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This study surveys how immigrants are incorporated into civic life by examining the historical development and operation of naturalization laws, legal definitions of citizenship, and judicial and administrative procedures. It analyzes political mobilization and party influence, language and residence requirements, oaths, issues of dual nationality and fraud, and the practical work of clerks, judges, and courts. Combining legal exposition, statistical tables, and institutional case studies, the volume considers how civic agencies, neighborhoods, and public institutions shape the process of becoming citizens and highlights administrative inconsistencies and implications for more uniform naturalization and Americanization practices.

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Title: Americans by Choice

Author: John Palmer Gavit

Release date: October 27, 2019 [eBook #60576]
Most recently updated: October 17, 2024

Language: English

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been placed at the end of the book. Many of the Tables have associated footnotes, which have been kept at the bottom of that table and labelled as a ‘note’ rather than a footnote. These note anchors are denoted by {number}.

Some Tables were very wide; these have been split into two parts, with the first column of the first part being repeated in the other part. On handheld devices some Tables may need to be viewed in a small font to see all the columns.

In those Tables with ‘court number’ from 1 to 29 as a header, court number 11 is always missing; this is not an error, it is absent in the original text.

Some other minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.


AMERICANS BY CHOICE


Americanization Studies


Schooling of the Immigrant.
Frank V. Thompson, Supt. of Public Schools, Boston

America via the Neighborhood.
John Daniels

Old World Traits Transplanted.
Robert E. Park, Professorial Lecturer, University of Chicago
Herbert A. Miller, Professor of Sociology, Oberlin College

A Stake in the Land.
Peter A. Speek, in charge, Slavic Section, Library of Congress

Immigrant Health and the Community.
Michael M. Davis, Jr., Director, Boston Dispensary

New Homes for Old.
Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, Professor of Social Economy, University of Chicago

The Immigrant Press and Its Control.
Robert E. Park, Professorial Lecturer, University of Chicago

Adjusting Immigrant and Industry. (In preparation)
William M. Leiserson, Chairman, Labor Adjustment Boards, Rochester and New York

Americans by Choice.
John P. Gavit, Vice-President, New York Evening Post

The Immigrant’s Day in Court. (In press)
Kate Holladay Claghorn, Instructor in Social Research, New York School of Social Work

Summary. (In preparation)
Allen T. Burns, Director, Studies in Methods of Americanization


Harper & Brothers Publishers

AMERICANIZATION STUDIES

ALLEN T. BURNS, DIRECTOR

AMERICANS
BY CHOICE

BY

JOHN PALMER GAVIT

HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS

NEW YORK AND LONDON

1922

Americans By Choice


Copyright, 1922
By Harper & Brothers
Printed in the U. S. A.


First Edition

G—W


PUBLISHER’S NOTE

The material in this volume was gathered by the Division of Health Standards and Care of Studies in Methods of Americanization.

Americanization in this study has been considered as the union of native and foreign born in all the most fundamental relationships and activities of our national life. For Americanization is the uniting of new with native-born Americans in fuller common understanding and appreciation to secure by means of self-government the highest welfare of all. Such Americanization should perpetuate no unchangeable political, domestic, and economic regime delivered once for all to the fathers, but a growing and broadening national life, inclusive of the best wherever found. With all our rich heritages, Americanism will develop best through a mutual giving and taking of contributions from both newer and older Americans in the interest of the commonweal. This study has followed such an understanding of Americanization.



FOREWORD

This volume is the result of studies in methods of Americanization prepared through funds furnished by the Carnegie Corporation of New York. It arose out of the fact that constant applications were being made to the Corporation for contributions to the work of numerous agencies engaged in various forms of social activity intended to extend among the people of the United States the knowledge of their government and their obligations to it. The trustees felt that a study which should set forth, not theories of social betterment, but a description of the methods of the various agencies engaged in such work, would be of distinct value to the cause itself and to the public.

The outcome of the study is contained in eleven volumes on the following subjects: Schooling of the Immigrant; The Press; Adjustment of Homes and Family Life; Legal Protection and Correction; Health Standards and Care; Naturalization and Political Life; Industrial and Economic Amalgamation; Treatment of Immigrant Heritages; Neighborhood Agencies and Organization; Rural Developments; and Summary. The entire study has been carried out under the general direction of Mr. Allen T. Burns. Each volume appears in the name of the author who had immediate charge of the particular field it is intended to cover.

