The Project Gutenberg eBook of Americans by Choice
Title: Americans by Choice
Author: John Palmer Gavit
Release date: October 27, 2019 [eBook #60576]
Most recently updated: October 17, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by ellinora, John Campbell and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been placed at the end of the book. Many of the Tables have associated footnotes, which have been kept at the bottom of that table and labelled as a ‘note’ rather than a footnote. These note anchors are denoted by {number}.
Some Tables were very wide; these have been split into two parts, with the first column of the first part being repeated in the other part. On handheld devices some Tables may need to be viewed in a small font to see all the columns.
In those Tables with ‘court number’ from 1 to 29 as a header, court number 11 is always missing; this is not an error, it is absent in the original text.
Some other minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.
AMERICANS BY CHOICE
Americanization Studies
Schooling of the Immigrant.
Frank V. Thompson, Supt. of Public Schools, Boston
America via the Neighborhood.
John Daniels
Old World Traits Transplanted.
Robert E. Park, Professorial Lecturer, University of Chicago
Herbert A. Miller, Professor of Sociology, Oberlin College
A Stake in the Land.
Peter A. Speek, in charge, Slavic Section, Library of Congress
Immigrant Health and the Community.
Michael M. Davis, Jr., Director, Boston Dispensary
New Homes for Old.
Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, Professor of Social Economy, University of Chicago
The Immigrant Press and Its Control.
Robert E. Park, Professorial Lecturer, University of Chicago
Adjusting Immigrant and Industry. (In preparation)
William M. Leiserson, Chairman, Labor Adjustment Boards,
Rochester and New York
Americans by Choice.
John P. Gavit, Vice-President, New York Evening Post
The Immigrant’s Day in Court. (In press)
Kate Holladay Claghorn, Instructor in Social Research, New
York School of Social Work
Summary. (In preparation)
Allen T. Burns, Director, Studies in Methods of Americanization
Harper & Brothers Publishers
AMERICANIZATION STUDIES
ALLEN T. BURNS, DIRECTOR
AMERICANS
BY CHOICE
BY
JOHN PALMER GAVIT
HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
1922
Americans By Choice
Copyright, 1922
By Harper & Brothers
Printed in the U. S. A.
First Edition
G—W
PUBLISHER’S NOTE
The material in this volume was gathered by the Division of Health Standards and Care of Studies in Methods of Americanization.
Americanization in this study has been considered as the union of native and foreign born in all the most fundamental relationships and activities of our national life. For Americanization is the uniting of new with native-born Americans in fuller common understanding and appreciation to secure by means of self-government the highest welfare of all. Such Americanization should perpetuate no unchangeable political, domestic, and economic regime delivered once for all to the fathers, but a growing and broadening national life, inclusive of the best wherever found. With all our rich heritages, Americanism will develop best through a mutual giving and taking of contributions from both newer and older Americans in the interest of the commonweal. This study has followed such an understanding of Americanization.
FOREWORD
This volume is the result of studies in methods of Americanization prepared through funds furnished by the Carnegie Corporation of New York. It arose out of the fact that constant applications were being made to the Corporation for contributions to the work of numerous agencies engaged in various forms of social activity intended to extend among the people of the United States the knowledge of their government and their obligations to it. The trustees felt that a study which should set forth, not theories of social betterment, but a description of the methods of the various agencies engaged in such work, would be of distinct value to the cause itself and to the public.
The outcome of the study is contained in eleven volumes on the following subjects: Schooling of the Immigrant; The Press; Adjustment of Homes and Family Life; Legal Protection and Correction; Health Standards and Care; Naturalization and Political Life; Industrial and Economic Amalgamation; Treatment of Immigrant Heritages; Neighborhood Agencies and Organization; Rural Developments; and Summary. The entire study has been carried out under the general direction of Mr. Allen T. Burns. Each volume appears in the name of the author who had immediate charge of the particular field it is intended to cover.
Upon the invitation of the Carnegie Corporation a committee consisting of the late Theodore Roosevelt, Prof. John Graham Brooks, Dr. John M. Glenn, and Mr. John A. Voll has acted in an advisory capacity to the director. An editorial committee consisting of Dr. Talcott Williams, Dr. Raymond B. Fosdick, and Dr. Edwin F. Gay has read and criticized the manuscripts. To both of these committees the trustees of the Carnegie Corporation are much indebted.
