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An Introduction to Nature-study

Chapter 113: General Biology. Section I. of Stage I.
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About This Book

An illustrated, practical manual for nature-study that trains students in close observation and simple experiments using common plants and animals. Organized in two parts—plant life and animal life—it treats seeds, leaves, stems, flowers, trees, ferns, mosses, and fungi, then mammals, birds, amphibians, insects, and invertebrates, with instructions for field work, school journeys, and a monthly nature calendar. Each chapter pairs step-by-step observation exercises with explanatory descriptions, questions, and additional tests aimed at secondary students and adaptable for younger pupils, emphasizing learning methods over rote facts and using accessible specimens and clear illustrations.

General Biology.
Section I. of Stage I.

(You are permitted to answer only eight questions.)

1. Write what you can of the habits of the common House Fly and of the common Clothes Moth; draw figures of their appearance at different stages of the life-history.

2. Where and when do you find Frog’s eggs? Of what use is the jelly with which they are surrounded?

3. How does the Tadpole swim, and how does the Frog swim? How does the Frog jump, and how does it catch a fly?

4. Contrast the characters of the mouth (including teeth if present) in the Frog, Bird, Cat, Rabbit and Sheep.

5. Describe the characteristic modes of locomotion in the Bird, Dog, Rabbit and Bat, and point out any peculiarities of the skeleton which are related to these habits.

6. Describe the heart of the Sheep, and account so far as you can for any differences you can point out between the various chambers.

7. In what way are bees useful to flowers? Explain in any one example you choose what happens when a bee visits the flower.

8. Describe the roots of a pea or bean. What importance do you attach to the different parts you mention?

9. What is starch? How would you show whether or not it was present in a leaf? What conditions are necessary in order that the leaf may produce it?

10. Describe the fruit of either the Sycamore or the Poppy, and explain the uses of the different parts in dispersing the seed.

11. Describe how you would proceed in arranging an experiment to enable you to study the germination of a seed. Give a brief account of the process of germination of any seed you may select.

12. Describe and sketch the specimen provided, and explain, as far as you can, the use of the different parts.