An Irish precursor of Dante

INDEX

Abersetus, 36, 194.
Acallam na Sénórach, 187.
Accadian survivals in Assyrian mythology, 69.
Achæmenian elements in Avestan religion, 79.
Acheron, 216.
Achilles in Leuke, 143.
Achtlann, 149.
Adam, legend of death of, 84, 97;
Book of, 203 n.;
Book of Adam and Eve, 114.
Adam de Ros, 230.
Adamnán, St., authorities for life, 4 n., 12;
meaning of name, 7;
birth and lineage, 7;
anecdote of student days, 12, 13;
at monastery of Iona, 8;
Abbot, 8;
missions to England, 8, 9;
relations with Bede, 9;
Paschal controversy, 9, 10;
Boruma tribute, 15, 16, 17;
relations with Árd-Rí Finnachta, 13 sqq.;
emancipation of women, 18 sqq., 45;
death, 10, 22-3;
character, 9, 12, 23-4;
his learning, 10, 12, 25;
his Life of St. Colm Cille, 10;
cited, 157, 166;
treatise De Locis Sanctis, 11, 114;
his canons, 12, 18;
apocryphal writings, 12;
the Cáin Adamnáin, 18 sqq., 27.
—— The Vision of, date of, 25;
MSS. and editions, 27;
reasons of ascription to Adamnán, 25 sqq., 45, 177;
Translation, 28 sqq.;
precedents and authorities, 28-9, 106-7, 180-1;
contents discussed, 25 sqq., 174 sqq.;
structural design, 175 sqq.;
composite character, 176 sqq.;
literary characteristics, 174-6, 186, 246-8;
ecclesiastical proclivities, 182-4;
Purgatorial theory, 193-4;
coincidences with Oriental eschatology, 83 sqq., 90, 193;
compared with Dante’s Commedia, 181, 185, 187, 188 n., 189, 193 n., 194-5, 200-4;
relation to Dante, 243-6;
cited, 3, 22, 96 n., 133, 144, 152, 171, 172, 174, 211, 212, 218 n., 230, 232, 233.
Addison’s Vision of Mirza and Bridge episode, 132.
Aelian, 151.
Æons, early Persian, 79;
of Philo Judæus, 79 n.;
of Hesiod, ib.
Ailill, 132.
Alberic, Vision of, 238-9;
cp. with Dante, ib.
Alcuin, 5 n.
Aldfrid, King of Northumbria, 8.
Alexandria, Jewish colony in, 86;
culture mainly Hellenic, 86-8;
contact with Egyptian ideas, 88-9.
Allegory, in the Avesta, 74-5, 182;
in Virgil, 46;
in the Shepherd of Hermas, 104;
in Irish legends, 135, 142, 144-5.
Amesha Spentas, the, and Philo’s Emanations, 78-9.
Ancona, Prof. A. d’, I Precursori di Dante, 175 n., 184 n., 190 n., 203 n., 208 n., 213 n., 216 n., 228 n., 229 n., 238 n.
Angels, hierarchies, 30, 185, 223-4;
guardian angels, 29, 86, 181-2, 191, 214;
tending souls of dead, 35, 191 (and see art. ‘Guide’);
porter in Otherworld, 35, 84, 193;
fallen angels, 202 n., 211;
angel of death, mistaken, 110, 111;
angel giving light in Paradise, 34;
in Hell, 214.
Anglo-Saxon scholars and missionaries, 5 n.
Annals, Irish, see under Ireland;
of Ulster, cited, 2 n.
Apap, Egyptian ‘Eater of the Dead,’ 89, 196 n.
Apocalypse of St. John, see ‘Revelations’ of St. Paul, St. Peter, etc.;
see ‘Paul,’ ‘Peter,’ etc.
Apocryphal Books, Christian, abundance of, 101;
Jewish traditions in, 97.
Apostles, Vision at death of B. V., 29, 107;
in Paradise, 31, 98, 194-5.
Apuleius, 49.
Aquinas, Thomas, pupil of Petrus Hibernicus, 6 n.
Arali, 70.
Arch, fiery, watery, etc., in legends, 32, 152, 160, 188.
Arculf, 11, 12.
Árd-Ollamh, the, 117.
Árd-Rí, the Irish, 116 n.
Ariel, archangel, 36.
Ariosto’s enchanted gardens, Otherworld origin of, 181.
Aristophanes on the Otherworld, in the Frogs, 59 sqq.;
on the mysteries, ib.
Armageddon, 163 n.
Árt mac Cuinn, 133, 136, 138-9.
Art, sacred, and the mediæval legends, 186, 215 n.
Ascetics, priority of, in Paradise, 39, 198.
Assyrian eschatology, 69, 70, and see ‘Chaldæa.’
Augustine, St., Vision of Curina, 110;
purgatorial theory, 193;
cited, 202.
Avesta, eschatology, 71 sqq.;
animistic conceptions, 75;
allegorising tendency, 74-5;
date and composition, 76;
Neo-Platonic influences, 76 sqq.;
early Persian elements, 79;
Oriental elements, 81;
influence on Hebrew thought, 70.
Axiochos, pseudo-Platonic dialogue, 58.
Bagadas, Bridge myth among the, 132.
Baitan, 157.
Ballyshannon, Mórdáil of, 18.
Balor, the Fomorian champion, 135 n.
Bards, the Irish order, 117 n.
