Fig. 37.
CASTRATION OF COWS. (Charlier’s process).
Incision of the vagina.
Fig. 38.
CASTRATION OF COWS. (Charlier’s process).
1st step. Incision of the vagina.
Fig. 39.
SCISSORS DIVIDING THE BROAD LIGAMENTS.
REMOVAL OF THE OVARIES.
Then, again introducing his hand into the vagina, and passing his finger through the opening made by the incision, he feels for the ovaries, which he finds floating at the extremity of their ligaments, towards the entrance of the pelvis, below, on each side, and at a short distance from the incision, between the base of the uterine horns, near and inside of the free border of the ligaments, and a little above the anterior border of the pubis. Then, grasping the ovarian body, he draws it carefully into the vagina, through the incision, and introduces the long scissors, with the guarded blade of which he divides the thick border of the broad ligament (Fig. 39), replacing the ovaries into the abdomen without releasing his hold. The torsion forceps is then passed into the vagina and through the incision, and is made to take hold with its open jaws of the broad ligament (Fig. 40), above the ovary, and is firmly closed by the movement of the spiral crank of the handle (D). Both hands being now outside of the vaginal cavity, and the forceps being secured on the broad ligament, held by the right hand, the left thumb is protected by the thimble (E), and the hand once more inserted, to grasp the broad ligament above the point where the jaws of the torsion forceps are placed. In this position the torsion is made with the forceps, the twisting of the ligament being limited by the firm pressure made by the thimble on the thumb with the index finger, or by a pair of crushing pincers. After several turns of the instrument, the ovary is separated from its attachment, and may be brought out of the cavity, still held securely between the oval jaws of the torsion forceps. The same method is applicable to the ovaries of both sides. These rules are subject to more or less modification by indications which may occasionally present themselves, arising from the age of the animal or the structure or other conditions of the ovaries.
Fig. 40.—TORSION OF THE OVARY.
A B—Forceps closed. B C—Forceps open. E—Thimble.
This method of castration has been modified in many ways, both as to the forms of the instruments used, and the mode of using them, a majority of operators, at the present time even, discarding the dilator, and making the incision simply by stretching the walls of the vagina and pushing against the neck of the uterus with the hand. The manner in which the removal of the ovaries is effected has also been subjected to many changes. For more than twenty years, during which we have been performing the operation, we have been accustomed to use the ecraseur in the last step, and with excellent and satisfactory results.
The subsequent attention required by the spayed cow is usually a very simple matter, and involves little beyond careful dieting, the patient recovering from the general effects upon the system usually in a few days.
COMPLICATIONS.
It may properly be said that there are no complications likely to follow the process in the castration of cows, which may be denominated serious. In the statistics which record the mortality attending it, the fatal cases are represented at the very trifling rate of two per cent. A light colic may sometimes follow it, but it usually subsides without medical treatment. Still, however, spaying may at times be accompanied by accidents of a serious character, though these have considerably diminished in frequency since the introduction of the method of Charlier. One of these is
HEMORRHAGE,
which may occur when the torsion or the crushing of the artery has not been sufficiently complete. But though it is likely to give rise to peritonitis, it is not necessarily a fatal complication. We have ourselves known of cases of its occurrence in mares which had survived it a number of days, and when destroyed exhibited none of the lesions of that affection.
PERITONITIS.
We have several times met with this sequel to the operation, especially in mares. But in these cases, as revealed by post mortem investigation, the disease seemed generally to have remained localized. Less common than prior to the practice of castration per vagina, it still is followed by fatal consequences when the entire peritoneum becomes diseased. Its appearance usually occurs from the third to the sixth day. There is suspension of the milky secretion, general dullness, chills, anorexia, suspension of rumination, rapid, small and thready pulse, sometimes painful respiration, rapid loss of flesh, and speedily—death. The indications of treatment are similar to those which are applicable to peritonitis in the solipeds, but the prognosis is always serious.
ABSCESS IN THE PELVIC CAVITY.
