AUTHORITIES FOR CHAPTER I.
(1) “Hinc (i.e. Θεῶν ὄχημα) tridui navigatione torrentes igneos prætervecti in sinum venimus, qui Noti Ceras dicitur (Νότου Κέρας). In sinus recessu insula erat priori, illi similis; nam lacum habebat, in quo insula erat altera, referta hominibus silvestribus. Erant autem multo plures mulieres hirsutis corporibus, quas interpretes Gorillas (Γορίλλας) vocabant. Nos persequentes viros quidem capere non potuimus, omnes enim effugiebant quum per præcipitia scanderent et saxis se defenderent; sed feminas cepimus tres, quæ mordentes et lacerantes ductores sequi nolebant. Atque occidimus eas et pelles detractas asportavimus Carthaginem. Neque enim ulterius navigavimus, quum annona deficeret” (Hannonis Carthaginiensis Periplus. Geographi Græci Minores, ed. C. Muelleri, vol. i.).
(2) Comp. Temminck, Esquisses zoologiques sur la cote de Guinée (Leiden, 1853), p. 3.
(3) Marc. de Serres first directed the attention of naturalists to this mosaic. Comp. Froriep, Notizen zur Natur- und Heilkunde, book 42. It has been frequently said that the original of this mosaic is in the Museum of Antiquities at Berlin. Undoubtedly the mosaic in question also consists of a landscape with hippopotami, crocodile, etc., but it cannot be compared with that of Palestrina, which is to my knowledge in the Barberini palace at Rome.
(4) See the Natural History of the younger Pliny, ii. 172; vii. 2.
(5) Regnum Congo: hoc est Vera Descriptio Regni Africani quod tam ab incolis quam Lusitanis Congus appellatur, per Philippum Pigafettam, olim ex Edoardo Lopez acromatis lingua Italica excerpta, nunc Latio sermone donata ab Aug. Cassiod. Reinio. Iconibus et imaginibus rerum memorabilium quasi vivis, opera et industria Joan. Theod. et Joan. Israelis de Bry, fratrum exornata (Francofurti, MDXCVIII.).
(6) Abhandlungen der Königl. Bayrischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (iii. cl. ix. div. 1).
(7) A voyage to Congo and several other countries in Southern Africa, Church collection of voyages and travels (London, 1744), i. 651.
(8) Relation d’un voyage fait en 1695–97 aux côtes d’Afrique, etc. (Paris, 1699).
(9) Nouveau voyage en Guinée, p. 74.
(10) Observationes Medicæ (Amsterdam), § 56. I have recently had occasion to doubt whether Tulpe’s representation of an ape is not founded on that of an orang-utan of average size. At any rate, the head of the animal given by this anatomist reminds me more of an orang than of a chimpanzee.
(11) The Anatomy of a Pygmy, compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man. With an Essay concerning the Pygmies, etc., of the Ancients (edit. i., London, 1699; edit. ii., 1751).
(12) Purchas, His Pilgrims. I have made use of the edition published in London in 1625 (vol. ii. 982).
(13) Beschryvinge des Afrikaensche gewesten van Egypten, Barbaryen, Lybien, Biledulgerid, Negrosland, Ethiopien, Abyssinie, etc. (Amsterdam, 1688; edit. ii. 1679). I have made use of the German version of 1760.
(14) The name Quojas Morrou is also used by Tulpe. A living specimen of these animals was given by Dapper to Prince Frederick Henry of Orange, and is perhaps the one described by Tulpe.
(15) Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashanti (London, 1819: trans. Weimar, 1820; Vienna, 1826). I have made use of the latter translation.
(16) Trans. of the Zoolog. Soc., vol. iii., 1848: On a new species of Chimpanzee, by Professor Owen.
(17) A description of the external characters and habits of Troglodytes Gorilla, by Ph. S. Savage, and of the osteology of the same, by Jeffreys Wyman (Journal of Nat. Hist., Boston, 1847, vol. v.).
(18) Th. Savage: Notice of Troglodytes Gorilla, a new species of Orang on the Gaboon (Boston, 1847). Comp. Kneeland in Proc. of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1850, 1852.
(19) Ostéographie (Paris, 1839–64). Atlas, vol. iv., Mammifères, plate i.
(20) Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, vol. x.
(21) Ibid., vol. viii.
(22) An impression on steel: A mode of photographic illustration used by Nièpce de St. Victor, which has since been materially improved.
(23) Der Gorilla, etc. A coloured illustration by G. Mützel, plate i.
(24) Adventures and explorations in Equatorial Africa (London, 1861). A journey to Ashango Land (London, 1867). The country of the Dwarfs (London, 1872).
(25) Reade, Savage Life: being the narrative of a tour in Equatorial, South-Western, and North-Western Africa, etc. (London, 1863). Brehm, Thierleben, edit. i., i. 16. See also Hartmann, Der Gorilla, p. 4.