Battle at the end of the world, 163.
Bécuma Cneisgel, 136, 138.
Bede, Venerable, and Adamnán, 9, 10, 23;
account of St. Fursa’s visions, 166 sqq.;
of Drihthelm’s vision, 233.
Béfind, 122.
Belach Dúinn, 8.
Benn Edair, 136.
Best, Mr. R. I., Adventures of Árt, Son of Conn, and the Courtship of Delbchaem, 136 n., 137.
Birds, mystical, 32, 72, 73, 154-5, 163, 189;
as divine messengers, 72, 73;
as culture bringers, 72;
human souls in, 46, 160, 174 n., 189, 191;
singing the canonical hours, 32, 85, 179;
choirs of, in Paradise, 31, 157-8, 163, 174, 185, 189;
in island Elysium, 160.
Birr, Mórdáil of, 18.
Book of the Dead, Egyptian, 89 n.
Boruma Tribute, instituted, 14;
remitted, 15 sqq.;
treatises on, 14.
Bran, son of Febal, Voyage of, 122 n., 123 sqq., 146-8, 189.
Brandenburg, Marquis of, legend, 121.
Brenainn of Birr, St., 154.
Brendan, St., Voyage of, 147 sqq., 202 n., 207 sqq.;
influence on European literature, 202, 207;
his island, belief in, 207 n.
Bridge, in legends of the Otherworld, 38-9, 71, 111, 131, 132, 139, 178, 197-8, 215-17, 231, 239;
cognate traditions, 131-2.
Brudin Da Derga, story of, cited, 12 n.
Brug na Boinne, Elysium in, 122, 189.
Brunetto Latini, reference to his Tesoretto, 121.
Bryce, Prof., on the Donation of Constantine, 45 n.
Buan, mystical hazels of, 140, 155.
Budge, Dr. W., Book of the Dead, 89 n.
Bundehesh cited, 72.
Burghcastle, monastery founded by St. Fursa, 166.
Cáin Adamnáin, see ‘Adamnán.’
Caldron, magic, 122-3, 141.
Calixtus II., Pope, and Carolingian Romances, 147 n.
Callimachus, 88.
Carman, poem on Fair of, cited, 32, 115.
Carolingian Romances, 146 n.
Castle, enchanted, Otherworld origin of, 150;
revolving, in romance of Peredur, 154.
Castor and Pollux, 49.
Cernunnos and Bran, 123 n.
Cethlenn, 135 n.
Chaldæa, eschatology of, 69, 70;
Hades, 70;
visits thereto, 69;
Elysium, 69;
multitudinous deities, 81-2;
no Rebirth doctrine, 80.
Charles, Rev. A. H., ed. of Book of Enoch, 95 n.
Chastity ideal in Irish Elysium, 144, 147-8.
Chaucer cited, 143.
Chinvât Bridge, 71, 112.
Christ’s descent into Hades, 101.
Christian interpolations in Irish tales, 145-8;
ideas becoming predominant, 146-7.
Chthonian side of Irish myths, 121, 129, 130, 135 n., 136, 138-9.
Church, Paradise conceived as a, 34, 164, 184.
Cicero, Somnium Scipionis, 64;
approbation of the mysteries, 108.
Cinel Enda, 7.
City, celestial, 33, 35, 94.
Classical ideas in mediæval eschatology, 227.
Classification of departed spirits, 172, 198-9;
of penalties in the Otherworld, 40 sqq., 105, 199 sqq.
Claudian, cited, 49.
Clement of Ireland, 6 n.
Clovis II., 167.
Cockayne element in Irish Elysium, 122-3, 135, 137, 141, 190;
transition to higher conceptions, 144, 164-5, 171, 190.
Colm Cille, St., 8, 11, 18, 24;
visions of, 166;
privilege of order, 17;
Adamnán, Life of, see ‘Adamnán.’
Commedia, see ‘Dante.’
Comyn, Michael, Laoi Oisín ar dTír na n-Óg, 133.
Conall Gulbán, 7.
Concobar, mediæval Irish king, 221.
Condla Coel Corrbacc, 149.
Conn Ced-cathach in Otherworld, 133 sqq., 143.
Connla mac Cuinn in Otherworld, 126, 133, 143.
Constantine, Donation of, 45.
Cormac, King of Cashel, 221-2.
Cormac mac Áirt in Otherworld, 120, 133, 139 sqq., 146 n.
Corpre Cundail, 149.
Cuchulainn, in Otherworld, 120, 127 sqq., 130;
and children of Doel Dermait, 146, 149, 150.
Curina, Vision of, 110.
Dá Brón Flatha Nime, 174.
Dagda, Elysium of the, 121-3, 144, 183, 190.
Daire Degamra, 137.
Dante, antiquity of his theme, 1-3;
his true originality, 3, 241;
his design, 67-8, 181;
Dante and Virgil, 67;
non-classical sources, 68;
how far indebted to the Irish legends, 243-6;
Dante and Immanuel ben Salamone, 241 n.;
parallels to the Fis Adamnáin, 181, 185, 187, 188 n., 189, 193 n., 194-5, 200-4;
to the Vision of St. Paul, 230;
to the Vision of Tundale, 225-9;
to St. Patrick’s Purgatory, 235, 238;
representation of the Trinity, 186, 188 n.;
mystical bird, 189;
cited, 32 n., 101 n., 103 n., 169 n., 172, 181 n., 193 n., 194-6, 209 n., 231.
