accompanies army to Pittsburgh, 88
- investigates insurrection, 90
- fails to find indictment against Gallatin, 90
- dissuades troops from violence, 92
- resigns from Treasury, 97
- continues to lead party, 99
- stoned in defending Jay treaty, 103
- letters of Wolcott to, complaining of Republican opposition, 126, 154
- attends Congress as general, 155
- his influence on government, 168, 169
- review of his career in the Treasury, 174-176
- his place in history, 176
- his enmity to Gallatin, 179
- attacks of Gallatin upon his system, 184, 185
- his revenue system maintained by Gallatin, 218, 234
- and reënacted by Democrats in 1813, 235
- his report on public lands, 237, 238
- his organization of Treasury Department, 243
- his financial reports, 245
- on Bank of North America, 249
- his report on national bank, 250, 251
- Hamilton, J. C., accuses Gallatin of cowardice in Whiskey Rebellion, 84
- Harper, Robert Goodloe, leader of Federalists in House, 98, 133;
- denounces call for Jay treaty papers as unconstitutional, 111, 112
- closes argument on Federalist side, 114
- recognizes Gallatin as leader of Republicans, 115
- in debate on relations with France, 134, 135
- called a “bungler” by Gallatin, 140
- moves appropriation for foreign intercourse, 141
- his share in debate, 142, 146
- introduces bill to suspend intercourse with France, 151
- altercation with Gallatin over Alien Bill, 152
- on resolution to furnish foreign correspondence, 156
- on Senate bill to require annual financial reports, 161
- Harvard College, gives Gallatin permission to teach French, 17;
- Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph, superintendent of coast survey, 290
- Hawks, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Henry, Patrick, recommends Gallatin to county surveyor and commissions him to locate lands, 24;
- advises Gallatin to go West, predicts success, 29
- Henry, Prof. Joseph, letter of Gallatin to, on Squier and Davis's “Ancient Monuments,” 379
- Hillhouse, James, Federalist in Congress, 99;
- on committee on finance, 107
- Holland, vain attempt to sign commercial treaty with, 334;
- House of Representatives, leaders of, in 1795, 98-100;
- debate in, over conduct of Washington's administration, 104-106
- appoints Committee on Finance, 106, 107
- debate in, on principle of appropriations, 108, 109
- motion of Livingston to call for papers in Jay treaty brings on debate on treaty power, 109-114
- asserts right to withhold appropriations, 115
- considers foreign treaties separately, 118
- debates Jay treaty, 118-121
- votes to carry treaty into effect, 121
- but condemns it, 121
- refuses to adjourn on Washington's birthday, 126
- adopts address complimentary to Washington, 129
- new members in fifth Congress, 132
- debates President's message on relations with France, 133-136
- votes to support administration, 136
- considers measures of defense, 137
- impeaches Blount, 138
- entertained by Adams, 140
- encounter in, between Lyon and Griswold, 141
- debate in, on foreign missions, 141, 142
- on relation of executive to Congress, 142-147
- rejects amendment to abolish foreign missions, 147
- debates war with France, 148
- requests President to furnish correspondence of envoys to France, 148
- receives X Y Z dispatches, 149
- altercation in, between Gallatin and Allen, 150
- passes Alien Bill, 152
- message of Adams to, on resumption of diplomatic intercourse
- with France, 152
- passes bill abrogating treaty with France, 154
- debates and passes bill to punish foreign correspondence, 155, 156
- debates and passes bills to favor French West Indies, and punish Spanish and Dutch ports, 156, 157
- refuses to repeal Sedition Act, 157
- new members in sixth Congress, 158
- replies to President's address, 158
- refuses to repeal Sedition Law, 159
- passes bill to suspend intercourse with France, 159, 160
- votes a medal to Truxton, 160
- refuses to amend Foreign Intercourse Act, 160, 161
- debates and passes Senate bill to require annual Treasury reports, 161
- refuses to continue non-intercourse, 162
- again rejects bill to amend Sedition Act, 162
- part played by Gallatin in, 167, 168
- investigates Wolcott's management of Treasury, 177
- Howell, Richard, leads New Jersey militia against Whiskey Rebellion, 88
- Humboldt, Baron Alexander von, aided in study of precious metals in America by Gallatin, 278, 374, 381;
- Husbands, Herman, on committee on resolutions of Parkinson's Ferry meeting, 80
- Huskisson, William, on impressment, 347
- Impressment, Gallatin's opinion of, 122;
- Indians, relations of Gallatin with, at Machias, 15;
- trading posts with, opposed by Gallatin, 108
- Wayne's treaty with, 117, 118
- danger of war with, in 1795, 120, 121
- Gallatin's opinion of, 122
