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An economic interpretation of the Constitution of the United States

Chapter 29: INDEX
By Charles A. Beard
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About This Book

This work examines the economic interests that influenced the drafting and adoption of the Constitution in 1787. It posits that social progress arises from the conflict of various societal interests, some of which supported the new Constitution while others opposed it. The study identifies the social classes and groups present in the United States at that time, analyzing how their economic stakes shaped their support for the new governmental framework. By focusing on the material conditions and property interests of these groups, the author provides an interpretation of the Constitution that emphasizes the role of economic factors in political change.

INDEX

  • Adams, John, theories attacked, 313.
  • Annapolis convention, 62.
  • Army, place in government, 171 ff.
  • Articles of Confederation, conditions under, 47, 58;
    • system of government, 52.
  • Baldwin, Abraham, economic interests of, 74;
    • political philosophy of, 190.
  • Baltimore, petitions for protection, 42;
    • popular vote in, 247.
  • Bancroft, interpretation of history, 1.
  • Bassett, Richard, economic interests of, 75.
  • Bedford, Gunning, economic interests of, 76;
    • political philosophy of, 191.
  • Blair, John, economic interests of, 77.
  • Blount, William, economic interests of, 78.
  • Boston, petitions for protection, 44;
    • property interests in, 261 ff.;
    • vote in, 244.
  • Bowdoin, Governor, demands stronger union, 55.
  • Brearley, David, economic interests of, 79.
  • Broom, Jacob, economic interests of, 80;
    • political philosophy of, 191.
  • Burgess, Professor, cited, 62.
  • Butler, Pierce, economic interests of, 81;
    • political philosophy of, 192.
  • Capital, attacks on, 31 ff.;
    • invested in lands, 49;
    • see Money and Securities.
  • Carroll, Daniel, economic interests of, 82.
  • “Centinel,” essays of, 312.
  • Checks and balances, 159 ff.
  • Cincinnati, Society of the, 38 ff.
  • Cities, populace feared, 215.
  • Clymer, George, 41;
    • economic interests of, 82;
    • political philosophy of, 193.
  • Commerce, demands for protection of, 40 ff.;
    • influence in politics, 172, 183 ff.
  • Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, 52;
    • calls the Convention at Philadelphia, 63.
  • Connecticut tax returns, in, 31;
    • suffrage qualifications, 66;
    • elections to state convention, 228;
    • vote on the Constitution, 228;
    • voters for members of convention, 240;
    • economic interests and ratification of the Constitution, 265 ff.;
    • public securities in, 265;
    • conflict over ratification, 306 ff.
  • Constitution, U. S., juristic theory of, 10 ff., 299;
    • economic forces in creation and adoption, 16 ff.;
    • movement for, 52 ff.;
    • nature of, 152 ff.
  • Constitutional law, interpretation of, 13 ff.
  • Contracts, provision for safeguarding, 179 ff.
  • Convention, at Philadelphia, called, 63;
    • movement for, 52 ff.;
    • method of electing delegates, 64; 73 ff.
  • Creditors, consolidation of, 32.
  • Currency, depreciation of, 31.
  • Davie, William R., economic interests of, 84;
    • political philosophy of, 193.
  • Dayton, Jonathan, economic interests of, 85.
  • Debt, Public, see Securities.
  • Debtors, political schemes, 28;
    • war on creditors, 31 ff.;
    • in revolt in New England, 59.
  • Delaware, suffrage qualification, 68;
    • elections to state convention, 230;
    • vote on the Constitution, 230;
    • voters for members of convention, 241;
    • ratification of the Constitution, 272.
  • Depreciation, of securities, 32.
  • Dickinson, John, economic interests of, 87;
    • political philosophy of, 194.
  • Disfranchised, the, 24 ff.
  • Economic interests, appealed to, in behalf of the Constitution, 53.
  • Economic interpretation of history, 5 ff.;
    • of law, 7 ff.;
    • of constitutional law, 13;
    • Madison’s, 14 ff.; 156 ff.