Upon the invitation of the Carnegie Corporation a committee consisting of the late Theodore Roosevelt, Prof. John Graham Brooks, Dr. John M. Glenn, and Mr. John A. Voll has acted in an advisory capacity to the director. An editorial committee consisting of Dr. Talcott Williams, Dr. Raymond B. Fosdick, and Dr. Edwin F. Gay has read and criticized the manuscripts. To both of these committees the trustees of the Carnegie Corporation are much indebted.

The purpose of the report is to give as clear a notion as possible of the methods of the agencies actually at work in this field and not to propose theories for dealing with the complicated questions involved.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
Publisher’s Notev
Forewordvii
Table of Contentsix
List of Tablesxvi
List of Diagramsxxi
Introductionxxiii
 
CHAPTER
I. Of Their Own Free Will1
These Are Our Voters!2
Primitive Attitudes Toward Immigrants3
Legal Position of the Alien5
What Is an “American”?7
The American Has No Racial Marks10
Not Racial, but Cultural12
Essentials of “Americanism”14
 
II. New Members and an Old Game17
Factors in Immigration18
Politics Welcomes the Irish21
They Always Have Been Democrats21
Early Germans Became Republicans24
Effects of the Gold Craze25
Vast Naturalization Frauds25
First Choice in Politics30
The Politician Close to Humanity33
Political Aspects of Social Clubs35
Politics a Great Americanizing Force37
 
III. Citizenship: Under This Flag and Others40
Roots of Political Society42
Influence of Emigration to America43
The Right to Emigrate44
The Subject vs. the Active Member45
Essentials of Citizenship: Ancient—and American46
Bases of American Citizenship49
Common-law Definition Taken for Granted50
Concerning Americans Born Abroad51
Children Born at Sea52
Question of Dual Nationality53
Countries Denying the Right of Expatriation54
Conditional Recognition55
Naturalization Treaties With the United States55
Great Britain56
Germany57
Citizenship Takes No Account of Sex62
“A Woman Without a Country”63
The American Under Three Jurisdictions64
 
IV. Development of the Naturalization Law69
Our “Charter Members”69
First Naturalization Laws70
Efforts Toward Uniformity73
Bars Up Against Alien Anarchists77
Various Presidents Discussed Naturalization77
Definite Reform at Last80
Naturalization Commission Appointed80
What the Law Requires83
 
V. The Law in Operation89
Restrictions of Race92
Limitations Regarding Age95
The Declaration of Intention96
“Declaration Invalid”98
Should Declaration Be Abolished?102
Naturalization Judges Favor Its Retention105
The Seven-year Limitation107
The Certificate of Lawful Entry109
The Vexatious Question of Names112
The Petition for Naturalization115
Ninety Days’ Interval Before Hearing119
The Final Hearing in Court119
Must “Speak” the English Language120
Attached to the Constitution123
In the Matter of “Continuous Residence”124
The Absurdity of the “Incompetent Witness”126
Judges Denounce the Absurdity129
Depositions of Witnesses133
“Good Moral Character”135
The Final Ceremony—Oath of Allegiance137
Ceremonies of Initiation138
 
VI. Personal Equation in Naturalization143
A Function of Local Courts145
“Personal Equation” of the Judges147
Bird’s-eye View of the Questionnaire154
General Trend of Judges’ Opinions158
The Clerks of the Courts161
The Question of Adequate Clerical Force163
When the Clerk Pockets the Fees164
Forms of Petty Graft165
“Personal Equation” in the Naturalization Service167
A Scrupulously Honest Service169
Need of Unifying Influence170
“Nothing to Litigate!”171
Confused State of the Educational Test173
The Craze for “Americanizing” Somebody Else177
Extra Responsibilities Self-sought180
Enormous Arrearage in Bureau’s Work186
The Aliens Support the Bureau189
Fitness of Candidates193
“Personal Equation” of the Public195
 