- influence of Chôteau over, 287
- fur trade of Astor with, 288
- proposals of England concerning, in treaty of Ghent, 317, 319, 321
- studies of Gallatin concerning, 373-378
- the Canadian Indians, 373
- tribes of, classified by Jefferson, 374
- “Synopsis of Indian Tribes” by Gallatin, 374;
- vocabularies collected by Gallatin, 375, 376
- studies of Du Ponceau concerning, 377
- republication of Gallatin's “Synopsis,” 377
- his essay on Indian civilization, 380
- his introduction to Hale's work on, 380
- Ingham, Samuel D., report of Gallatin to, on gold and silver, 268
- Internal improvements, Gallatin's scheme for, 224, 290;
- Irish, petition against Sedition Act, 157
- Irving, Washington, describes Mrs. Gallatin's manners and appearance, 363, 364;
- describes Gallatin in old age, 368
- Jackson, Andrew, votes against complimentary address to Washington, 129;
- his appearance described by Gallatin, 129 n.;
- orders removal of deposits, 270
- Gallatin's opinion of, 270, 355
- occupies Pensacola, 336
- refuses to appoint Gallatin to French mission, 349
- candidate for president in 1824, 358
- defeated for president by Adams, 358
- his idea of party, 359
- Gallatin's opinion of, 359
- character of his presidency, 360
- Jackson, F. J., his mission to United States, 295
- Jay, John, asked by Jefferson for information concerning Gallatin, 27;
- Jay, William, member of “The Club,” 366
- Jay treaty, ratified, 102;
- Jefferson, Thomas, in behalf of Gallatin family writes to Jay for information concerning Albert Gallatin, 27;
- countersigns Washington's proclamation against excise rioters, 54
- retires from cabinet, 97, 99
- rupture with Hamilton, 99
- imbued with French principles, 102
- ridiculed as a sans-culotte, 104
- influence complained of by Wolcott, 127
- tries to moderate bitterness of Republicans, 128
- Gallatin known to be in his confidence, 133
- complains of weakness of Congress, 138
- unable to influence Senate, 139
- loses taste for French alliance, 139
- thinks Sedition Bill aimed at Gallatin, 152
- praises Gallatin's courage, 158
- receives tie vote with Burr, 163
- probably makes bargain with Federalists, 164
- his inexplicable submission to Smith, 164
- elected, 167
- in triumvirate with Madison and Gallatin, 168
- represents social equality, 169
- his suggestions on coinage, 172
- urges Gallatin to accept Treasury Department, 178-180
- letter to Macon, 182
- suggestions of Gallatin to, on financial policy, 186
- not a practical statesman, 188
- does not consult cabinet as a whole, 188
- letters of Gallatin to, on finances, 189, 193, 201, 203, 216
- summons Congress to ratify Louisiana purchase, 195
- reëlection helped by finances and Louisiana treaty, 197, 198, 223
- urges Gallatin to retain post until extinction of debt, 203
- wishes reduction of army and navy, 220
- advocates application of surplus to internal improvement, 226
- in so doing abandons his principles, 227
- detests bank, 233, 251, 280
- proposes impracticable economies in Treasury Department, 244
- suggests issue of paper money, 264
- an abandonment of republican principles, 266
- introduces new principles of administration into government, 279
- opposes Gallatin's civil service circular, 281
- proposes to fill one half of offices with partisans, 282
- submits draft of annual message to cabinet, 283
- objects to appointing a woman to office, 283
- lack of system in his cabinet, 284
- does not consult Gallatin on military matters, 284
- agrees with Gallatin's view on acquisition of territory, 285
- advised by Gallatin concerning Louisiana treaty, 285
- unfortunate in choice of political methods, 286
- friendly with Duane, 286
- promises to protect Astor, 288
- his gunboat scheme, 288, 289
- origin of his views on gunboats, 288
- his plan of internal improvements, 290
- recommends national university, 291
- wishes amendments to Constitution, 291
- advised by Gallatin not to rely on “general welfare” clause of Constitution, 291
- shirks responsibility of decision with regard to English policy, 291, 292
- urged by Gallatin to enforce non-intercourse, 293
- calls Gallatin ablest man in administration except Madison, 298
- regard of Gallatin for, 300
- his love for Gallatin, 300
- letters of Gallatin to, on reputation of United States in Europe, 327
- on France, 327, 328
- letter of Gallatin to, on difficulty of withdrawal from public service, 329
- rejoices in Gallatin's acceptance of French mission, 331
- his opinion of Louis XVIII., 331
- relations with de Tracy, 331
- supports Crawford for presidency, 356
- favors state rights, 356
- does not appreciate decay of his party, 358
- on non-sectarian education, 369
- his remarks on Indians in “Notes on Virginia,”
- on Washington's strong passions, 383 n.