This is a complication we have quite often encountered. Besides the general symptoms, there are those of a local character, which are detected by rectal examination, by which discovery is made of the presence of a tumor on one side or the other of the vagina, varying in size, fluctuating, and easily identified. This abscess may be opened in the cavity of the vagina, and should be attended to as soon as discovery is made of the fluctuating character of the growth, without waiting for the process of natural resolution.
SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA.
Emphysema of the subcutaneous connective tissue is said to be a common sequel to the flank operation. Its appearance need not excite any special uneasiness, as its termination is usually by spontaneous disappearance. It is an accident we have never encountered in our practice.
CONSTIPATION.
This complication, which is often met with in mares, is to be carefully looked for, and must be relieved by laxative food and rectal injections. It is due to the pain which accompanies defecation while the wound of the vagina is healing, and which the animal tries to avoid by keeping the rectum full.
CASTRATION OF THE SMALL ANIMALS.
SMALL RUMINANTS.
For these subjects, two modes of operation are to be principally recommended. The first is the double subcutaneous torsion; the other the ligature en masse of the cord and its envelopes. Having already considered these operations, a passing reference will suffice here.
FOR SWINE.
In males, the varying modes employed are the ligature, limited torsion, and the clamps.
Fig. 41.
GENITAL ORGANS OF A YOUNG SOW.
(Median and antero-posterior section). 1—Ovary. 2—Horn of the uterus. 3—Body of the uterus. 4—Rectum. 5—Vagina. 6—Bladder. 7—Kidney. 9—Intestines. 10—Stump of one of the horns of the uterus.
Fig. 42.
BISTOURY FOR THE CASTRATION OF SOW.
(Division of the flank).
In females, it must be remembered that the horns of the uterus are very long and flexuous (Fig. 41), and that the very small ovaries are situated on the inside of the broad ligaments, which are very large, and allow the horns to float freely amongst the circumvolutions of the intestines. The animal must be prepared by being secured upon the right side in order to expose the left flank. The incision is made with a knife of peculiar form (Fig. 42), the coarse bristles having been previously closely clipped off. Care should be taken to carry the left leg in extension backwards, in such a manner that the edges of the various tissues divided shall not meet each other when the operation is completed. The incision may be made either vertically, horizontally, or obliquely. When vertical it should be immediately below the lumbar vertebra next to the last rib; if horizontal it should be parallel with the vertebral column. The vertical incision should be preferred, because it brings the ovaries within easy reach of the fingers. It should be from two to three inches in length, and should be made by a single stroke of the knife, and without dividing the peritoneum, which should, afterwards, be either torn with the finger or carefully cut while raised with the forceps. To find the ovaries the operator introduces the index finger of the right hand between the vertebral column and the intestines, and explores the lumbar region. Upon finding the ovarian sac, he presses it against the abdominal wall and causes it to slide by pushing towards the opening through which it is extruded and grasped. While it is held there the left horn is carefully drawn out after it, until arriving at the bifurcation of the horns at the uterus, the right horn also is brought out and the ovary on that side secured. Both glands being now outside, they are torn or scraped off from their attachment, and the horns are returned to the abdomen.
While this process is readily applicable to young sows, and requires a certain amount of practice to be performed expertly and with success, it is slightly modified when applied to older animals. In that case the two horns must not be exposed outside together, but each must be returned when the removal of the ovary connected with it has been effected.
The simple tearing of the ovaries is not always sufficient, and may be sometimes followed by serious hemorrhage. The scraping and the torsion are safer, and in some instances the ligature has been applied. The incision is closed with the interrupted or, which is preferable, the continued suture. No special after-treatment is required beyond low diet for a few days, with a little extra attention to cleanliness.
The operation may at times be rendered difficult by exceptional and accidental conditions, as, for example, the shortness of the fingers of the operator. This difficulty, however, can be overcome by placing a bundle of straw or other substance under the right flank, which, by raising the body displaces the intestines upwards and crowds the ovary towards the left flank.