  • Elections, popular, feared, 214;
    • annual, 216;
    • popular vote on the Constitution, 239 ff.;
    • to state conventions, 226 ff.;
    • number voting in, 242 ff.;
    • see Suffrage.
  • Ellsworth, Oliver, economic interests of, 88;
    • political philosophy of, 196;
    • on ratification, 220.
  • Executive, veto power, 213; 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216.
  • Farms, mortgaged, 22;
    • small, 27.
  • Federalist, The, on the Constitution, 152 ff.
  • Few, William, economic interests of, 90.
  • Fitzsimons, Thomas, 41;
    • economic interests of, 91;
    • political philosophy of, 196.
  • Franklin, Benjamin, on conditions of the country in 1787, 47;
    • and land speculation, 49;
    • economic interests of, 92;
    • political philosophy of, 197.
  • Freeholders, dangers from, 71;
    • best guardians of liberty, 195; 189–216 passim;
    • see Suffrage and Elections.
  • Georgia, suffrage qualifications, 70;
    • elections to state convention, 236;
    • vote on the Constitution, 236;
    • voters for members of convention, 241;
    • reasons for speedy ratification, 290.
  • Gerry, Elbridge, views on the Cincinnati, 38;
    • economic interests of, 95;
    • political philosophy of, 197;
    • on property qualifications, 167.
  • Gilman, Nicholas, economic interests of, 93.
  • Gorham, Nathaniel, economic interests of, 99;
    • political philosophy of, 198;
    • on ratification, 219.
  • Hamilton, Alexander, views on the working-class, 25;
    • estimate of debt, 33;
    • economic interests of, 100;
    • political philosophy of, 199;
    • on ratification, 222.
  • Henry, Patrick, and land speculation, 49.
  • History, interpretation of, 1 ff.
  • Holmes, Justice, economic views cited, 9 n.
  • Houston, W. C., economic interests of, 114.
  • Houstoun, William, economic interests of, 115;
    • political philosophy of, 200.
  • Ingersoll, Jared, economic interests of, 116;
    • political philosophy of, 200.
  • Jenifer, Daniel, 116.
  • Jhering, work cited, 14 n.
  • Johnson, W. S., economic interests of, 117.
  • Judicial control, nature of, 162, 196;
    • Spaight against, 214; 216.
  • King, Rufus, economic interests of, 118;
    • political philosophy of, 201;
    • on ratification, 218.
  • Knox, General, believes the Confederation is in ruins, 58; 301.
  • Land, policy, 27;
    • western, speculation in, 23, 49;
    • members of the Convention, interests in, 151.
  • Langdon, John, economic interests of, 120.
  • Lansing, John, economic interests of, 123.
  • Lassalle, cited, 14 n.
  • Law, interpretation in the United States, 7 ff.;
    • England, 7.
  • Libby, O. G., work on the Constitution, 5.
  • Livingston, William, economic interests of, 123;
    • political philosophy of, 201.
  • Madison, James, interpretation of history and politics, 14 ff.;
    • on universal suffrage, 25;
    • on the dissolution of the Confederation, 60;
    • on the Annapolis convention, 62;
    • economic interests of, 125;
    • political philosophy of, 156;
    • on property qualifications, 165, 167;
    • on ratification, 222;
    • view as to causes of opposition to Constitution, 293.
  • Maitland, and economic interpretation, 8 n.
  • Majority rule, devices for checking, 156 ff.
  • Manufacturing, 23;
    • demands for protection, 41 ff.; 175.
  • Marshall, opinion as to nature of the Constitution cited, 10;
    • on the obligation of contracts, 181 f.; 287;
    • analysis of the conflict over the Constitution, 295 ff.
  • Martin, Alexander, economic interests of, 126.
  • Martin, Luther, and debtors, 28;
    • economic interests of, 126;
    • political philosophy of, 205.
  • Maryland, petitions for protection, 43;
    • suffrage qualifications, 69;
    • elections to state convention, 234;
    • vote on the Constitution, 235;
    • voters for members of convention, 241;
    • vote on Constitution in, 247;
    • economic interests and ratification of the Constitution, 281;
    • conflict over ratification, 316 ff.