- Johannot, ----, educated at Geneva, 4, 17
- Johnston, ----, member of “The Club,” 366
- Jones, William, secretary of navy, 312
- Kent, Chancellor James, member of “The Club,” 366
- King, Charles, member of “The Club,” 367
- King, Rufus, resigns mission to England, 342;
- tone of his correspondence, 345
- Kinloch, Francis, educated at Geneva, 4;
- letter to, given by Mlle. Pictet to Gallatin, 11
- Kirkpatrick, Major, defends United States marshal in Whiskey Insurrection, 68;
- his farm burnt by rioters, 73
- Kittera, Thomas, moves hostile amendment to pro-French resolution, 135
- Knox, Henry, resigns from War Department, 97
- Kosciusko, his nephew helped by Gallatin, 372
- Kramer brothers, in business with Gallatin, 60
- Lands, public, in Pennsylvania, 46;
- Land speculation, in Virginia, 20, 21, 24, 361;
- in Ohio, 362
- Lafayette, Marquis de, his motives for aiding colonies, 9;
- his imprisonment, 102
- saved by gunboats in 1781, 288, 289, 371
- urged by Gallatin to help mediate between England and United States, 313
- urges emperor of Russia to exert personal influence with England, 315
- sends letter to Gallatin, 315
- letter of Gallatin to, on French government, 328
- visits Pennsylvania, 364
- entertained by Lafayette at Friendship Hill, 365
- his part in Revolution of 1830, 370, 371, 372
- interested in marriage of Gallatin's daughter, 371
- letter to Gallatin, 371, 372
- La Pérouse, meets Gallatin at Machias, 16;
- later meets him in Boston, 16
- Laurens, John, educated at Geneva, 4
- La Vengeance, captured by Constellation, 160
- Lawrence, William B., gives anecdote of Washington and Gallatin, 22;
- Lee, Henry, commands militia against Whiskey Rebellion, 88;
- Lee, Thomas, founder of Ohio company, 20
- Legislature of Pennsylvania, calls Constitutional Convention, 40;
- Gallatin's career in, 45-47, 55, 60
- rejects bill to improve education, 45
- discharges paper money and other debt, 46
- elects Gallatin senator, 47, 58
- adopts resolutions condemning excise, 48, 49
- protests against authorizing vessels to arm, 149
- divides electoral vote between Adams and Jefferson, 163
- Gallatin's financial report to, 183, 184
- offers to take two millions of United States bonds, 214
- interferes to regulate Bank of North America, 250
- charters Bank of United States, 271
- Leopard, captures Chesapeake, 224
- Lesdernier, M. de, flies from Nova Scotia to Machias, 14;
- Lesdernier, Madame de, persuades Gallatin to visit Machias, 14
- Lieven, Count, Russian minister at London, 308;
- his friendship with Gallatin, 348
- Lincoln, Levi, views on unconstitutionality of acquiring territory, 285
- Livermore, E. S., on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to Senate, 61
- Liverpool, Lord, advised by Castlereagh to moderate his demands, 319;
- Livingston, Edward, prominent Republican in Congress, 100;
- Livingston, Robert R., arranges terms of Louisiana purchase, 193
- Lorillard, Jacob, at free trade convention, 1831, 241
- Loring, Captain, takes Gallatin to America, 11
- Louis XVI., executed, 56
- Louis XVIII., Jefferson's opinion of, 331;
- Louisiana, financial effect of its purchase, 192, 193, 195, 196, 222;
- Lynn, Mary, keeps boarding-house in Philadelphia, 19
- Lyon, Matthew, his collision with Griswold, 141;
- defended by Gallatin, 141
- Machias, expedition of Gallatin to, 14, 15;
- Macon, Nathanael, votes against complimentary address to Washington, 129;
- Madison, James, secures adoption of ten amendments, 40;
- abandons Federalists through Jefferson's influence, 99
- leads Republicans in House, 100
- weakness in debate, 100
- drafts address to Washington, 105
- on Committee on Finance, 106
- advocates bill to establish trading posts with Indians, 108
- moves to amend call for Jay papers, 111
- interprets treaty power
- in Constitution in Jay treaty debate, 113, 115
- attacks Jay treaty, 118
- influence complained of by Wolcott, 127
- not reëlected to Congress, 133
- his inexplicable submission to Smith, 164
- in triumvirate with Jefferson and Gallatin, 168
- his weakness as financier, 179
- summons Congress, 205
- anxious to evade responsibility for peace or war, 205
- communications on finance from Gallatin, 212, 259
- his indecision as to financial situation, 230
- does not accept Gallatin's resignation, 231