It may also happen, as sometimes with old sows, that the ovary has become the seat of large cysts, or that its size is increased in consequence of pathological changes in its structure. In the first case, the cyst may be punctured and emptied with a trochar before attempting the obliteration of the organ. In the second, the opening into the abdomen must be enlarged sufficiently to permit the exit of the extra bulk.
If through inadvertence the operation has been begun while the animal is in a state of pregnancy, the proceeding must be discontinued, the patient kept quiet and the matter indefinitely postponed.
Fig. 43.
GENITAL ORGANS OF THE BITCH.
1—Ovary. 2—Fold of the broad ligament, displaced to expose the ovary. 3—Internal fold of the same. 4—Broad ligaments. 5—Horn of the uterus. 6—Its body. 7—Rectum. 8—Vagina. 9—Kidney. 10—Bladder. 11—Descending colon.
DOGS.
The male is altered by either the process of excision, torsion, or ligature, according to the age and size of the animal.
In the female, when, as is sometimes supposed, it becomes a preventive measure in respect to hydrophobia—though if it be so, it can only be from the fact that a castrated bitch will usually remain at home while others are running abroad in heat, and thus being more exposed to contagion—the operation is only justifiable in the case of house dogs, domestic pets, in order to obviate the annoyance caused to their owners by their demonstrations while in heat. In the bitch the broad ligaments are very long (Fig. 43), extending as far as the hypochondriac region, where they divide into an external layer, which reaches to the last rib, while the other extends to the sub-lumbar region behind the diaphragm. The broad ligaments diminish in height as they run forward in such a way that the anterior border of the external layer where the ovary is found, shorter in its median part, gives a certain amount of fixity to the anterior extremity of the horns which it keeps elevated in each hypochondriac region; on that account both horns cannot be at one time brought through the incision, and it becomes generally necessary in the bitch to operate on each side.
The manipulations are similar to those followed in spaying sows, with the exception that the incision is made lower, more forward and nearer to the last rib.
CASTRATION OF FOWLS.
The effect of this operation upon the quality of the flesh and the power of accumulating fat, in the domestic fowl is a fact too familiar to those who have learned to appreciate the exquisite juicy quality of the meat of the capon to need any comment at our hands. The operation upon these animals is one of considerable difficulty and requires skill and experience to perform with nicety and success.
In birds the testicles are situated in the abdominal cavity, immediately behind the lungs, under the vertebral column and in front of the kidneys (Fig. 44). They correspond exactly to the articulation of the last three ribs with the spinal column, where they lie close together and in contact with the blood vessels which separate them from the kidneys. They are held in position by the peritoneum spread above them, and by minute blood vessels, branches of the aorta or of the vena cava.
Fig. 44.
GENITAL ORGAN OF THE ROOSTER.
1.—Testicle. 2a, 2d.—Deferent canals. 3.—Ureters. 4.—Cloacum. 5.—Posterior aorta. 7.—Posterior vena cava. 8, 9, 10.—Three last ribs. 11.—Pelvic bones.
In the operation the fowl is placed on his side, the tail being towards the operator, with the hind leg carried backwards, in order to expose the flank of the side selected for the incision. The first step of the operation consists in plucking the feathers from a sufficient extent of surface, and making an incision a little behind the lateral internal processes of the sternum, from within outwards, and from before backwards, and slightly oblique, through the skin and the thin muscles of the abdomen, and when reaching the peritoneum carefully opening it with a puncture, having it raised with a pair of forceps. The second step, or that which involves the extirpation of the gland, is performed by the introduction of the index finger of the right hand into the abdomen, passing it above the intestinal mass and turning towards the dorsal region near the articulation of the last two ribs, where the testicles are felt, prominent at the sub-lumbar region. Then, with the fingers half flexed, the adhesions of the organ are broken off, and the organ, held in the bend of the finger, is brought outside. The second testicle is removed by the same process. If the testicles should slip from the grasp of the finger, the accident is of little account, as they will graft themselves upon the walls of the abdomen, and in time disappear by resolution. The operation is concluded by the closing of the wound by stitches of interrupted suture, and the healing usually takes place by first intention.