VII. Some Statistics Concerning Immigrants, “New” and “Old”197
Paucity of Dependable Information199
Vast Arrearages in Examinations202
Report of Immigration Commission of 1907204
Legend of “The New Immigration”204
Disparity in Numbers Among Racial Groups206
The Factor of Length of Residence208
The Factor of Language214
Length of Residence and Earning Power215
Voting on “First Papers”217
What Becomes of the Declarations?218
 
VIII. Later Statistics—in Which Some Twenty-six Thousand Petitioners Speak for Themselves225
More Than a Fifth of All Petitioners226
From Twenty-eight Representative Courts226
In a Reasonably Normal Year227
The Racial Groups Are Typical228
Relative “Civic and Political Interest”231
How Did These Petitioners Fare?231
As Regards “Immoral Character”234
The Showing as to “Ignorance”235
Time-intervals in Naturalization236
How Do the Racial Groups Compare?238
They Are Young People241
Relative Age and “Political Interest”242
The Real Racial Distinction243
Race and Relative Age at Arrival244
At the Beginning of Married Life247
As for “Stability of Residence”247
Intellectual Equipment and Occupation250
General Conclusions252
 
IX. Citizenship via Military Service255
Position of the Alien Soldier256
Revolutionary Legislative Action258
Citizens at Heart, but “Enemy Aliens”260
All Safeguards Abandoned263
All Race Restrictions Removed265
Ordinary Naturalization Disputed265
Statistics of Alien Registration267
Aliens and Military Service269
Foreign Born Eager to Serve272
Austrians Who Were Not for Austria274
There Was Human War-time Psychology275
Diplomatic Requests for Exemption276
Reciprocal Conscription Among Cobelligerents278
Of German Descent, but Loyal Americans278
Desertion, Among Aliens and Citizens279
War’s Test of “the Melting-pot”281
An Old Practice with a New Significance282
What Some Judges Thought of It283
Here Was “Attachment to Our Principles”!285
Assimilating the Enemies of Tyranny287
Episodes of Military Naturalization288
Those Who Went Without Citizenship292
A Great Composite Record of Loyalty294
 
X. The Foreign-born Woman, Her Home and Her Children, in American Politics296
Regardless of Qualifications298
Unmarried Women Have Male Rights298
Dangers of “Derivative Citizenship”299
Children of Aliens Here American Born301
“Derivative Citizenship” Almost Equals the Direct302
Woman Suffrage Was Widespread303
Applicants Came as Young Married Men304
The Mother Must Be “Americanized”305
Must Learn Politics by Political Activity307
Few Women Seek Naturalization309
Some Courts Notice the Wives311
Obstacles of Distance and Expense312
Woman Suffrage Opens a New Era314
Opinions of Naturalizing Judges315
650,000 “Derivative Voters” Extant317
Largely an Ignorant Vote318
Political Indifference Not Peculiar to Foreign Born320
Many Were Called, but Few Responded321
Foreign-born Women Without Political Experience323
They Are Good Material324
How the Women Can Be Reached327
A Specific Example—It Works330
What the Children Did333
 
XI. The Foreign-born Voter in Action335
Divided by Racial Traditions338
Aliens Not Without Political Influence339
There is no “Foreign Vote”340
Old Evils Abolished341
Corruption Was Not an Importation343
Home-grown in Adams County, Ohio!344
Who Is the Buyer of Votes?345
Attempts to Find the “Foreign Vote”347
Response to Progressive Ideas354
Some Results from Cleveland357
“Civic Interest” in Grand Rapids365
Municipal Voters’ League of Chicago369
Some Other Instances373
 
XII. The Foreign Born in Radical Movements377
The Socialist Press380
Dues-paying Socialist Members381
Racial Groups of Socialists383
The Socialist Vote385
German Influence in Socialism387
Jews in Socialism390
Effect of the War on Socialism391
The Single-tax and Agrarian Movements393
The Nonpartisan League397
Ultraradical Movements Nonpolitical401
The “I. W. W.” and the Homeless Worker403
 
XIII. Some General Considerations410
No Lowering of Standards416
A Function Administrative or Judicial?420
Physical Conditions and Dignity422
Function of the Naturalization Bureau425
Appendix429
Index435

LIST OF TABLES