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Ancient law

Chapter 27: INDEX
By Sir Henry Sumner Maine
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History - AncientLaw & Criminology

About This Book

The work traces the historical development of legal and social institutions, arguing that custom and group relationships precede conscious legislation and individual contracts. It identifies the family, under patriarchal authority, as the primary unit of early legal order and explains features like agnation, adoption, and the status of dependents as products of that structure. Through Roman examples and comparative evidence from other traditions, it examines the gradual shift from collective status to individual contract, and applies this framework to wills, property, succession, and village-community arrangements.

INDEX

  • Austin, 69, 171;
    • Province of Jurisprudence Determined, 4
  • Ayala, 64
  •  
  • Bentham, 18, 46, 54, 70, 147;
    • Fragment on Government, 4
  • Blackstone, 67, 89, 150, 152
  •  
  • Cambridge Essays, 1856, Maine, 205, 212
  • Capture in war, 145, 146
  • Casuistry, 205, 206, 207
  • Charlemagne, 62, 233
  • Codes, Attic of Solon, 9;
    • era of, 8;
    • first introduced into the West, 10;
    • Hindoo Law of Menu, 10-12;
    • Justinian, 25, 27;
    • Napoléon, 104;
    • Roman, superiority over Hindoo, 10-12;
    • Twelve Tables of Rome, 1, 8, 9, 12, 20
  • Contract, Austin on, 190;
    • Bentham on, 190;
    • Imperative Law, 182;
    • judicial and popular error, 181;
    • Law of Nations, 181, 196, 197;
    • literal or written, 194;
    • origin lies in the family, 99;
    • pact or convention, 184, 185;
    • real, 195;
    • Roman, classification, 191, 192;
    • consensual, 195-198;
    • Domestic System, 194;
    • Nexum, definition of, 185-189;
    • Rousseau, 181;
    • sale, 188
  • Conveyances and contracts, confusion between, 185-187;
    • and mancipation, 185
  • Corpus juris civilis, 26
  • Creditors, powers of, in ancient system, 189
  • Crimes and wrongs, confusion between, 231, 232;
    • distinction between primitive and modern, 217, 218;
    • Kemble in Anglo-Saxons, 218
  • Criminal Law, Athens, 224;
    • degree of guilt, 223;
    • four stages of primitive history, 226;
    • influence of Church, 233;
    • primitive religious code, 218, 219;
    • Roman, crime against State, 219;
    • B.C. 149, 225;
    • origin of, 225;
    • sentence of death, 227-229;
    • theft, 222, 223;
    • tribunals, 228-230;
    • under emperors, 230-232
  • Customary Law, epoch of, 7, 8;
    • Hindoo, 4
  •  
  • Dangers of Law, rigidity, too rapid development, 44, 45
  • Debtors, severity of ancient system, 189
  •  
  • Equity, 172;
    • early history of, 15;
    • Lord Eldon on, 40;
    • English, 40, 41;
    • meaning of, 17;
    • origin, 34, 35;
    • Roman compared with English, 40-42
  •  
  • Feudalism, explanation of, 214
  •  
  • Gaius, 90, 174, 220-223
  • Grote, decline of kingly rule, 6;
    • History of Greece, 3, 5;
    • law administered by aristocracies, 7
  • Grotius, Hugo, 56, 58, 59, 64;
    • De Jure Belli et Pacis, 205
  •  
  • Homer, earliest notions of law derived from, 2, 3;
    • Themis, Themistes, 2-5
  •  
  • Indian (Hindoo) Law, see separate headings Codes, Customary, Primogeniture, Property, Testamentary Law, Village communities
  • Institutional Treatise (Justinian), 27
  • International Law, 64;
    • and occupancy, 145
  •  
  • Law of Nations (Jus Gentium), incorporation with Roman Law, 36, 37;
    • origin of, 27-31
  • Legal fictions, benefit of, 77;
    • examples in English Law, 18;
    • in Roman Law, 15, 16;
    • meaning, useful purpose of, 15, 16
  • Legis Actio Sacramenti, Gaius on, 220, 221
  • Legislation, the agent of legal
    • improvement, 17;
    • differing from equity, legal fictions, 17, 18
  • Lettres Persanes, 183
  •  
  • Maine, Cambridge Essays, 1856, 205, 212
  • Mancipation, 120, 121, 163-169, 185
  • Menu, Laws of, 10-12
  • Montesquieu, 49, 51, 183
  •  
  • Natural Law (Law of Nature), American Law and, 56;