The operation is performed in the hen in the same manner as with the male bird, the ovaries being found in the lumbar region, from which they are removed by the same manipulations that are employed in caponing.
Young fowls about in their third month, are usually selected as the victims of this epicurean barbarity.
CONTENTS.
- Abdominal Cryptorchidy 77
- Abscesses in Scrotal region 89
- Abscesses in Pelvic cavity 130
- Advantages of Castration in cows 108
- Age at which Castration ought to be performed 8
- Amaurosis 103
- Anatomy of the male parts 15
- Anatomy of the female parts 109
- Bistournage 58
- Bistoury Caché 117
- Castration of Cryptorchids 67
- Castration of Dogs 136
- Castration of Fashion and convenience 5
- Castration of Females 106
- Castration of Fowls 139
- Castration of Necessity 4
- Castration of Small ruminants 131
- Castration of Swine 132
- Champignon 90
- Champignon, Superficial 92
- Champignon, Deep 93
- Charlier’s Instruments 115, 116
- Charlier’s Method 115
- Charlier’s Scissors 118
- Clamps 41, 42
- Clamps, House 35
- Classification of Methods 19
- Colics 85
- Combined Forceps of M. Beaufils 30
- Comparative View of the Various Modes 103
- Complications and their Treatment 84, 129
- Conditions favorable to the operation 108
- Constipation 131
- Covered Operation 44
- Crushing of the Testicular Cord 57
- Curved Clamps 95
- Dangers of Operation Standing Up 12
- Definition of Castration 3
- Dogs 136
- Double Subcutaneous Torsion 58
- Ecraseurs 33
- Effects of Castration 5, 78, 108
- Emphysema, subcutaneous 131
- Excision 20
- Farmer Miles 68
- Firing 35
- Firing, Forceps for Castration by 69
- Fistula of the Scrotum 99
- Forceps for Holding the Ovary 118
- Fowls 139
- Free Torsion 24
- Gangrene 88
- Hemorrhage 86, 130
- Hernia of Castration 99
- History of Castration 4
- Hygiene and subsequent attention 82
- Incision in the Vagina 119
- Inguinal Cryptorchidy 75
- Inguinal Hernia 99
- Ligature 51
- Ligature Carrier 97
- Ligature of the Cord and its envelopes 52
- Ligature of the Cord only 52
- Ligature of the Efferent Canal 55
- Ligature of the Spermatic Artery 54
- Limited Torsion 26
- Linear Crushing 32
- Method by the Clamps 39
- Method by the Ecraseur 34
- Method by the Flanks 110
- Methods, Classification of 19
- Modes of Cicatrization 81
- Modus operandi of Bistournage 59
- Modus operandi of Bistournage, 1st Step of 60, 61
- Modus operandi of Bistournage, 2d Step of 62, 63
- Modus operandi of Bistournage, 3d Step of 64, 65
- Modus operandi of Bistournage, 4th Step of 66
- Modus operandi of Castration of Females 110
- Modus operandi of Covered Operation 44
- Modus operandi of Limited Torsion 28
- Modus operandi of Uncovered Operation 47
- Peritonitis 100, 130
- Preparations of the Patient 9
- Purposes of Castration 4
- Removal of the Ovaries 120
- Restraint, Modes of 10
- Season most favorable 8
- Scraping 21
- Second Method of Castration 39
- Securing the Animal Down 10
- Softening of the Bags 60, 61
- Standing Up Operation 10
- Standing Up Operation, Dangers of 12
- Subcutaneous Twisting 58
- Swelling of the Scrotal Region 87
- Swine 132
- Tearing and Torsion 22
- Tearing of the Clamps 85
- Tetanus 102
- Thimble for Castration 118
- Third Method of Castration 56
- Torsion 23
- Torsion above the Epididimis 24
- Torsion below the Epididimis 25
- Torsion Forceps 26, 27
- Torsion, Free 24
- Torsion, Limited 26
- Uncovered Operation 47
- Vaginal Speculum 116, 117
William R. Jenkins’s
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850 SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.