  • Mason, George, economic interests of, 127;
    • political philosophy of, 205.
  • Massachusetts, tax returns in, 31;
    • rebellion in, 59;
    • suffrage qualifications, 65;
    • elections to state convention, 226;
    • vote on the Constitution, 227;
    • voters for members of convention, 240;
    • elections in, 242;
    • economic interests and ratification of the Constitution, 257 ff.;
    • public securities in, 261;
    • conflict over ratification, 301 ff.
  • McClurg, James, economic interests of, 130;
    • political philosophy of, 203.
  • McHenry, James, economic interests of, 130;
    • political philosophy of, 204;
    • elected to the Maryland convention, 247.
  • Mercer, J. F., economic interests of, 131;
    • political philosophy of, 207.
  • Merchants, petition for adequate naval protection, 56.
  • Mifflin, Thomas, economic interests of, 132.
  • Minority, rights of the, 156 ff.; 322.
  • Monarchy, favored by Dickinson, 195.
  • Money, distribution of, 31;
    • paper, 28 ff.;
    • forbidden in the Constitution, 179; 281.
  • Money-lending, 28.
  • Monroe, on the Annapolis convention, 62.
  • Morley, on Macaulay, 4 n.
  • Morris, Gouverneur, economic interests of, 133;
    • political philosophy of, 207;
    • on property qualifications, 166;
    • view of conflict in Pennsylvania, 311.
  • Morris, Robert, and land speculation, 49;
    • economic interests of, 133;
    • political philosophy of, 209.
  • Navy, see Army.
  • New England, rebellion in, 59.
  • New Hampshire, tax returns in, 31;
    • suffrage qualifications, 65;
    • elections to state convention, 225;
    • vote on the Constitution, 226;
    • voters for members of state convention, 240;
    • economic interests and the Constitution, 254;
    • conflict over ratification, 300.
  • New Jersey, suffrage qualifications in, 68;
    • elections to state convention, 230;
    • vote on the Constitution, 230;
    • voters for members of convention, 241;
    • economic interests and ratification of the Constitution, 271 f.;
    • public securities in, 271.
  • New York, petitions for protection, 43;
    • suffrage qualifications, 67;
    • number of voters in, 67;
    • elections to state convention, 229;
    • vote on the Constitution, 229;
    • demand for a second national Convention, 229;
    • voters for members of convention, 241;
    • popular vote on the Constitution, 244;
    • economic interests and ratification of the Constitution, 268 ff.;
    • public securities in, 270;
    • conflict over ratification, 309.
  • North Carolina, suffrage qualifications, 69;
    • elections to state convention, 235;
    • ratification of Constitution deferred, 235;
    • ratification, 236;
    • voters for members of convention, 241;
    • economic interests and ratification of the Constitution, 287 f.;
    • conflict over ratification, 319.
  • Paper money, 28 ff.
  • Paterson, William, 136, 209, 222.
  • Pennsylvania, suffrage qualifications, 68;
    • elections to state convention, 231;
    • vote on the Constitution, 233;
    • conflict over ratification, 231 ff.;
    • voters for members of convention, 241;
    • popular vote on the Constitution, 246;
    • economic interests and ratification of the Constitution, 273 ff.;
    • public securities in, 274;
    • conflict over ratification, 310 ff.
  • Personal property, distribution of, in the United States, 19 ff.
  • Philadelphia, petitions for protection, 40, 44;
    • residents seek relief from financial disorders, 57;
    • popular vote in, 247.
  • Pierce, William, economic interests of, 137;
    • political philosophy of, 209.
  • Pinckney, Charles, economic interests of, 138;
    • political philosophy of, 210.
  • Pinckney, C. C., economic interests of, 137;
    • political philosophy of, 211.
  • Pound, Professor, writings cited, 9.
  • Powers, balance of, 159 ff.
  • President, see Executive.
  • Property, rights of, 156 ff.;
    • qualifications on voters and officers, 164 ff.;
    • position under the Constitution, 176;
    • qualifications for officers, 213;
    • see Suffrage and Elections.
  • Protection, for manufacturing, demanded, 40;
    • for trade, 175.