- realizes indispensableness of Gallatin to him, 231
- agrees with Gallatin as to minute appropriations, 245
- vetoes bill to incorporate national bank, 265
- signs a second bill, 265
- his inconsistency, 266
- urged by Gallatin to restore specie payment, 267
- opposes Gallatin's civil service circular, 281
- not superior on constitutional points to Gallatin, 284
- refuses to support Astor's plans, 288
- consults with Gallatin on inaugural address, 294
- forced by senators to abandon plan to make Gallatin secretary of state, 294, 295
- unable to control party, 295
- favors England as against France, 295
- fails to support Gallatin, his inexcusable weakness, 296
- compelled to choose between Smith and Gallatin, 297
- efforts of Duane to poison his mind against Gallatin, 297
- not qualified to be a war president, 298, 299
- sends Gallatin on Russian mission with leave of absence, 299
- appoints Duane adjutant-general, 299
- continues on good terms with Gallatin, 300
- accepts English offer of direct negotiation, 312
- appoints a new commission, 312
- intends Gallatin for head of commission, 312
- names Gallatin minister to France, 326
- thanked by Gallatin, 327
- leaves him at liberty to decide, 329
- offers Gallatin secretaryship of treasury, 330
- favors Crawford for presidency, 356
- Malesherbes, C. G. de L. de, his courage compared to that of Gallatin, 84
- “Manifest Destiny,” Gallatin's opinion of, 352, 353
- Marie Antoinette, executed, 56
- Marshall, James, represents Fayette County in anti-excise proceedings, 51, 52, 69;
- Marshall, John, offers Gallatin a place in his office, 29;
- Mason, S. T., makes Jay treaty public, 103
- Mathews, Rev. Mr., member of “The Club,” 367
- Mayer, member of Ethnological Society, 379
- McClanachan, Blair, chairman of anti-Federalist Conference, 38;
- his ultra-democratic remarks to Adams, 138
- McDuffie, George, estimates profits of bankers on state bank circulation, 263
- McKean, Thomas, in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 43;
- McLane, Louis, reports extinction of national debt, 269
- McVickar, ----, member of “The Club,” 366
- Mexico, war with, Gallatin's opinion of, 352
- Middleton, Henry, at free trade convention of 1831, 241
- Mifflin, Thomas, in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 43;
- Mirabeau, Vicomte de, friend of Dumont, 5
- Mississippi navigation, discussed in treaty of Ghent, 322, 323;
- in 1818, 335
- Mitchell, S. L., on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to Senate, 61
- Monroe, James, presents flag to French Convention, 132;
- arranges terms of Louisiana purchase, 193
- supplants Smith as secretary of state, 296, 298
- on necessity of renunciation of impressment in treaty of peace, 305
- asked by Gallatin for further instructions, 308
- receives proposals from England for direct negotiation, 311
- asked by commissioners for authority to treat in any place, 314
- warned by Gallatin of English war plans, 316, 317, 318
- communications of Gallatin to, during negotiations, 319
- urges Gallatin not to withdraw from public service, 329
- appoints Adams secretary of state, 334
- gives Gallatin leave of absence, 341
- urges him to return to France, 341
- Montgomery, John, connected by marriage with Gallatin, 59, 60
- Montmorenci, Vicomte, negotiates with Gallatin, 340;
- succeeded by Chateaubriand, 340
- Moore, ----, member of “The Club,” 366
- Moreau, General Jean Victor, career in America and France, 308;
- Morgan, Daniel, leads militia against Whiskey Rebellion, 88, 93
- Morris, Gouverneur, snubbed by Washington for familiarity, 23;
- Morris, Robert, receives drafts for Gallatin, 28;
- Morse, ----, member of “The Club,” 367
- Morton, Dr., member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Muhlenberg, Frederick A., defeated for speaker by Dayton, 98;
- gives casting vote in favor of Jay treaty appropriations, 121
- Müller, Johann von, teaches Gallatin history, 3
- Murray, William Vans, prominent Federalist in House, 99;
- Navy, opposed by Gallatin, 123, 124, 130, 137, 157, 186, 188;
- Nesselrode, Count, leaves Russian foreign affairs in charge of Romanzoff, 304;
- inability of Crawford to secure audience with, 315
- New England, supports Adams in 1800, 163;
- New York, calls for a second Federal Convention, 36, 37;
