Animated cartoons

ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustrating the method of making animated cartoons by cut-outs	Frontispiece
PAGE
Magic-lantern and motion-picture projector compared		7
Geneva movement		9
A motion-picture projector		11
Illustrating the proportions of light and dark periods during projection in two types of shutters		12
Section of an animated cartoon film		15
The thaumatrope		17
Two instruments used in early investigations of optical phenomena		18
Apparatus on the order of Faraday’s wheel		19
An antecedent of the phenakistoscope		20
A phenakistoscope		21
Phenakistoscope combined with a magic-lantern		22
Phenakistoscope with a cycle of drawings to show a dog in movement		23
The zootrope		24
Zoetrope of William Lincoln		25
Reynaud’s praxinoscope		26
The theatre praxinoscope		28
Projection praxinoscope		29
Optical theatre of Reynaud		30
The kineograph		31
Plan of the apparatus of Coleman Sellers		36
The ostrich walking; from Muybridge	Facing page 40
Marey’s photographic gun		42
Plan of the kinora		43
Plan of Edison’s first kinetoscope		46
Projector and motion-picture camera compared		48
A negative and a positive print		49
Plan of a motion-picture camera		50
Types of camera and projector shutters		51
One foot of film passes through the projector in one second		53
“Animator’s” drawing-board		61
A sheet of perforated paper and the registering pegs		63
Illustrating the making of an animated scene		67
Illustrating the making of an animated scene with the help of celluloid sheets		71
Arrangement of board, pegs, and hinged frame with glass		75
Balloons		78
Three elements that complete a scene		79
Phenakistoscope with cycle of drawings of a face to show a movement of the mouth		80
Cardboard model of an airplane with separate cut-out propellers	Facing page 84
The laws of perspective are to be considered in “animating” an object		86
Perspective applied in the drawing of birds as well as in the picturing of objects		87
Articulated cardboard figures		89
Illustrating the animation of a mouse as he runs around the kitchen		95
Successive phases of movements of the legs in walking		101
Illustrating the action of the foot in rolling over the ground		103
Successive phases of movements in walking		105
Phases of movement of a quick walk		107
Contractions and expansions as characteristic of motion		109
Order in which an animator makes the sequence of positions for a walk	112 and 113
Phases of movement of a walk. Six phases complete a step		115
A perspective walk		117
Four positions for a perspective run		118
Phases of movement for a perspective run		119
Running figure		121
Phases of movement for a quick walk		123
Walking movements, somewhat mechanical		124
Phases of movement for a lively walk		125
Phases of movement for a quick walk		127
Walking movements viewed from above		128
Trotting horse		134
Trotting horse (continued)		135
A panorama effect		138
Galloping horse for a panorama effect		139
The elephant in motion		140
The elephant in motion (continued)		141
Pigeon in flight; from Muybridge	Facing page 142
Comic walk of a duck		143
Cycle of phases of a walking dog arranged for the phenakistoscope		144
Phenakistoscope with a cycle of drawings to show a dog in movement		145
Running cow		147
Phases of movement of a walking lion		148
Dog walking		149
Various kinds of wave motion		150
Cycle of drawings to produce a screen animation of a waving flag		157
Cycle of drawings for an effect of falling water		159
Cycle of drawings for a puff of vapor		161
An explosion		162
The finishing stroke of some farcical situation		163
Piano practice		164
Three drawings used in sequence and repeated as long as the particular effect that they give is desired		165
A constellation		166
Simple elements used in animating a scene		167
Symbolical animation of snoring		172
Series of drawings used to show a baby crying		173
A “close-up”		175
Illustrating the use of little “model” hats to vivify a scene		176
“Cut-out” eyes		178
Illustrating the making of “in-between” drawings		179
Illustrating the number of drawings required for a movement		180
Illustrating a point in animating a moving limb		182
Making drawings in turning the head		183
Easily drawn circular forms and curves		186
Foreground details of a pictorial composition		190
Making an animated cartoon panorama		193
Illustrating the apparent slowness of a distant object compared to one passing close to the eye		195
Distinguishing marks on wheels to give the illusion of turning		197
Elements used in giving a figure the effect of trembling		198
Typical arrangement of camera and lights		203
Part of a length of film for a title		208
Vignetter or iris dissolve		211
To explain the distribution of light in a cross dissolve		213
Illustrating the operation of one type of motion-picture printer		217
Another plan for an animator’s drawing-board		218
Canine thoughts		219
Plenty of movement demanded in screen pictures		224
The plaint of inanimate things		227
The pinwheel effect of two boys fighting, elements needed in producing it		231
Cycle of drawings to give the illusion of a man spinning like a top		235
A blurred impression like that of the spokes of a turning wheel is regarded as funny		236
Hats		239
Radiating “dent” lines		240
A laugh-provoking incident in an animated cartoon		241
The Mad Hatter		246
Detail of a fresco by Michael Angelo		248
Mr. Frost’s spirited delineation of figures in action		249
The peep-show		250
Demeny’s phonoscope		251
Drawings used in making a film of a gasolene engine in operation		255
Character of drawings that would be prepared in producing moving diagrams of the muscles in action		258

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ILLUSTRATIONS