The purpose of the report is to give as clear a notion as possible of the methods of the agencies actually at work in this field and not to propose theories for dealing with the complicated questions involved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| PAGE | |
| Publisher’s Note | v |
| Foreword | vii |
| Table of Contents | ix |
| List of Tables | xvi |
| List of Diagrams | xxi |
| Introduction | xxiii |
| CHAPTER | |
| I. Of Their Own Free Will | 1 |
| These Are Our Voters! | 2 |
| Primitive Attitudes Toward Immigrants | 3 |
| Legal Position of the Alien | 5 |
| What Is an “American”? | 7 |
| The American Has No Racial Marks | 10 |
| Not Racial, but Cultural | 12 |
| Essentials of “Americanism” | 14 |
| II. New Members and an Old Game | 17 |
| Factors in Immigration | 18 |
| Politics Welcomes the Irish | 21 |
| They Always Have Been Democrats | 21 |
| Early Germans Became Republicans | 24 |
| Effects of the Gold Craze | 25 |
| Vast Naturalization Frauds | 25 |
| First Choice in Politics | 30 |
| The Politician Close to Humanity | 33 |
| Political Aspects of Social Clubs | 35 |
| Politics a Great Americanizing Force | 37 |
| III. Citizenship: Under This Flag and Others | 40 |
| Roots of Political Society | 42 |
| Influence of Emigration to America | 43 |
| The Right to Emigrate | 44 |
| The Subject vs. the Active Member | 45 |
| Essentials of Citizenship: Ancient—and American | 46 |
| Bases of American Citizenship | 49 |
| Common-law Definition Taken for Granted | 50 |
| Concerning Americans Born Abroad | 51 |
| Children Born at Sea | 52 |
| Question of Dual Nationality | 53 |
| Countries Denying the Right of Expatriation | 54 |
| Conditional Recognition | 55 |
| Naturalization Treaties With the United States | 55 |
| Great Britain | 56 |
| Germany | 57 |
| Citizenship Takes No Account of Sex | 62 |
| “A Woman Without a Country” | 63 |
| The American Under Three Jurisdictions | 64 |
| IV. Development of the Naturalization Law | 69 |
| Our “Charter Members” | 69 |
| First Naturalization Laws | 70 |
| Efforts Toward Uniformity | 73 |
| Bars Up Against Alien Anarchists | 77 |
| Various Presidents Discussed Naturalization | 77 |
| Definite Reform at Last | 80 |
| Naturalization Commission Appointed | 80 |
| What the Law Requires | 83 |
| V. The Law in Operation | 89 |
| Restrictions of Race | 92 |
| Limitations Regarding Age | 95 |
| The Declaration of Intention | 96 |
| “Declaration Invalid” | 98 |
| Should Declaration Be Abolished? | 102 |
| Naturalization Judges Favor Its Retention | 105 |
| The Seven-year Limitation | 107 |
| The Certificate of Lawful Entry | 109 |
| The Vexatious Question of Names | 112 |
| The Petition for Naturalization | 115 |
| Ninety Days’ Interval Before Hearing | 119 |
| The Final Hearing in Court | 119 |
| Must “Speak” the English Language | 120 |
| Attached to the Constitution | 123 |
| In the Matter of “Continuous Residence” | 124 |
| The Absurdity of the “Incompetent Witness” | 126 |
| Judges Denounce the Absurdity | 129 |
| Depositions of Witnesses | 133 |
| “Good Moral Character” | 135 |
| The Final Ceremony—Oath of Allegiance | 137 |
| Ceremonies of Initiation | 138 |
| VI. Personal Equation in Naturalization | 143 |
| A Function of Local Courts | 145 |
| “Personal Equation” of the Judges | 147 |
| Bird’s-eye View of the Questionnaire | 154 |
| General Trend of Judges’ Opinions | 158 |
| The Clerks of the Courts | 161 |
| The Question of Adequate Clerical Force | 163 |
| When the Clerk Pockets the Fees | 164 |
| Forms of Petty Graft | 165 |
| “Personal Equation” in the Naturalization Service | 167 |
| A Scrupulously Honest Service | 169 |
| Need of Unifying Influence | 170 |
| “Nothing to Litigate!” | 171 |
| Confused State of the Educational Test | 173 |
| The Craze for “Americanizing” Somebody Else | 177 |
| Extra Responsibilities Self-sought | 180 |
| Enormous Arrearage in Bureau’s Work | 186 |
| The Aliens Support the Bureau | 189 |
| Fitness of Candidates | 193 |
| “Personal Equation” of the Public | 195 |
| VII. Some Statistics Concerning Immigrants, “New” and “Old” | 197 |
| Paucity of Dependable Information | 199 |
| Vast Arrearages in Examinations | 202 |
| Report of Immigration Commission of 1907 | 204 |
| Legend of “The New Immigration” | 204 |
| Disparity in Numbers Among Racial Groups | 206 |
| The Factor of Length of Residence | 208 |
| The Factor of Language | 214 |