Darmesteter, trans. of Vendîdâd, 71 n.;
on Neo-Platonic ideas in the Avesta, 76 sqq.
Dead cast no shadows, 61, 79;
nor move eyelids, 61.
Dé Danann, see ‘Tuatha Dé Danann.’
Delbchaem, 136, 138.
Demeter, 49;
and see ‘Mysteries.’
Demonax and the Mysteries, 108.
Demons, malice of, 43, 204;
opposition to the seer’s progress, 167-8, 170, 213, 233, 234, 239.
Derg, Loch, 234.
Derry, Mórdáil at, 18.
Dicuil, 6 n., 114, 115.
Dietrich, Prof., on the Greek mysteries, 54 n.
Dill, Prof., Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, 75 n., 88 n.
Dionysos, in the mysteries, 59;
in the Frogs of Aristophanes, 59.
Divinity, the, representation of, in Paradise, 32, 33;
as a mystical face, 33.
Doel Dermait, children of, and Cuchulainn, 146, 149, 150.
Döllinger on the Donation of Constantine, 45 n.
Donatus, St., Irish bishop of Fiesole, 6 n.
Drihthelm, Vision of, 233.
Druimceatt, Mórdáil of, 18.
Drumhome, 7.
Dumas père, quoted, 1.
Dungal, 6 n.
Easter, time of celebrating, 9;
and see ‘Paschal Controversy.’
‘Eater of the Dead,’ Egyptian, 89, 196 n.
Ecbatana, walls of, 33 n., 185.
Ecgfrid, King of Northumbria, 8.
Echtra, class of Irish romance, 118;
E. Nerai, 132;
E. Áirt, 136.
Edward I. and Lia Fáil, 134.
Egypt and the Greek mysteries, 52-3;
early intercourse with Greece, 88-9;
eschatology, 89, 93;
relations to Alexandrian culture, 87-9;
cults in the Hellenic world, 88-9;
intercourse with Irish Church, 113-15.
Elborz, Mount, 71, 81.
Eleusis, see ‘Mysteries.’
Elias in Paradise, 46, 85, 98, 157, 163, 174, 179, 205.
Elysium, Greek, 49 n., 50, 58, 59, 63;
Chaldæan, 69;
Avestan, 72, 85;
Egyptian, 89;
Irish, 49 n., 121-6, 128-9, 135, 137, 138, 140-4, 146 n., 147;
aristocratic theory of, 70, 143, 227.
Emer, 128-9.
End of world anticipated by early Church, 100-1.
Enniskillen, derivation of name, 135 n.
Enoch, in Paradise, 46, 85, 98, 157, 179, 205;
to reappear for final battle, 163;
Book of, date, 94;
cited by St. Jude, ibid.;
general character, 95;
summary, 95 sqq.;
purgatorial theory, 194;
whether known in Ireland, 192 n.;
compared with Dante, 95;
cited, 183 n., 198, 199.
Eochaid Airem, 122, 127.
Eochaid Glas Corpre, 149.
Epicurean school, influence of, in first century, 91.
Er, Vision of, 56 sqq., 59.
Eratosthenes, 88.
Erenach, the Irish, 40.
Eridu, 70.
Erigena, see ‘Joannes Scotus E.’
Erik Saga, 131.
Esdras, Vision of, in O. T. Apocrypha, 97, 182 n., 215 n.;
in N. T. Apocrypha, 98.
Etain, 122, 127.
Ethne, wife of Mider, 127;
E. Taebfada, 143.
Fabian, Bishop of Rome, 45.
Failbhe, Abbot of Iona, 8.
Fand, 128-9.
Félire Oengusa, 174, 205 n.
Fercertue, 126 n.
Fermoy, Book of, cited, 136 n., 157 n.
Ferry to Hades, 67.
Fidelis, Irish traveller, 114.
Fiery circles in Paradise, 30, 187;
lakes, rivers, etc., of Otherworld, 36, 37, 96, 132, 133, 194;
wall, 43, 153, 187, 194, 202.
Filid, Irish literary order, 117.
Filippo Argenti, 169 n.
Finnachta Fledach, Árd-Rí of Ireland, accession, 14;
relations with Adamnán, 13 sqq.;
and Boruma tribute, 14 sqq.;
mentioned in connection with emancipation of women, 45;
death, 17.
Finn cycle, 133.
Firghil, Irish bishop of Salzburg, 6 n., 115.
Fis, class of Irish romances, 120;
the Christian Fis, 165, 212;
Fis Adamnáin, etc., see ‘Adamnán,’ Etc.;
see also under ‘Vision.’
Fitzgerald, David, Popular Tales of Ireland, 153 n., 174 n.
Fomorians, the, Chthonian powers, 121, 135 n.
Food, miraculous, 126, 155-6, 208, 210.
Forgall Monach, 130.
Foucart, M. P., on the Greek mysteries, 52-5;
on the Isis cult, 89 n.
Four Masters, the, cited, 18.
Fravashi, the, 86, 183.
Frederick II., Emperor, and Petrus Hibernicus, 6 n.;
legend of disappearance of, 164 n.
Friedel, Dr. V. H., joint editor of La Vision de Tondale, 212 n.
Fursa, St., 166;
Visions of, 167 sqq.
Gardner, Prof. P., on the Greek mysteries, 53 n., 54, 92 n.;
on Greek sources of Christian eschatology, 92 n.