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| No. 5. The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and Butcher’s Joints of the Ox, with 17 colored illustrations. With explanatory text. | 1 50 |
| Price per set of five. | 5 00 |
| Walley. “Four Bovine Scourges.” (Pleuro-Pneumonia, Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague, and Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection of Live Animals and Meat. By Thos. Walley, M.R.C.V.S. With 49 colored illus. and numerous woodcuts. 4to, cl. | 6 40 |
| Webb. “On the Dog.” Its Points, Peculiarities, Instincts, and Whims. Illustrated with photographs. | 3 00 |
| Williams. Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. New edition, entirely revised, and illustrated with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth. | 5 00 |
| Williams. Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery. New edition, entirely revised, and illustrated with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth. | 7 50 |
| Williams. Chart of the Contagious, Infectious, and Specific Fevers of the Domesticated Animals. | 1 00 |
| Zundel. “On the Horse’s Foot.” Translated by A. Liautard, M.D., D.V.S. | 1 50 |
VETERINARY BOOKS IN FRENCH.
| Benion. Traité de l’Élevage et des Maladies des Animaux et des Oiseaux de Basse-Cour. | $2 80 |
| Benion. Traité de l’Élevage et des Maladies du Mouton. | 3 60 |
| Benion. Traité de l’Élevage et des Maladies du Porc. | 2 60 |
| Beugnot. Dictionnaire usuel de Chirurgie et de Médecine Vétérinaire. 2 forts volumes in-8, avec planches. | 7 20 |
| Bouley. La Rage, moyen d’en éviter les Dangers et de prévenir sa Propagation. | 40 |
| Bouley-Reynal. Nouveau Dictionnaire Pratique de Médecine, de Chirurgie et Hygiène Vétérinaire (to be completed in 18 volumes), chaque volume. | 3 00 |
| Colin. Traité de Physiologie Comparée des Animaux; Par G. Colin, Professeur à l’école Vétérinaire d’Alfort; avec Figures intercalées dans le texte. 2 vols. in-8. | 10 40 |
| Cruzel. Des Maladies de l’Espèce Bovine. Par J. Cruzel. | 5 60 |
| Dictionnaire. Lexicographique et Descriptif des Sciences Médicales et Vétérinaires. Un très-fort vol. de plus de 1500 pages. | 8 00 |
| Gourdon. Traité de la Castration des Animaux Domestiques. | 3 60 |
| Hertwig. Les Maladies des Chiens et leur Traitement. | 1 40 |
| Lecoq. Traité de l’Extérieur du Cheval et des Principaux Animaux Domestiques. | 3 60 |
| Leyh. Anatomie des Animaux Domestiques. | 3 60 |
| Magne. Races Chevalines et leur Amélioration, Entretien, Multiplication, Élevage et Éducation du Cheval, de l’Ane et du Mulet. Par J. H. Magne. | 3 20 |
| Magne. Races Bovines et leur Amélioration, Entretien, Multiplication, Élevage et Engraissement du Bœuf. Par J. H. Magne. | 2 00 |
| Magne. Races Porcines et leur Amélioration, Entretien, Multiplication, Élevage et Engraissement du Porc. Par J. H. Magne. | 80 |
| Magne. Nourriture des Chevaux de Travail—brochure. | 40 |
| Magne. Choix du Cheval. | 80 |
| Magne. Choix et Nourriture du Cheval. Par J. H. Magne. Avec Vignettes. | 1 40 |
| Mourod. Matière Médicale; ou la Pharmacologie Vétérinaire. | 2 40 |
| Saint-Cyr. Traité d’Obstétrique Vétérinaire. Avec cent vignettes. | 5 60 |
| Signol. Aide Mémoire du Vétérinaire, Médecine, Chirurgie et Obstétrique; Par Jules Signol; avec 395 Figures. | 2 40 |
| Tabourin. Nouveau Traité de Matière Médicale Thérapeutique et de Pharmacie Vétérinaires, 2 fort volumes, in-8, avec plus de 100 figures. | 8 00 |