| Length of Residence and Earning Power | 215 |
| Voting on “First Papers” | 217 |
| What Becomes of the Declarations? | 218 |
| VIII. Later Statistics—in Which Some Twenty-six Thousand Petitioners Speak for Themselves | 225 |
| More Than a Fifth of All Petitioners | 226 |
| From Twenty-eight Representative Courts | 226 |
| In a Reasonably Normal Year | 227 |
| The Racial Groups Are Typical | 228 |
| Relative “Civic and Political Interest” | 231 |
| How Did These Petitioners Fare? | 231 |
| As Regards “Immoral Character” | 234 |
| The Showing as to “Ignorance” | 235 |
| Time-intervals in Naturalization | 236 |
| How Do the Racial Groups Compare? | 238 |
| They Are Young People | 241 |
| Relative Age and “Political Interest” | 242 |
| The Real Racial Distinction | 243 |
| Race and Relative Age at Arrival | 244 |
| At the Beginning of Married Life | 247 |
| As for “Stability of Residence” | 247 |
| Intellectual Equipment and Occupation | 250 |
| General Conclusions | 252 |
| IX. Citizenship via Military Service | 255 |
| Position of the Alien Soldier | 256 |
| Revolutionary Legislative Action | 258 |
| Citizens at Heart, but “Enemy Aliens” | 260 |
| All Safeguards Abandoned | 263 |
| All Race Restrictions Removed | 265 |
| Ordinary Naturalization Disputed | 265 |
| Statistics of Alien Registration | 267 |
| Aliens and Military Service | 269 |
| Foreign Born Eager to Serve | 272 |
| Austrians Who Were Not for Austria | 274 |
| There Was Human War-time Psychology | 275 |
| Diplomatic Requests for Exemption | 276 |
| Reciprocal Conscription Among Cobelligerents | 278 |
| Of German Descent, but Loyal Americans | 278 |
| Desertion, Among Aliens and Citizens | 279 |
| War’s Test of “the Melting-pot” | 281 |
| An Old Practice with a New Significance | 282 |
| What Some Judges Thought of It | 283 |
| Here Was “Attachment to Our Principles”! | 285 |
| Assimilating the Enemies of Tyranny | 287 |
| Episodes of Military Naturalization | 288 |
| Those Who Went Without Citizenship | 292 |
| A Great Composite Record of Loyalty | 294 |
| X. The Foreign-born Woman, Her Home and Her Children, in American Politics | 296 |
| Regardless of Qualifications | 298 |
| Unmarried Women Have Male Rights | 298 |
| Dangers of “Derivative Citizenship” | 299 |
| Children of Aliens Here American Born | 301 |
| “Derivative Citizenship” Almost Equals the Direct | 302 |
| Woman Suffrage Was Widespread | 303 |
| Applicants Came as Young Married Men | 304 |
| The Mother Must Be “Americanized” | 305 |
| Must Learn Politics by Political Activity | 307 |
| Few Women Seek Naturalization | 309 |
| Some Courts Notice the Wives | 311 |
| Obstacles of Distance and Expense | 312 |
| Woman Suffrage Opens a New Era | 314 |
| Opinions of Naturalizing Judges | 315 |
| 650,000 “Derivative Voters” Extant | 317 |
| Largely an Ignorant Vote | 318 |
| Political Indifference Not Peculiar to Foreign Born | 320 |
| Many Were Called, but Few Responded | 321 |
| Foreign-born Women Without Political Experience | 323 |
| They Are Good Material | 324 |
| How the Women Can Be Reached | 327 |
| A Specific Example—It Works | 330 |
| What the Children Did | 333 |
| XI. The Foreign-born Voter in Action | 335 |
| Divided by Racial Traditions | 338 |
| Aliens Not Without Political Influence | 339 |
| There is no “Foreign Vote” | 340 |
| Old Evils Abolished | 341 |
| Corruption Was Not an Importation | 343 |
| Home-grown in Adams County, Ohio! | 344 |
| Who Is the Buyer of Votes? | 345 |
| Attempts to Find the “Foreign Vote” | 347 |
| Response to Progressive Ideas | 354 |
| Some Results from Cleveland | 357 |
| “Civic Interest” in Grand Rapids | 365 |
| Municipal Voters’ League of Chicago | 369 |
| Some Other Instances | 373 |
| XII. The Foreign Born in Radical Movements | 377 |
| The Socialist Press | 380 |
| Dues-paying Socialist Members | 381 |
| Racial Groups of Socialists | 383 |
| The Socialist Vote | 385 |
| German Influence in Socialism | 387 |
| Jews in Socialism | 390 |
| Effect of the War on Socialism | 391 |
| The Single-tax and Agrarian Movements | 393 |
| The Nonpartisan League | 397 |
| Ultraradical Movements Nonpolitical | 401 |
| The “I. W. W.” and the Homeless Worker | 403 |
| XIII. Some General Considerations | 410 |
| No Lowering of Standards | 416 |
| A Function Administrative or Judicial? | 420 |
| Physical Conditions and Dignity | 422 |
| Function of the Naturalization Bureau | 425 |
| Appendix | 429 |
| Index | 435 |