Gelasius, 25.
Gilbert, Abbot of Louth, 234.
Giöll, Bridge of, 131.
Gisdubar, 69.
Good and evil, souls of mingled, fate of, 39, 72, 85, 112, 191, 201-2, 220-2.
Gorm and Bridge myth, 131.
Graal legend, parallels to Irish legends, 124 n., 131, 150, 154, 156, 184 n.
Greece, visits to Otherworld, 49;
visions of Otherworld, 56 sqq.;
Greece and Alexandria, 86 sqq.;
intercourse with Egypt, 89 n.;
philosophic schools under early Empire, 91;
influence on early Christian eschatology, 92 n.;
Greek learning in Ireland, 115;
Greeks in Ireland, ibid.;
traces in Irish tales, 151;
and see ‘Elysium,’ ‘Tartarus,’ ‘Mysteries,’ ‘Hades,’ ‘Plato,’ ‘Plutarch,’ ‘Aristophanes.’
Gregory I., Pope and Saint;
vision of Stephen, 110;
of a soldier, 111;
of a Spanish monk, 112.
Guide to Hades, 182;
in Book of Enoch, 95;
in Vision of Esdras, 98;
in Fis Adamnáin, 29, 181-2, 195;
in Irish legends, 121, 130, 167, 170, 214;
in Continental legends, 230.
Hades, the Greek, 50;
Virgilian, 66;
Chaldæan, 70;
Christian, 92 n.
Haemgils, 233.
Hara-berezaiti, Mount, 71 n.
Harrowing of Hell legend, 101.
Healy, Dr., Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, 4 n.
Heaven, described: in the Book of Enoch, 96;
in the Fis Adamnáin, 30 sqq., 183 sqq.;
in Irish legends, 158, 174, 223, 234;
as a Christian Church, 34, 164, 184;
the Seven Heavens, 35, 83, 84, 192;
and see ‘Paradise.’
Hebrews, see ‘Jews.’
Hell, in the Book of Enoch, 95-6;
Greek ideas in Christian, 109;
Apocalypse of Peter, 105;
Paul, 106;
St. Gregory, 112;
Fis Adamnáin, 38 sqq., 196 sqq.;
other Irish visions, 158, 170-1, 172-3, 209, 219 sqq., 233, 235;
Continental legends, 231, 239;
of Oriental religions, 226 n.;
as mouth of a monster, 215, 216, 235, 239;
Northern and Southern conception contrasted, 200 n., 202, 228.
Hellenism, in Persia, 76 sqq.;
Syria, 68;
Egypt, 87-9;
Jewish schools, 68, 86-7.
Helmet of Irish Árd-Rí, 32 n., 188.
Henry of Saltrey, 234.
Herakles, visit to Hades, 49.
Hermas, Shepherd of, 101 sqq.;
anticipations of Dante, 103, 182 n.
Hermits on islands, 154-7, 160, 191, 210, 211.
Hermödr and Bridge myth, 131.
Herodotus cited, 33 n., 87, 88 n., 151.
Hesiod, Elysium, 50 n.;
æons, 79 n.;
cited, 121 n.
Hierarchies, nine celestial, 30, 185, 223-4.
Hilarius, Pope, reforms calendar, 9.
Homer, Elysium, 50;
island Paradise, 121;
Odyssey cited, 152.
Horse-races of demons, 152.
Hull, Miss Eleanor, Cuchullin Saga, 130, 131.
Hyde, Dr. Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, 117 n., 128 n.
Immanuel ben Salamone, 241 n.
Imram, class of Irish romance, 120;
adopts Christian eschatology, 146, 157, 164;
Christian Imrama, 147, 150;
modern Imrama, 212;
of Bran, Maelduin, the Ui Corra, Snedgus and Mac Ríagla, St. Brendan, Tadg Mac Céin; see ‘Bran,’ etc.
Indian mythology, parallels in, 29 n.
Inferno, see ‘Dante.’
Initiation, see ‘Mysteries.’
Interpolations, Christian, in Irish heroic tales, 145-9.
Iona, monastery founded by St. Colm Cille, 8;
abbots of, 8;
opposition to Adamnán’s reform, 10;
apocryphal disputes with Adamnán, 22.
Ireland: Church in seventh century, 4;
three orders of saints, 4;
asceticism, 24;
tribal organisation, 7, 15;
political activity, 6;
learning in, 5, 115;
connections with Gaul, 113;
with the East, 113-15;
intercourse with Greeks, 115;
Oriental type of monasticism, 114;
pilgrimages to Egypt, 114;
missionary activity, 5;
Irish scholars abroad, 5, 115;
Irish monastic foundations in foreign countries, 5, 166, 233 n.
—— Social ranks and classes, 116 n.;
position of women, 18 sqq.
—— Political constitution, 14, 116 n.;
the Mórdáil, 18.
—— The literary class, 116-18;
the annals, authority of, 16, 17.
—— Romantic literature: classification of stories, 118-19;
pagan elements, 119, 120;
ethical ideas, 144, 145, 147-8;
tolerance of clergy, 119, 209 n.;
clerical interpolations, 145-9;
transition to Christianity, 146-7, 157, 164-5;
possible borrowings from the Norse, 131, 152;
from classics, 151-2;
loss of natural beauty, 247;
of music, 124, 139, 141, 159, 181, 189, 191, 247.
