An Account of the Insects Noxious to Agriculture and Plants in New Zealand / The Scale Insects (Coccididae)

Plate I.

Fig.

1. Eggs of Coccididæ.

2. Larva of Diaspidinæ.

3. Diagram of life-history of female Diaspidinæ. a, pellicle of larva; b, second pellicle; c, adult female somewhat shrivelled after egg-laying; d, eggs; e, secreted matter forming the "scale." In this diagram the scale is shown as overturned.

4. Types of various spinnerets. a, simple orifices (Mytilaspis); b, double orifice (Planchonia); c, multilocular orifice (Ctenochiton); d, multilocular orifice (Cœlostoma); e, simple protruding spinneret (Aspidiotus); f, serrated protruding spinneret (Mytilaspis drimydis); g, protruding spinneret (Acanthococcus); k, conical spiny spinneret and cottony secretion (Rhizococcus); m, lanceolate spinneret and glassy secretion (Inglisia); n, group of abdominal spinnerets, with detached orifices (Mytilaspis); p, double multilocular orifice (Cœlostoma); s, coronetted spinnerets and part of glassy secretion (Icerya).

5. Rostra. a, simple rostrum of Diaspidinæ; b, rostrum and trimerous mentum of Coccidinæ.

6. Foot of a female insect. c, coxa; tr, trochanter; f, femur; ti, tibia; ta, tarsus; cl, claw.

7. Foot of a male insect. The letters as in Fig. 6.

8. Foot with digitules, upper and lower.

9. Type of female antenna (Ctenochiton).

10. Type of female antenna (Dactylopius).

11. Type of antenna of larva (Icerya).

12. Type of male antenna (Fiorinia).

13. One joint of antenna of Monophlebidæ (Icerya).

14. Diagram of head of male of Lecanidinæ (after Signoret), both dorsal and ventral aspects being shown together. a, antennæ; e, e, true eyes, the lower pair being on the ventral surface in the place of the mouth; oc, oc, ocelli.

15. Head of male Icerya, with facetted eyes.

16. Wing of male insect. n, nervure.

Plate II.

Fig.

1. Types of anogenital rings. a, Diaspidinæ; b, Lecanidinæ; c, Acanthococcidæ; d, Dactylopidæ; e, Monophlebidæ.

2. Types of last abdominal segments of female. a, Diaspidinæ; b, Lecanidinæ; c, Acanthococcidæ; d, Dactylopidæ; e, Monophlebidæ.

3. Types of last abdominal segments of male, and sheath of the penis. a, Diaspidinæ; b, Lecanidinæ (Ctenochiton); c, Acanthococcidæ; d, Lecanidinæ (Inglisia); e, Dactylopidæ; f, Monophlebidæ (Icerya).

4. Respiratory system. a, spiracle of Lecanium (after Targioni); b, spiracle of Coccus (after Targioni); c, diagram of arrangement of the four spiracles and the tracheal tubes (Lecanidinæ) (s. spiracles); d, spiracle and trachea of Cœlostoma.

5. Types of spines and hairs. a, anal serrated hairs (Aspidiotus nerii); b, spiracular spines (Ctenochiton); c, marginal spines (Ctenochiton); d, lanceolate marginal spines (Inglisia); e, spines on anal tubercles (Rhizococcus); f, marginal spines (Eriococcus); g, conical spines (Eriococcus); k, marginal hairs (Dactylopius); m, hairs (Icerya); n, anal hairs (Cœlostoma).

Plate III.

Types of Last Abdominal Segments of the Diaspidinæ.

Fig.

1. Aspidiotus coccineus (after Comstock); no groups of spinnerets.

2. Diaspis rosæ; five groups of spinnerets.

3. Mytilaspis cordylinidis; five groups of spinnerets and single orifices.

4. Mytilaspis pyriformis; five groups of spinnerets, almost forming an arch.

5. Chionaspis dysoxyli; five groups of spinnerets.

6. Poliaspis media; eight groups of spinnerets.

7. Fiorinia asteliæ; arch of spinnerets.

8. Fiorinia stricta; five groups of spinnerets, the three upper groups almost forming an arch.

Plate IV.