- Republican in 1800, 163
- New York city, first visit of Gallatin to, 18;
- New York Historical Society, presidency of Gallatin, 382;
- Nicholas, John, Republican leader in House, 100;
- on treaty power, 111
- supports Gallatin in advocating specific appropriations, 130
- moves amendment to Adams's message, 134
- in debate on French relations, 135
- desires to limit executive through power over appropriations, 143
- aids Gallatin in sixth Congress, 159
- opposes non-intercourse with France, 159
- resists supposed encroachment of Senate on House, 161
- confers with Jefferson and Gallatin on election of 1800, 164
- Nicholson family, connected by marriage with Gallatin, 59
- Nicholson, Hannah, marries Gallatin, 59;
- Nicholson, Commodore James, father-in-law of Gallatin, his family, 59;
- Nicholson, James Witter, in business with Gallatin, 60
- Nicholson, Joseph H., letter of Gallatin to, on war revenue, 224;
- Non-importation, difficulty of enforcement in 1774, 293;
- enforced by Gallatin in 1808, 293
- Norris, Isaac W., at free trade convention, 241
- Odier, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361
- Ohio Company, its formation and lands, 20
- Oregon question, discussion over, in 1818, 335;
- Otis, Harrison Gray, elected to Congress, 132;
- Panama Congress, its importance, 342;
- mission to, declined by Gallatin, 342
- Paper money, its issue suggested by Jefferson, 264;
- Parish, David, assists Gallatin to float loan, 213, 214;
- Parker, Josiah, amends resolution to punish foreign correspondence, 156;
- offers resolution to amend non-intercourse, 160
- Pasquier, M., negotiates with Gallatin, 337;
- pacified by Gallatin after seizure of Apollon, 338
- Patton, John, on Committee on Finance, 107
- Peabody, George, at free trade convention of 1831, 241
- Pendleton Society of Virginia, adopts secession resolutions, 116
- Penn, John, letter to, given Gallatin by Lady Penn, 11
- Penn, Lady Juliana, gives Gallatin letter to John Penn, 11
- Penns, proprietors of Pennsylvania, educated at Geneva, 4
- Pennsylvania, ratifies federal Constitution, 35;
- Pensacola, its seizure by Jackson, 336
- Philadelphia, visit of Gallatin to, 19, 21;
- Pickering, Timothy, in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 43;
- secretary of war and postmaster-general under Washington, 97
- Pickering, ---- member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Pictet, Mademoiselle, adopts Gallatin, her kindness, 2;
- her nephew taught by Gallatin, 5
- regard of Gallatin for, 9
- pained at Gallatin's departure, 11
- gives him letter to Kinloch, 11
- sends him money and secures interest of Dr. Cooper, 17
- his ingratitude toward, regretted by Gallatin, 20
- supposes his failure to write due to misfortune, 27
- accuses Gallatin of indolence and ennui, 43, 44
- Pictet, ----, naturalist, relative of Gallatin, 5
- Pinckney, Charles C., refused reception as minister by France, 132;
- Pinckney, Thomas, makes treaty with Spain, 117
- Pitt, William, his precocity compared to Gallatin's, 32
- Poles, in New York, befriended by Gallatin, 372
- Powell, William H., his portrait of Gallatin, 386
- Preston, William C., at free trade convention in 1831, 241
- Quakers, in Pennsylvania, oppose general education, 45;
- petition against seizure of fugitive slaves, 140
- Randolph, Edmund, deprecates force against Whiskey Rebellion, on ground that only Washington's influence prevents civil war, 77;
- Randolph, John, elected to Congress, 158;
- Renwick, James, letter of Mrs. Irving to, on Mrs. Gallatin, 364;
- member of “The Club,” 366
- Republican party, its origin, 57;
- its leaders in House of Representatives in 1795, 99, 100
- its attitude toward France and Revolution, 101, 102
- imitates Jacobins, 102
- opposes resolution complimenting Washington's administration, 104-106
- attacks administration of Treasury, 106
- asserts right of House to share in treaty power, 110-114
- leadership of Gallatin in, 115, 128, 133, 159
- attacks Jay treaty, 118-121
- objects to adjournment on Washington's birthday, 126
- attacks Washington, 128
- reluctant to affront France, 133-136
- opposes increase of foreign missions, 141-147
- attacks Alien and Sedition Laws, 159
- profits by popular dislike of England and of Alien and Sedition Laws, 163