—— Interrupted development of Irish literature and modern revival, 247.
Isaiah, Vision of, 98.
Ishtâr, 69, 97.
Isis, cult of, in Græco-Roman world, 89 n.;
treatise on Isis and Osiris, 88.
Island Paradise, 123, 151, 153-4, 157, 159, 160, 162-3, 184 n., 210.
Israel, see ‘Jews.’
Jews, contact with Oriental religions during captivity, 68, 82;
Persian mythology, 70;
Hellenic influences, 68, 86-7;
colonies in Asia and Alexandria, 86;
Egyptian ideas, 87-9;
Rabbinical legends, 84;
spiritism, 81;
eschatology, 89, 90, 191;
Purgatorial theories, 90;
influence on Christian conception of Paradise, 109.
Joannes Scotus Erigena, 6 n., 115.
John of Thessalonica, 107.
Jubinal, La Légende latine de St. Brendaines, 207 n.
Jude, St., Epistle of, cited, 71, 94, 99.
Judgment: of individual on demise, 37, 38, 71, 106, 195;
deferred till Last Judgment, 39, 40, 41, 191;
Last, 31, 47, 72 n., 96;
impatience of damned for, 43;
intensification of bliss and woe after, 202.
Karshipta, mystical bird of Avesta, 72, 73, 81, 85, 189.
Labraid Luathlam-ar-Claideb, 128.
Lagny, monastery, founded by St. Fursa, 167.
Laisrén, St., Vision of, 169 sqq.
Lanigan cited, 7 n.
Lawrence, ed. of Book of Enoch, 95 n.
Leanamhán Sidhe stories, 127, 136.
Lebor Brec, 27.
Lebor na g-Cert, 117 n.
Lebor na h-Udri, 27, 122 n., 127 n.
Lenormant, Origines de l’Histoire, cited, 69 n., 82.
Lerins, monastery of, 113.
Leuke, 50, 143.
Lex innocentium, 22.
Lex talionis, in punishments of Otherworld, 63, 105, 171, 231, 238.
Lia Fáil, 134, 187.
Liban, 128.
Limbus infantium, 172, 238;
Limbus patrum, 172.
Lindus, temple of, initiation at, 56 n.
Loeg, 128-9, 147.
Loingseach mac Oengusa, Árd-Rí, 18.
Lothair, King of Lombards and Dungal, 6 n.
Lucan cited, 49, 229 n.
Lucian cited, 108, 109, 151.
Lucifer, in Fis Adamnáin, 38;
in Vision of Fursa, 167;
in Vision of Tundale, 220.
Lucretius on Tartarus doctrine, 109.
Lug, Irish god, 121.
Lugh mac Cethlenn, dún of, 135, 183 n.
Lying excluded from Otherworld, 141-2, 143.
Macbeth, parallel in Conn legend, 135.
Machutus, St., and whale, 208 n.
Mac Conglinne, Vision of, 123.
Maelduin’s Curach, Voyage of, 120, 150 sqq.
Magh Breg, 8;
M. Mell, 152, 183, 187, 189;
M. Mon, 125;
M. Mór, 122, 148 n.;
M. Réin, 124.
Malachi, St., 25.
Malignant powers in Irish myth, 129, 130.
Malo, St., see ‘Machutus.’
Manannán mac Lír, 121, 123, 128, 143, 146, 147, 156;
converted into the Devil, 208.
Mangan, J. C, quoted, 148 n.
Marcus, author of Vision of Tundale, 212, 225.
Marianus Scotus, 6 n.
Martyrs, precedence of, in Paradise, 39, 188.
Mary, B. V., Vision at death of, 9, 107, 181;
in Paradise, 31, 185.
Median conquests, effects of, 70.
Megasthenes, possible borrowings from, 151.
Mercy, leaning of Irish divines towards, 201-2.
Meru, Mount, 81.
Metempsychosis, see ‘Rebirth.’
Meyer, Prof. Kuno, ed. of the Cáin Adamnáin, 18;
of the Voyage of Bran, Son of Febal, 49 n., 122 n., 123 n.;
of the Tochmarc Emere, 130 n.;
of the Echtra Nerai, 132 n.;
of the Baile Mongáin, 140 n.;
of the Vision of Laisrén, 169;
of La Vision de Tondale, 212 n.;
of the Vision of Mac Conglinne, 123 n.
Michael, Archangel, 35, 95, 182, 195, 230.
Mider, Irish god, 121, 122, 123, 128, 148 n.
Miller, Demon, 152-3, 162.
Milton cited, 173 n., 201, 203, 204.
Mithra cult in Roman Empire, 75 n.
Moling, St., and Boruma tribute, 14, 15.
Mongán, 140 n., 147 n., 153.
Moore, Thomas, quoted, 159 n.
Moran, Dr., Ada Sancti Brendani, 207 n.
Mórdáil of Ireland, 18;
Adamnán at, ib.
Morgan, 136, 138.
Moses, contest between Michael and Satan for, 71.
Muirgheas mac Páidin ui Maoilchanaire, translator of Visio Tundali, 213 n.
Mundus of Latin towns, 161 n.
Murias, 122.
Music, Irish susceptibility to, 124, 139, 141, 159, 181, 189, 191, 247.
Musical cords to St. Peter’s vessel, 29.
Musical stones, 31, 125, 181, 187.