Fig.

1. Aspidiotus atherospermæ. a, insects on leaf of Atherosperma; b, adult female.

2. Aspidiotus camelliæ. a, insects on twig of Euonymus; b, adult female; c, d, puparia of female.

3. Aspidiotus coccineus. a, insects on rind of orange; b, adult female in puparium (overturned); c, puparium of male.

4. Aspidiotus nerii. a, insects on leaf of wattle; b, puparia, male and female.

5. Diaspis Boisduvalii, adult female (after Signoret).

6. Diaspis rosæ. a, insects on twig of rose; b, adult female; c, puparia, male and female.

7. Diaspis santali. a, insects on twig of pear; b, male and female puparia; c, last abdominal segment of female.

Plate V.

Fig.

1. Mytilaspis cordylinidis. a, insects on leaf of Cordyline australis (cabbage-tree); b, male and female puparia; c, adult female.

2. Mytilaspis epiphytidis. a, female puparium; b, male puparium; c, adult female.

3. Mytilaspis drimydis. a, insects on leaf of Drimys colorata; b, male and female puparia; c, adult female; d, marginal spinnerets.

4. Mytilaspis leptospermi. a, insects on bark of Leptospermum (manuka); b, male and female puparia; c, adult female.

5. Mytilaspis pomorum. a, insects on twig of hawthorn; b, female puparia; c, adult female; d, puparium overturned, showing enclosed female, f, and eggs, e.

6. Mytilaspis pyriformis. a, insects on leaf of Dysoxylon spectabile; b, male and female puparia; e, adult female; d, male; e, last three joints of male antenna; f, foot of male.

PLATE VI.

Fig.

1. Chionaspis citri. a, insects on rind of orange; b, male and female puparia; c, adult female.

2. Chionaspis dubia. a, insects on fern-leaf (Pellæa); b, male and female puparia; c, adult female.

3. Chionaspis dysoxyli. a, insects on leaf of Dysoxylon; b, male and female puparia; c, adult female.

4. Chionaspis minor. a, insects on twig of Parsonsia; b, male and female puparia; c, adult female.

5. Poliaspis media. a, insects on leaves of Cyathodes; b, male and female puparia; c, adult female.

6. Fiorinia asteliæ. a, insects on leaves of Coprosma; b, male and female puparia; c, adult female; d, pellicles of second stage.

7. Fiorinia stricta. a, insects on leaves of Earina; b, male and female puparia; c, adult female.

Plate VII.

Fig.

1. Lecanochiton metrosideri. a, insects on branch and leaves of Metrosideros (rata); b, test of female, upper side; c, test of female, under-side; d, female of second stage, ventral aspect; e, antenna of adult female; f, test of male.

2. Ctenochiton depressus. a, insects on leaf of Plagianthus; b, adult female, dorsal aspect; c, test of male; d, part of fringe of female test.

3. Ctenochiton elæocarpi. a, insect on bark of Elæocarpus (hinau); b, female of second stage in test, on leaf.

4. Ctenochiton elongatus. a, female tests on leaves of Earina; b, part of fringe.

5. Ctenochiton flavus. a, insects on half leaf of Panax; b, female tests; c, male test; d, adult female, ventral aspect; e, spiracular and marginal spines and spinnerets of female.

6. Ctenochiton fuscus. a, insects on half leaf of Panax; b, female test, upper side.

PLATE VIII.

Fig.

1. Ctenochiton hymenantheræ. a, insects on leaves of Hymenanthera; b, female test; c, male test.

2. Ctenochiton perforatus. a, insects on leaf of Coprosma; b, adult female in test, ventral aspect; c, male test; d, female test and fringe; e, portion of edge of female test with three segments of fringe, showing the rows of perforations; f, antenna of adult female; g, male; k, head of male, upper side; m, head of male, under-side.

3. Ctenochiton piperis. a, insects on leaf of Piper excelsum; b, females in tests, dorsal aspect; c, male pupa in test, dorsal aspect; d, female of second stage, dorsal aspect; e, two of the tubercles on the dorsum of the adult female, after pressure.