- gives equal vote to Jefferson and Burr, 163
- its policy to resist any Federalist usurpation by force, 166
- success due to Gallatin's leadership, 167, 168
- its share in building country, 169
- opposes internal revenue, 221
- its principles violated by Jefferson in suggesting internal improvements, 227
- refuses to renew charter of bank, 231, 254
- violates principles in chartering second bank, 265
- introduces new principles of administration into government, 279
- demands share of offices, 281, 282
- refuses to confirm Gallatin for secretary of state, 294
- factions in, under Madison, 295
- incompetent to manage war, 298
- lacks leaders after Gallatin, 355
- its condition in 1824, 356
- its caucus nominates Crawford and Gallatin, 357, 358
- new developments of, under Jackson, 358, 359, 360
- Revenue, 218-238 See Finances.
- Richelieu, Duc de, seeks explanation from Gallatin of American sympathy for Bonaparte, 331;
- Richmond, society in, 23, 24
- Robinson, Dr., associate of Gallatin in founding American Ethnological Society, 379
- Rochefoucauld, D'Enville, Duc de, obtains letters for Gallatin from Franklin, 11
- Rollaz, Sophie Albertine, mother of Gallatin, 2;
- Romanzoff, Count, originates plan of Russian mediation, 304;
- Ross, James, appeals to Whiskey insurgents not to use violence, 70;
- on commission to confer with insurgents, 85
- Rousseau, J. J., Gallatin's opinion of, 6
- Ruggles, Benjamin, letter of Gallatin to, accepting nomination for vice-president, 358
- Rush, Richard, introduced to public life by Gallatin, 334;
- Russell, Jonathan, on peace commission, 312;
- arrives at Gottenburg, 313
- Russia, offers to mediate between England and United States, 299;
- Rutherford, John, on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to Senate, 61
- Rutledge, John, Jr., elected to Congress, 133
- Savary de Valcoulon, has claims against Virginia, 19;
- Schoolcraft, Henry R., member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Scott, General Winfield, requested by Gallatin to aid in collecting ethnological data in Mexico, 380
- Scott, Thomas, appeals to Whiskey insurgents, 70
- Sedgwick, Theodore, leader of Federalists in House, 98;
- Sedition Law, condemned by Gallatin, 152;
- petitions against, 157
- Senate of United States, election of Gallatin to, 58;
- appoints committees to consider his eligibility, 61, 62
- votes to exclude him, 62, 63
- prejudiced against him by his actions, 64, 65
- ratifies Jay treaty, 102, 103
- yields to House regarding specific appropriations, 130
- controlled by Federalists, 139
- passes bill authorizing convoys, 149
- passes bill abrogating treaty with France, 154
- amends House Bill to suspend intercourse with France, 160
- debate over its bill to require annual treasury reports, 161
- ratifies commercial convention with France, 162
- still controlled by Federalists, 178
- its hostility to Gallatin, 181
- refuses to confirm his appointment as peace commissioner, 310
- Seney, Joshua, connected by marriage with Gallatin, 59
- Serre, Henri, friendship with Gallatin, 5;
- Sewall, Samuel, elected to Congress, 132
- Shays's Rebellion, an argument for Federalist party, 101
- Sheffield, Lord, says Jay duped Grenville, 117
- Sherman, John, on accounting in Treasury Department, 247
- Sismondi, J. C. L. Simonde de, on paper money, 277;
- Sitgreaves, Samuel, Federalist in Congress, 99;
- on committee to draft address to Washington, 105
- Slavery, resolutions concerning, in Pennsylvania legislature, 47;
- Smilie, John, represents Fayette County in Pennsylvania ratification convention, 35;
- Smith, Isaac, on Committee on Finance, 107
- Smith, John Augustine, invites Gallatin to join “The Club,” 366
- Smith, Robert, head of faction of “invisibles,” 295
- Smith, Samuel, leads Maryland troops against Whiskey Insurrection, 88;
- Smith, William, educated at Geneva, 4;
- Smithson, John, his bequest to United States, 378
- Smithsonian Institution, connection of Gallatin with, 378, 379
- Southern States, Republican in 1800, 163;
- refuse to support loan of 1813, 213
- Spain, Pinckney's treaty with, 117;
- Spurzheim, on Gallatin's brain, 389
- Squier, E. G., member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Staël, Madame de, interview of Lafayette with emperor at her house, 315;