Mysteries, Greek, 51 sqq.;
origin, 52-3;
Eleusinian, 51-2, 54-6;
Orphic Pythagorean, 52-4;
orgiastic, 55;
connected with Demeter, 52;
Dionysos, 59;
Pythagoras, 52-3;
benefits of initiation, 52, 58-60;
moral teaching, 51-2, 54-6;
doctrine of future life, 52 sqq.;
of rebirth, 54;
survival of, 108.
Nature, Irish love of, 158-9, 247.
Neid, 126 n.
Neo-Platonism and the East, 76 sqq.;
in interpretation of Greek myths, 51.
Nera, adventures of, 132.
Niamh Cinn Óir, 133.
Nicodemus, gospel of, 97, 101.
Norse, possible Irish loans from, 131, 152.
North, region of evil powers, 200.
Northumbria, Christianised from Ireland, 233 n.
Numenius, 77.
Nutt, Mr. Alfred, Essay on the Irish Vision of the Happy Otherworld and the Celtic Doctrine of Rebirth, 49 n., 92 n., 119 n., 122 n., 123 n., 131 n., 150, 155, 162 n., 172 n.;
Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail, 124 n., 131 n., 150 n., 156 n.;
on the Greek and Irish Elysium, 49 n.;
on the Greek mysteries, 53 n., 59 n.;
on the Greek sources of Christian eschatology, 92 n.;
on the Phœnix legend, 155;
on the date of the voyage of Snedgus and Mac Ríagla, 162 n.; 5 n., 28.
Oath of Irish Kings, 21.
O’Curry, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish, 117 n., 122 n.;
MS. Materials of Irish History, 162 n.
O’Donnells, the, of Tír Conaill, 7.
O’Donoghue, Rev. Denis, Brendaniana, 207 n., 208 n.
Oengus Óg, 121, 122.
O’Flaherty, Ogygia, 14.
O’Grady, Dr. Standish Hayes, Silva Gadelica, 14, 15, 212 n.
O’Hanlon, Very Rev. Canon, Lives of the Irish Saints, 4 n., 14, 18, 166 n.
Oisín, 133.
Orpheus, 49, and see ‘Mysteries’;
Orpheus myth in Ireland, 127.
Otherworld, visits to, in Greek myths, 49;
Chaldæa, 69;
in Irish traditions, 121, 133;
Connla, 126;
Cuchulainn, 127 sqq.;
Conn, 134 sqq.;
Árt, 138 sqq.;
Cormac, 139 sqq.;
and see ‘Vision,’ ‘Imram.’
—— Descriptions, Chaldæan, 69, 70, 193;
Avestan, 71 sqq.;
Greek, 49 sqq.;
in Book of Enoch, 96;
in Apocalypse of Peter, 105;
in ancient Ireland, 122-6, 128-30, 133-5, 137-44;
and see ‘Elysium,’ ‘Paradise,’ ‘Hell,’ ‘Heaven,’ ‘Purgatory.’
—— Orthodox character of the ecclesiastical legend, 109;
of minor importance in the Western Church, 110.
Owen, Vision of, 234 sqq.;
Dante parallels, 235.
Ozanam, Dante et la Philosophie catholique, 229 n.
Paradise, Hebrew ideas in Christian, 109;
described in Book of Enoch, 96;
Vision of Esdras, 98;
Revelation, 100 n.;
Apocalypse of Peter, 105;
by St. Gregory, 111;
in Fis Adamnáin, 29, 30;
in the Irish legendary, 157, 221, 233;
Paradise of Birds, 211;
Terrestrial Paradise in Irish legends, 153-4, 162-3, 210, 236;
and see ‘Elysium,’ ‘Heaven.’
Paradiso, see ‘Dante.’
Parnell, Mr., and the return myth, 164 n.
Paschal controversy, 9, 10, 25.
Patrick, St., 45, 113, 182 n., 223;
pagan prophecy of his coming, 135;
hymn of, 21.
Patrick’s Purgatory, St., 120, 225, 234 sqq.;
closed, 237;
doubtful origin, 236;
popularity of legend, 234, 237;
influence on European literature, 237;
Dante parallels, 235, 238.
Paul, St., Vision of, 29, 99;
Revelation of, 106, 181;
mediæval vision of, 202 n., 230 sqq.;
authority for Purgatory, 192 n.;
guide to the Otherworld, 182 n.
Pavia, University founded by Dungal, 6 n.
Perceval (Peredur) romances, parallels to Irish legends, 131, 150, 154, 156, 184 n.
Persian eschatology, see ‘Avesta.’
Peter, St., Vision of, 28, 181;
on purification of the world by fire, 99;
Apocalypse of, 105;
authority for Purgatory, 192;
guide to the Otherworld, 182 n.
Peter, Spanish monk, Vision of, 111.
Petrus Hibernicus, 6 n.
Philip, Roman Emperor, 45, 46 n.
Philo Judæus, 76 sqq.
Phœnix legend, 85, 154-5, 189.
Pillar on enchanted island, 151, 160, 210.
Pindar on Elysium, 50 n.;
cited, 121 n.
Plato and the Otherworld legend, 56;
Vision of Er, 56 sqq., 111;
eschatology of, 57-8;
on the mysteries, 58;
rebirth, 57-8.
Plutarch, Vision of Thespesios, 60 sqq., 111, 118 n., 233 n.;
eschatology of, 61 sqq.;
the mysteries, 108;
Tartarus, 109;
early Neo-Platonist, 77;
On Isis and Osiris, 88.
