APPENDIX.
It was after I had finished this treatise that Mohnike’s Blicke auf das Pflanzen- und Thierleben in den indischen Malaienländern (Münster, 1883) came into my hands. The author, who was for several years physician and medical superintendent in the Dutch Indies, has given an interesting account of the orang-utan. It appears that this animal is only found in the northern part of Sumatra, and is more common on the western than on the eastern coast. Even there the orang is only occasionally captured. The Dyaks of Borneo are fond of the flesh of this ape, which they shoot, especially in the interior of the island, with poisoned darts, projected from a blow-pipe. The wounded part is then carefully cut out.
Mohnike states that in Borneo Hylobates concolor is called Ouo-ouo by the Malays, and Kalawet by the Dyaks. Dark specimens of Hylobates variegatus are in the Malay dialect called itam, or black Unko, and light specimens are called puti, or white Unko. A good illustration of Hylobates leucogenys is given in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, p. 680, Plate 42: London, 1877.
It should be added to what I have said in the text, that the uvula of the orang-utan is often absent (Bischoff, Beiträge zur Anatomie des Gorilla, p. 37; and Rückart, Der Pharynx als Sprach- und Schluck-apparat, p. 24, plate iii. fig. 10: Munich, 1882). I have, however, examined a specimen in which the uvula was quite perceptible, as well as the palate and arched root of the tongue.
In addition to the lower jaw from Naulette, of which I have spoken above, the fragment of a lower jaw has lately been found in the Schipka cave, Moravia, declared by Schaaffhausen to be that of an ape-like child. Virchow has carefully examined this fragment, and considers that it belongs to an adult of the mammoth age, who suffered from retention of the teeth, and that there is nothing pithecoid about it. The same author subjected the Naulette jaw, which he has repeatedly examined in Brussels, to a close analysis, and is somewhat disposed to admit the pithecoid character of this specimen (Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, p. 277: 1882).
R. Baume, on the other hand, considers that both the Naulette jaw and that from the Schipka cave are pithecoid forms. He finds in these two specimens the actual proof of the existence of man-apes in the diluvial period, since they differ widely, in the form of the lower jaw, from any living specimens. This author is of opinion that in the diluvial period there must have been races of men far inferior to the lowest races now in existence (Die Kieferfragmente von La Naulette und aus der Schipkahöhle, Leipzig, 1883).
See Hartmann, Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, November 19, 1878, for remarks on the tendon, the blood-vessels of the shoulder and thigh in anthropoids, in addition to those given in the text.