PLATE IX.

Fig.

1. Ctenochiton viridis. a, insects on leaf of Coprosma; b, female of second stage; c, adult female (the test removed); d, male test; e, a segment of the female test; f, diagram of head of male, upper and under sides shown together, eight eyes and two ocelli; k, antenna of male.

2. Inglisia leptospermi. a, insects on twig of Leptospermum (manuka); b, female test, side view; c, female test, upper side; d, male test; e, a segment of the female test; f, adult female, dorsal aspect; g, antenna of female; k, foot of female.

Plate X.

Fig.

1. Inglisia ornata. a, insects on twig of Elæocarpus (hinau); b, female test, side view; c, female test, dorsal view; d, a segment of the female test and three segments of fringe; e, male test; f, adult female, side view; g, marginal spines of female.

2. Inglisia patella. a, insects on leaf of Coprosma; b, c, female tests, upper side; d, adult female, ventral aspect; e, marginal spines of female.

PLATE XI.

Fig.

1. Lecanium depressum. a, adult female, dorsal aspect; b, markings of the skin.

2. Lecanium hemisphæricum. a, insects on Camellia; b, adult female, dorsal aspect; c, adult female, side view; d, female of second stage.

3. Lecanium hesperidum. a, insects on leaf of ivy; b, adult female, dorsal aspect; c, female of second stage; d, markings of skin.

4. Lecanium mori. a, insects on fern-leaf (Asplenium); b, adult female, dorsal aspect.

5. Lecanium oleæ. a, insects on twig of Camellia; b, adult female, dorsal aspect; c, adult female, side view; d, female of second stage, dorsal aspect; e, markings of skin.

Plate XII.

Fig.

1. Pulvinaria camellicola. a, insects on branch and leaf of Camellia; b, adult female and ovisac, dorsal aspect; c, adult female and ovisac, side view; d, adult female, dorsal aspect; e, female of second stage; f, markings of skin, with hairs; g, antenna of adult female; k, diagram of head of male, upper and under sides shown together, four eyes and two ocelli.

2. Planchonia epacridis. a, insect in test on leaf of Leucopogon; b, female in test, dorsal aspect; c, portion of the double fringes; d, extremity of abdomen of female; e, anogenital ring and anal tubercles of female; f, antenna of larva; g, rings with hairs replacing antennæ of adult female.

Plate XIII.

Fig.

1. Eriochiton hispidus. a, Insects on twig and leaves of Olearia Haastii; b, adult female, dorsal aspect, with fragments of test and fringe; c, adult female without test, dorsal aspect; d, male test, upper side; e, male test, under-side; f, larva, with fringe; g, female of second stage, without test, dorsal aspect; k, m, spines and tubular fringe; n, antenna of adult female; p, foot of adult female; s, last five joints of male antenna; t, abdominal spike of male.

2. Eriochiton spinosus. a, insects on twig of Melicope; b, adult female, without test; c, female of second stage; d, male test; c, marginal spines and feathery fringe of female; f, foot of adult female; g, antenna of adult female.

PLATE XIV.

Fig.

1. Eriococcus araucariæ. a, insects on twig of Araucaria excelsa (Norfolk Island pine); b, sac of female, upper side; c, sac of female, under-side, with enclosed shrivelled female and eggs; d, sac of male; e, adult female before gestation; f, extremity of abdomen, anogenital ring, and anal tubercles of female.

2. Eriococcus hoheriæ. a, insects on bark of Hoheria; b, sac of female, upper side; c, sac of male; d, adult female; e, extremity of abdomen and anal tubercles of adult female; f, foot of adult female; g, antenna of adult female; k, larva, ventral aspect; m, male; n, abdominal spike of male; p, antenna of male.

Plate XV.

Fig.

1. Eriococcus multispinus. a, insects on leaf of Knightia; b, sac of female, upper side; c, sac of female, under-side, with enclosed insect; d, adult female, dorsal aspect; e, diagram of arrangement of spines on female; f, spines of female; i, antenna of female; k, head of male, upper side; m, abdominal spike of male.