Porter of Hades, 35, 69, 84, 193.
Promise, sacredness of, in Ireland, 140.
Psychopompos, see ‘Guide to Otherworld.’
Ptolemy I., 88;
Philadelphia, ib.;
Euergetes, ib.
Pûitika sea, 72, 85, 184.
Pundgel, Australian divine bird, 73 n.
Punishments in Otherworld, see ‘Hell,’ ‘Tartarus’;
Purgatorial, see ‘Purgatory’;
temporary, 35, 39, 40, 41, 49, 201-2;
classified, 40 sqq., 105, 171, 174, 199 sqq., 231;
respited periodically, 43, 160, 161, 232.
Purgatory: idea in Plato, 57;
in Plutarch, 61-4;
theories of the Rabbis, 90, 193-4;
in Book of Enoch, 194;
development in the early Church, 192-4;
in the Fis Adamnáin, 36, 178-9, 193-4;
in Irish legends, 160, 215 sqq., 225, 227, 233, 235;
in the Vision of Alberic, 239;
St. Patrick’s, see ‘Patrick’s Purgatory, St.’
Pythagoras and the mysteries, 52-3.
Rabbis, see ‘Jews.’
Ragozin, M. de, Chaldæa, cited, 69 n.;
Media cited, 71 n.
Ramsay, Sir W. M., on the Greek mysteries, 55-6.
Raphoe, Mórdáil at, 18.
Rebirth doctrine, in Plato, 54, 57-8;
Plutarch, 62, 64;
Virgil, 65;
rejected by the Persians, 80;
Chaldæans, ib.;
Egyptians, 93;
Jews, 92-3.
Reeves, Bishop, ed. Adamnán’s Life of St. Columba, 4 n.;
cited, 7 n., 11.
Renouf, M. Le Page, on the Egyptian theory of the future life, 89 n., 93.
Respite, periodical, of the damned, 43, 160, 161, 232.
Return myth of departed heroes, 163.
Revelation, Book of, 85, 98 n., 99, 100 n., 163 n., 183, 184, 190 n., 195, 198, 205.
Rhapsodical description of Paradise, 43, 73, 174, 205-6, 210.
Rhys, Professor, on Bran, 123 n.
Rivers of Hell, 43, 151;
four, 43, 204.
Rohde, Professor, on the Greek mysteries, 53.
Ronán, 7.
Ronat, 7, 20.
Ross, men of, 162-3, 191.
Ruadán, St., 18, 24.
Sabbatarianism in early Irish Church, 161.
Saints, Land of, in Fis Adamnáin, 30;
three orders of Irish, see ‘Ireland.’
Saltair na Rann cited, 114.
Samoan ten Heavens, 83.
Satan, in Fis Adamnáin, 38;
in Vision of Fursa, 167;
in Vision of Tundale, 220;
in Voyage of St. Brendan, 208.
Sayce, Professor, on Chaldæan eschatology, 70 n., 72 n., 82.
Scathach, realm of, 130.
Scél Lái Brátha, 171, 205 n.
Schröder, Sanct Brandan, 207 n.
Scone, stone of, 134.
Sedulius, 6 n.
Segda Saerlabrad, 137-8, 144-5.
Segine, Abbot of Iona, 8.
Seneca on Tartarus doctrine, 109.
Seppelli, Signor, trans. Immanuel ben Salamone, 242 n.
Sereth, 7.
Serglige Conchulaind, 127 sqq.
Seth, journey to Paradise, 84, 97.
Seven, favourite mystic number, 83;
Heavens, 35, 83, 84, 192;
walls of Celestial City, 33, 185;
of Ecbatana, 33;
Hells of Rabbis, 90, 193;
Chaldæan Spirits of Earth, 70, 81;
Persian Magnificent Deities, 81;
Amesha Spentas, 78, 81;
Philonic emanations, 81;
Archangels, 84.
Shakespeare cited, 201.
Shammai, school of, 90, 194.
Sheol, 96, 191.
Shepherd of Hermas, see ‘Hermas.’
Sibylline books, 101.
Sibyls, medium of revelation, 67, 104.
Silvester, Pope, 45.
Sinbad, 151, 208 n.
Sliabh Daidche, 208.
Snedgus and Mac Ríagla, 147, 162 sqq., 184 n.
Soldier, St. Gregory’s vision of a, 111.
Soleus, see ‘Thespesios.’
Somnium Scipionis, 64, 229 n.
Sorrows, two, of Heaven, 46, 174, 205.
Stephen, Vision of, 110.
Stoics and early Empire, 91;
destruction of world by fire, 91 n.
Stones, vocal and musical, 31, 125, 135, 181, 187-8.
Stokes, Dr. G. T., Ireland and the Celtic Church, 114 n., 115.
—— Dr. Whitley, editor of Fis Adamnáin, 25, 32 n., 35 n., 40 n., 41 n., 42 n., 44 n., 47 n., 188 n., 196 n.;
on date of, 25;
Saltair na Rann, 114 n.;
Adventures of Cormac, 139 n.;
The Irish Ordeals, etc., 120 n.;
Voyage of Maelduin’s Curach, 151 n.;
Voyage of the Sons of Ua Corra, 157 n.;
Imrum Snedghusa agus Mic Ríagla, 162 n.;
A Middle Irish Homily, 173 n.;
Latin life of St. Brendan, 207 n., 210 n.