    • antagonistic to historical method, 53;
    • confusing past with present, 43;
    • equality of man, 54-56;
    • equality of sex, 90;
    • feudalism, 62, 65;
    • French history, 47, 48, 50, 53;
    • French Law, 56;
    • Greek interpretation of, 44;
    • Grotian system, 56, 58, 59, 64-66;
    • incorporated with Roman Law, 36, 37;
    • influence of Stoics, 32, 33;
    • Modern International Law, 56-60;
    • most critical period, 50;
    • modern society, 54;
    • occupancy, 145-147, 153;
    • origin of, 31, 32;
    • private property, 164;
    • Rousseau on, 51;
    • slavery, 95;
    • territorial sovereignty, 60-63;
    • Testamentary Law, 103, 104
  •  
  • Occupancy, 144, 145;
    • in Roman Law, 145
  •  
  • Pascal, Provincial Letters, 207
  • Prescriptions, 167, 168;
    • and Canon Law, 168
  •  
  • Primogeniture, Celtic customs, 141, 142;
  •  
  • Property, natural modes of acquiring, 144
  • Property Law, ancient Germanic, 165,
    • ancient Sclavonic, 165;
    • descent in Middle Ages, 132;
    • Indian Law, 165;
    • origin of, 145;
    • possession, 170, 172;
    • private, ancient forms of transfer, 160, 162-164;
    • Roman, 60, 66, 166;
    • Cessio in Jure, 170;
    • Edictum Perpetuum, 37;
    • Emphyteusis, 175-178;
    • Gaius on, 174;
    • Justinian, 174;
    • law of persons and things, 152;
    • mancipation, 163, 169;
    • possessory interdicts, 171;
    • Praetor's interdict, 172;
    • Res Mancipi, 160-164, 173;
    • Res Nec Mancipi, 164;
    • system of farming, 176;
    • usucapion, 167, 169, 173
  •  
  • Roman Law, see separate headings Contracts, Criminal, Property, Occupancy, Testamentary;
    • Decemviral Law, 20;
    • definition of inheritance, 107;
    • end of period of jurists, 40;
    • influence of Praetor, 38;
    • intestacy, 127-130;
    • law of inheritance, 111;
    • Leges Corneliae, 24, 25;
    • Leges Juliae, 25;
    • marriage, 91;
    • obligation in, 190, 191, 195, 197;
    • Pandects of Justinian, 39;
    • powers of Praetor, 37, 39;
    • Praetorian edict, 24, 25;
    • Responsa Prudentum, 20, 21, 24;
    • reverence of Romans for, 22;
    • Statute Law, 25;
    • Twelve Tables, 1, 8, 9, 12, 20
  • Rousseau, on Social Contract, 181
  •  
  • Savigny, 171;
    • on occupancy, 150
  • Slavery, American opinions of, 96;
    • influence of Law of Nature upon, 97;
    • Roman system, 95-97
  • Status, definition of, 100
  •  
  • Testamentary Law, adoption and testation, 114, 115;
    • Church's influence upon, 102;
    • corporation, aggregate and sole, 110;
    • Hindoo Law, 113, 114;
    • Hindoo compared with Roman, 113;
    • Law of Nature, 103, 104;
    • Roman Law, 111, 112, 117-123;
    • mancipation, 120, 123;
    • Praetorian testament, 123-125;
    • Twelve Tables, 112, 119, 122;
    • Roman family, agnatic and cognatic relationship, 86-89;
    • duties and rights of father, 85;
    • effects of Christianity, 92;
    • family, the basis of State, 75, 76;
    • kinship, 86, 88;
    • modification of parental privileges, 84;
    • origin of contract in, 99;
    • origin of law of persons, 89;
    • parental powers, 80-82, 88
  • Theology, and Jurisprudence, 208-210;
  • Theories, based on Roman doctrine, Bentham, 69;
    • Blackstone, 67;
    • differing from Roman Glossators, annotations of, 67;
    • Grotius, 67;
    • Jurisprudence, dissatisfaction with, 70;
    • Locke, 67;
    • Montesquieu, 68;
    • patriarchal, 72-75
  •  
  • Universal succession, 106;
  • "Universatis Juris," 105
  •  
  • Village communities, Indian, 153, 154, 156, 158;
    • Indian, compared with Roman gens, 155;
    • Indian, Elphinstone, History of India, 155, 156;
    • Russian 157
  •  
  • Women, ancient rules defeated by Natural Law, 90;
    • Canon Law, 93;
    • English Common Law, 93, 94;
    • Roman family, 90, 91;
    • gradual independence under Roman Law, 91, 92;
    • Roman, perpetual tutelage of, 90;
    • under Roman Law, 89, 90;
    • subordination to husband in Middle Ages, 92;
    • subordination of Roman to relations, 90

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