2. Eriococcus pallidus. a, insects on leaf of Myoporum (ngaio); b, sac of female; c, adult female, dorsal aspect; d, part of abdomen of female; e, antenna of female.

Plate XVI.

Fig.

1. Rhizococcus celmisiæ. a, Insects on leaves of Celmisia; b, adult female dorsal aspect.

2. Rhizococcus fossor. a, Insects on leaves of Santalum (maire); b, elevation produced by insect on upper side of leaf; c, female in pit on under-side of leaf; d, sac of male; e, adult female before gestation, from a pit; f, adult female from surface of leaf; g, female of second stage; k, marginal spines and tubular cotton of second stage; m, antenna of adult female; n, male; p, diagram of head of male, upper and lower sides shown together, four eyes and two ocelli; s, abdominal spike of male; t, antenna of male.

Plate XVII.

Fig.

1. Dactylopius alpinus. a, Insects on twig of Veronica; b, adult female, dorsal aspect; c, female of second stage; d, anogenital ring; e, antenna of adult female.

2. Dactylopius calceolariæ. a, Insects on leaf of Phormium tenax; b, adult female, dorsal aspect; c, antenna of adult female.

3. Dactylopius glaucus. a, Insects on leaf of Coprosma; b, adult female, green variety; c, adult female, brown variety; d, sac of male; e, antenna of male.

Plate XVIII.

Fig.

1. Dactylopius poæ. a, Insects on roots of Poa (tussock-grass); b, adult female; c, antenna of adult female; d, foot of adult female; e, anogenital ring and anal tubercles of adult female.

2. Pseudococcus asteliæ. a, Insects on leaf of Astelia; b, adult female, dorsal aspect; c, antenna of adult female; d, foot of adult female; e, various spinnerets.

Plate XIX.

Icerya Purchasi. a, Insects on twig of Acacia (wattle); b, adult female and ovisac, upper view; c, adult female and ovisac, side view; d, female of second stage; e, larva, with yellow cotton; f, male; g, haltere of male; k, two joints of male antenna; m, hairs, spinnerets, and glassy tubes; n, antenna of adult female.

Plate XX.

Cœlostoma zælandicum. a, adult female, dorsal aspect; b, adult female, ventral aspect; c, waxy tests of females of second stage on twig of Muhlenbeckia; d, female of second stage, dorsal aspect; e, female of second stage, ventral aspect, with anal tuft of cotton and seta; f, larva, with yellow mealy secretion; g, eggs, in cottony mass; k, antenna of female, second stage; l, foot of female, second stage; m, antenna of adult female; n, spiracle and trachea of female; p, anal extremity and "honeydew" organ of larva and female of second stage.

N.B.—The foot of the adult female is shown in Plate I., Fig. 6.

Plate XXI.

Fig.

1. Cœlostoma zælandicum. a, male insect; b, abdomen of male; c, foot of male; d, hairs and marks, abdomen of male; e, antenna of male; f, circular marks, abdomen of male; k, abdominal spike and penis of male; m, haltere of male.

2. Cœlostoma wairoense. a, male insect; b, head of male, upper side, with facetted eyes; c, foot of male; d, circular marks, abdomen of male.

Plate XXII.

The Honeydew, and resulting Fungi.

Fig.

1. a, Lecanid female (Ctenochiton) with protruded honeydew organ; b, abdominal extremity of the same, enlarged, the drop of honeydew bursting in spray.

2. a, fungoid growth on upper side of leaf; b, fungoid growth on twig; c, d, e, various forms of black fungi from honeydew.

Plate XXIII.

Parasites of Coccididæ.

Fig.

1. a, pupa of hymenopterous parasite; b, the same pupa under the waxy test of Ctenochiton perforatus; c, imago, or full-grown parasite.

2. a, brown and yellow fungi on Ctenochiton viridis (leaf of Hedycarya dentata); b, upper side of brown fungus; c, under-side of the same, with attached fungoid sheet; d., Ctenochiton viridis (test removed) filled with yellow fungus, and with globular mass of the same above it.