Sunday respite of the damned, 43, 160, 161, 231.
Swallowing of guilty by demons, 38, 39, 89, 195-6, 198, 216, 218, 220, 228, 231, 235.
Syria, Hellenism in, 68;
Jewish colonies, 86;
and Irish Church, 113-15.
Tadg mac Céin, adventures of, 120, 148 n., 212 n.
Táin Bo Aingen, 132.
Tara, Synod of, 18;
abandonment of, ib.
Tartarus, in Plato, 57;
Aristophanes, 59;
Plutarch, 62;
Virgil, 65-6;
under Roman Empire, 109;
contribution to Christian Hell, ib.;
none in Pagan Ireland, 129;
kindred conceptions, 129, 130, 139.
Tertullian, precedence awarded to martyrs, 188.
Tethra, god of Irish Underworld, 121, 126, 143.
Theophilus, Sergius, and Hyginus, voyage of, 184 n.
Theseus, 49.
Thespesios, Vision of, 60 sqq.
Throne of Deity, 31, 96, 158, 183 sqq.;
parallels in myths of Chaldæa, 70;
Ireland, 122, 137, 183.
Tigernach cited, 7 n., 18.
Timotheus of Alexandria, 88.
Tinne, 7, 29.
Tír Aedha, 7 n.
Tír na n-óg, 133, 136;
Tír Tairngire, 123 sqq., 126, 136, 139, 141, 142, 144, 148, 210.
Tonsure, Irish, 9.
Torach, cook of, 155.
Tradition, historical value of Irish, 16, 17.
Transitus Mariæ, 107.
Tree of Life, 46, 70, 75, 84, 96, 98, 157, 163, 174, 179, 184, 189, 190 n., 224;
parallels in Irish myth, 124, 128, 134, 137, 140, 154-5, 190.
Tree, public, in Ireland, 134;
in the Italian republics, 135 n.
Trinity, the, in mediæval visions, 188;
in Irish visions, 37, 167, 188.
Trionfo del Vaglio, Il, cited, 153.
Tuatha Dé Danann, 122, 126, 127, 129, 134, 136, 183 n.
Tuathal Techtmar, 14.
Tundale, Vision of, 212 sqq.;
influence on foreign literature, 224;
compared with Fis Adamnáin, 225;
with Dante, 225-9.
Turpin, Archbishop, 146 n.
Ua Corra, Voyage of the sons of, 120, 147, 157 sqq., 183.
Ui Néill, the, 15.
Vara of Yima, 72, 73, 85, 144, 189;
suggested derivation from Deluge tradition, 78 n.
Varuna and Tethra, 121 n.
Veil before the Throne, 30, 187;
over mystical islands, 152, 160, 187, 210.
Vendîdâd cited, 71 n., 72 n., 73 n., 74, 76 n., 79 n., 80.
Victor, St. Patrick’s angel, 182 n.
Virgil and the vision of the Otherworld, 48, 64 sqq.;
descriptions, 65 sqq.;
follows received authorities, 65;
agreement with Aristophanes, ib.;
eclecticism, 66;
artistic point of view, 66;
received as prophet by the Church, 67;
influence on development of the legend, ib.;
on Dante, ib.;
cited, 152, 173 n., 194, 203 n., 209 n.
Vision of Otherworld, wide diffusion of the legend, 1 sqq.;
in Greece, 56 sqq., 60 sqq.;
Rome, 48, 64 sqq.;
lines of development, 3, 48;
popularity with post-captivity Jews, 94;
in early Church, 98 sqq.;
survival in homilies, folk-tales, etc., 111, 114;
special developments in Ireland, 23, 121;
Irish acquaintance with earlier visions, 116;
Irish vision-writers on the Continent, 206-7;
their influence on European literature, 224, 242 sqq.;
on Dante, 243-5;
tendency to increase in horror, 225-6;
popularity in later Middle Ages, 229, 240;
diminished importance and increased number, 239 sqq.
Visions of Adamnán, Er, Thespesios, Enoch, Esdras, Apostles, Hermas, St. Peter, St. Paul, St. Colm Cille, St. Fursa, St. Laisrén, Tundale, Drihthelm, Owen, Alberic, see ‘Adamnán,’ etc.
Vohu Mano and Neo-Platonic Logos, 78 n.
Wagner, A., editor of Vision of Tundale, 213 n.
Waters of Life, 69, 84, 98, 190 n.
West, abode of the dead, 29, 96.
Whale taken for island, 208.
Windisch, Professor, editor of Fis Adamnáin, 27, 34 n., 47 n.;
date of F. A., 25;
ed. Serglige Conchulaind, 127 n.
Women, status of, in Ireland, 19;
military service, 18-20;
emancipation, 18, 20-23;
liability for crimes, 21.
World-Sea, 72, 85.
Wright, St. Patrick’s Purgatory, 229 n.
Yama, Indian god of dead, 29 n., 74, 121.
Yehl, divine bird of Thlinkeets, 73 n.
Yima, Persian god of dead, 72 sqq., 85, 121.
Zimmer, Professor, on date of the Voyage of Maelduin’s Curach, 150, 157 n.
Zoroastrianism, see ‘Avesta.’
Zu, Babylonian culture-bird, 73 n.

An Irish precursor of Dante

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