  • Public securities, records of, at Treasury Department, 20.
  • Randolph, Edmund, economic interests of, 139;
    • political philosophy of, 212;
    • on ratification, 219.
  • Ratification, see separate states;
    • plan suggested by the Convention, 217;
    • accepted by Congress, 217;
    • criticism and defence of, 218 ff.;
    • accepted by the states, 225.
  • Read, George, economic interests of, 140;
    • political philosophy of, 213.
  • Real property, groups of interests, 26 ff.
  • Referendum, 239.
  • Representatives, House of, 160, 162, 191, 192, 197, 199, 207, 210, 212.
  • Rhode Island, ratification of the Constitution, 237.
  • Rutledge, John, economic interests of, 141;
    • political philosophy of, 213.
  • Schuyler, Philip, demands a national convention, 55, 108.
  • Securities, Public, amount of, 32 f.;
    • depreciation of, 32;
    • gain in appreciation of, 34 ff.;
    • members of the Convention holding, 149 f.;
    • in Massachusetts, 261 ff.;
    • in Connecticut, 266 f.;
    • in New York, 270;
    • in New Jersey, 271;
    • in Pennsylvania, 273;
    • in Virginia, 286;
    • in North Carolina, 287;
    • in South Carolina, 289.
  • Senate, 161, 162;
  • Senators, life term proposed, 213;
    • term of, 214;
    • popular election, 216.
  • Shays’ Rebellion, 39.
  • Sherman, Roger, economic interests of, 142;
    • political philosophy of, 213;
    • view of plan of ratification, 218.
  • Slave-holders, interest in the Constitution, 29.
  • Slaves, members of the Convention holding, 151;
    • danger of revolt, 174;
    • trade in, discussed in the Convention, 176;
    • Rutledge’s view of, 213.
  • Smith, Melancton, 246.
  • South Carolina, suffrage qualifications, 70;
    • popular vote on the Constitution, 248;
    • elections to state convention, 236;
    • vote on the Constitution, 236;
    • voters for members of Convention, 241;
    • economic interests and ratification of the Constitution, 288 f.;
    • public securities in, 289;
    • conflict over ratification, 321.
  • Spaight, R. D., economic interests of, 143;
    • political philosophy of, 214.
  • States, restrictions on, 178 ff.;
    • causes of conflict among, 186 ff.
  • Stock Exchange, founding of, 35.
  • Strong, Caleb, economic interests of, 144;
    • political philosophy of, 214.
  • Suffrage, qualifications on, in 1787, 64 ff.;
    • discussed in the Convention, 164 ff., 190 ff.;
    • manhood in New York, 241;
    • for electors voting on the Constitution, 240 f.;
    • number disfranchised, 242.
  • Taxation, absence of power under the Confederation, 52;
    • power conferred by the Constitution, 169;
    • interpretation of the system, 170;
    • Hamilton on, 171.
  • Territories, provisions for, in the Constitution, 175.
  • Teutonic school, interpretation of history, 2.
  • Tories, 240.
  • Turner, Professor, historical interpretation, 5.
  • Veto, absolute, proposed, 213.
  • Veto power, 215.
  • Virginia, suffrage qualifications, 69;
    • elections to state convention, 235;
    • vote on the Constitution, 235;
    • voters for members of Convention, 241;
    • economic interests and ratification of the Constitution, 282 ff.;
    • public securities in, 286;
    • conflict over ratification, 318.
  • Vote, popular, see Elections.
  • Washington, George, and the Cincinnati, 39;
    • and land speculation, 49;
    • fears for the safety of the country, 58;
    • economic interests of, 144;
    • political philosophy of, 215.
  • Williamson, Hugh, and land speculation, 23, 50;
    • economic interests of, 146;
    • political philosophy of, 215.
  • Wilson, James, economic interests of, 147;
    • political philosophy of, 215.
  • Wilson, Woodrow, description of the movement for the Constitution, 61.
  • Women, legal position of, 24.
  • Working-class, and politics, 25.
  • Wythe, George, economic interests of, 148;
    • political philosophy of, 216.