- Stephens, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Stevens, Byam Kerby, marries Frances Gallatin, 371;
- Stevens, Colonel Ebenezer, Lafayette's chief of staff, 371
- Stevens, John A., at free trade convention of 1831, 241;
- member of “The Club,” 367
- Stokely, ----, appeals to Whiskey insurgents, 70
- Stuart, Gilbert, his portrait of Gallatin, 386
- Swanwick, John, on Jay treaty debate, 111
- Szelesegynski, ----, Polish refugee, helped by Gallatin, 372
- Tahon, ----, keeps French café in Boston, 12
- Talleyrand, Prince, demands bribe in X Y Z affair, 149;
- Taney, Roger B., removes deposits from bank, 269, 270;
- Texas, annexation of, protested against by Gallatin, 351
- Throop, Governor, recommends University for training teachers, 369
- Tracy, Destutt, his “Economie Politique” translated by Jefferson, 331
- Tracy, Uriah, leader of Federalists in House, 98;
- Treasury Department, Hamilton's management of, attacked by Gallatin, 64;
- resigned by Hamilton, taken by Wolcott, 97
- management of, supervised by Committee of Finance, 106-108, 130
- condition of, deplored by Gallatin, 125
- charged with arbitrary action, 130, 154
- annual reports from, required by Congress, 161
- Morris's connection with, 171-173
- organization under Hamilton, 174, 243
- management by Wolcott, 176-178
- appointment of Gallatin to, 179, 181
- exalted idea of, held by Gallatin, 189
- difficulty of learning management of, 189, 190
- relieved of responsibility for other departments' expenditure, 223
- administration of, by Gallatin, 244-246
- reports from, 245
- efforts of Gallatin to secure precision in, 245, 246
- subsequent management of, 247
- damaged by failure to re-charter bank, 259
- in panic of 1815, 263
- declined by Gallatin in 1816, 266, 330
- in panic of 1837, 272-276
- sub-treasury system invented, 273
- aids resumption, 276
- declined by Gallatin in 1843, 278
- absence of partisanship in Gallatin's appointments to, 281, 282, 286, 287
- Treaty of Ghent, 316-325 See Diplomatic History.
- Tripoli, war with, 222;
- tribute to, preferred by Gallatin to war with, 284
- Trist, N. P., negotiates treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 352
- Truxton, Captain, voted a medal by Congress, 160
- Turner, Professor, member of Ethnological Society, 379
- Tyler, John, as president, offers Treasury portfolio to Gallatin, 278
- University, National, proposed by Jefferson, 291;
- Van Buren, Martin, told by Gallatin of willingness to accept French
- Van der Kemp, ----, Dutch commissioner to make commercial treaty, 334
- Verplanck, Gulian C., member of “The Club,” 367
- Virginia, claims of Savary against, 19;
- Voltaire, friendship with Gallatin family, 7;
- Wainwright, Rev. Dr., member of “The Club,” 367
- War of 1812, estimates of Gallatin as to cost of operations in, 289, 290;
- Ward, Samuel, member of “The Club,” 367
- Washington, Augustine, founder of Ohio Company, 20
- Washington, George, his military inactivity in 1780, 12;
- meets Gallatin in 1784, 22
- snubs him for forwardness, 23
- later wishes him to be his land agent, 23
- his election as president disconcerts anti-Federalists, 40
- unwilling to go to extremes against Whiskey Rebellion, 54
- issues proclamation, 54
- Randolph's opinion of his influence, 77
- combines conciliation with force, 77
- issues proclamation, calls out militia, and appoints commission to confer, 77, 78
- accompanies army as far as Bedford, 88
- refuses to stop march of troops, 89
- dissuades troops from violence, 92
- pardons convicted offenders, 96
- reconstructs his cabinet, 97, 98; his influence, 102
- convenes Senate to ratify Jay treaty, 102
- attacked by Bache, 104
- addresses Congress, 104
- his administration criticised in debate over reply in House, 104-106
- refuses call of House for Jay treaty papers, 114
- refusal of House to adjourn on his birthday, 126
- obtains surrender of Western posts, 128
- issues Farewell Address, 128
- attacked by Giles, 128
- proposal of Gallatin concerning reply to his message, 129
- sends tricolor to Congress, 130, 132
- attends Congress as lieutenant-general, 155
- his death announced by Marshall, 158
- invites Wolcott to succeed Hamilton, 176
- Gallatin's opinion of his character, 383, 384
- and of his strong passions, 383 n.
- Washington, Lawrence, founder of Ohio Company, 20
- Washington city, removal of Congress to, 161, 162;
- sack of, by English, 320
- Washington County, Pennsylvania, in Whiskey Insurrection, 49, 50, 51, 70, 71, 78, 94, 96;
- Wayne, Anthony, makes treaty with Indians, 117
- Webster, Daniel, his speech on northeastern boundary published by Gallatin, 349;
- his manner of negotiating with Ashburton, 350
- Webster, Pelatiah, describes Gallatin at Philadelphia in 1783, 19
- Wellington, Lord, asked by cabinet to conquer a peace, 322;
- Wells, John, member of “The Club,” 367
- Westmoreland County, in Whiskey Insurrection, 49, 51, 74, 78, 96
- Wheaton, Henry, requests Gallatin to furnish Humboldt with data on gold in United States, 381
- Whiskey Insurrection, opposition to excise in Pennsylvania, 48, 49;
- reasons for opposition, 49, 50
- first meetings against excise in Washington County, 50, 51
- combined meeting of four counties at Pittsburgh, 51
- violence against inspectors, 51
- modification of law, 52
- second convention at Pittsburgh, 52
- resolutions against collectors, 52, 53
- petition to Congress, 53
- proclamation issued by Washington and cabinet, 54
- arrests and riots, 55
- attempts to serve writs, 67, 68
- rioting, burning of Marshall's house, 68, 69
- flight of officers, 68
- meetings of distillers, 69
- efforts of Gallatin and others to prevent violence, 69, 70
- stoppage of mails, 69
- call for meeting of militia, 70
- leaders of, 70, 71
- meeting of militia at Parkinson's Ferry, 72, 73
- estimates of numbers, 72
- violence of feeling, 73, 74
- renewed outrages, 74
- use of liberty poles, 74
- attitude of Gallatin toward, 75, 76
- plans of Washington and Hamilton to suppress, 77
- proclamation against carrying arms, 77
- commissioners appointed, 77
- convention of distillers at Parkinson's Ferry, 78, 79
- proposals to raise troops, 79
- efforts of moderates, 80, 81
- committee of sixty appointed, 80
- arrival of commissioners, their offer, 81
- conference of committee at Red Stone Old Fort, 81, 82
- vote to accept terms, 83
- influence of Gallatin, 84
- meetings for submission in counties, 85
- apparent failure of terms of amnesty, 86
- threats of secession, 86
- Hamilton writes “Tully” letter, 87
- report of commissioners, 87
- proclamation calls out troops, 87
- march of militia, 88
- committee of sixty passes conciliatory resolutions, 88, 89
- refusal of Washington to turn back, 89
- final meeting at Parkinson's Ferry votes entire submission, 89
- occupation of western counties by troops, 89, 90
- arrest of rebels, 90, 91
- journey of prisoners to Philadelphia, 91, 92
- end of disturbances, 93
- return of army, 93
- confession of Gallatin, 94
- trial of prisoners, 96
- its effect on Federalist party, 101
- Gallatin taunted with participation in, 119, 124
- Wirt, William, letter of Jefferson to, 298
- Wolcott, Oliver, succeeds Hamilton in Treasury Department, 97;
- Woodbury, Levi, reports extinction of debt, 270, 271;
- X Y Z dispatches, 149