(26) Observations on Du Chaillu’s papers on the new species of mammals discovered by him in Equatorial Africa: Proceed. of the Zool. Soc., London. 1861.
(27) Proceed. of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1860. See also Du Chaillu’s Adventures and Explorations, chap. 22; and Reichenbach’s Vollständigste Naturgeschichte der Affen (Dresden and Leipzig), p. 196.
(28) Description of cranium of an adult male gorilla from the River Danger, indicative of a variety of the great chimpanzee (Troglod. Gorilla): Trans. of Zoolog. Soc., London, vol. iv., 1853. Memoir on the Gorilla (London, 1865): well illustrated. Odontography (London, 1840–45). Article on Teeth, by Todd and Bowman, in the Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. iv. part ii. Lectures on the comparative anatomy and physiology of Vertebrata (London, 1866–68, vol. iii.).
(29) Burton’s Two Trips to the Gorilla land, and the cataracts of the Nile (London, 1876).
(30) Compiègne’s L’Afrique Equatoriale (Paris, 1875; Gabonais, p. 260).
(31) De Brazza’s Le Tour du Monde, Année 1878, No. 936.
(32) Lenz’s Skizzen aus Westafrika (Berlin, 1878), p. 171.
(33) Die Loango Expedition, pt. ii., by Falkenstein, p. 149.
(34) Koppenfels’ Die Gartenlaube (1877), No. 25.
(35) Zoologiska Studier, Andra Häftet. (Lund, 1857).
(36) Revue d’Anthropologie (1876), p. 1, etc.
(37) The Medical Times, 1872.
(38) Descrizione di una scimmia antropomorfa proveniente dall’ Africa centrale, in den Annali del Museo Civico di Genova, i. 53.
(39) Studii craniologici sui Cimpanzé. Ibid., iii. 3.
(40) Proceedings of the Academy of Nat. Sciences (Philadelphia, 1879), pt. iii. p. 385.
(41) On the Appendicular Skeleton of the Primates: Philosophical Transactions (1867), 299.
(41A) Macalister’s Muscular Anatomy of the Gorilla: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy of Science, 2nd series, vol. i.
(42) Ueber die Schädelform des Menschen und der Affen, Leipzig, 1867.
(43) Die Hand und der Fuss. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, vol. v.
(44) Archiv. für Anthropologie, viii. 67.
(45) Abhandl. aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgeg. vom Naturwis. Verein zu Hamburg-Altona (Hamburg, 1876), pp. 74–83.
(46) Ibid., p. 84, etc.
(47) Die anthropomorphen Affen des lübecker Museums (Lübeck, 1876).
(48) Mittheilungen aus dem königl. Zoolog. Museum zu Dresden (1877), No. 2, p. 225.
(49) Der Gorilla, mit Berücksichtigung des Unterschiedes zwischen Menschen und Affen, etc. Denkschrift des Offenbacher Vereins für Naturkunde (Offenbach, 1863).
(50) Ueber die Verschiedenheit in der Schädelbildung des Gorilla, Chimpanse und Orang-utan, etc. (München, 1867). Vergleichende anatomische Untersuchungen über die äussern weiblichen Geschlechts- und Begattungsorgane des Menschen und der Affen. Abhandl. der königl. bayrischen Akad. d. Wissensch., cl. ii. vol. xiii. plate ii. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Gorilla. Ibid. cl. ii. vol. xiii. plate iii.
(51) Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Gorilla und Chimpanse. Abhandl. der K. Gesellsch. der Wissensch. Göttingen, vol. 28.
(52) Ueber den Schädel des jungen Gorilla. Monatsberichte der königl. Akademie der Wissensch. zu Berlin (June 7, 1880), p. 516.
(53) Studien aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissensch., plate ii. (Petersburg, 1876), v. 235.
(54) Various works on the gorilla under the following titles:—Beiträge zur Kenntniss der sogen. anthropomorphen Affen, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, series iv. 198; viii. 129; ix. 117. Ueber das Hüftgelenk der anthropoiden Affen. Sitzungsber. der Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, April 17, 1877. Ueber den Torus occipitalis transversus am Hinterhauptbeine des Menschen; Ibid., Nov. 26, 1880. Die menschenähnlichen Affen, No. 247 of the Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissensch. Vorträge, by Virchow and Holtzendorff, p. 11.
(55) Vogt’s Vorlesungen über den Menschen (Giessen, 1863).
(56) L’homme et les singes. Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie, vol. iv. series ii., 1870.
(57) Magitot, Bulletin de la Soc. d’Ethnographie de Paris, 1872.
(58) Gesammelte Werke. A. d. Engl. von J. V. Carus, v. 1, 2 (Stuttgart, 1875).
(59) Gervais’s Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (Paris, 1854), vol. i. p. 27.
(60) Huxley’s Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals (London, 1871).
(61) Flower’s Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia (London, 1870).
(62) Giebel’s Odontographie. Vergleichende Darstellung des Zahnsystems der lebenden und fossilen Wirbelthiere (Leipzig, 1855).
(63) Proceed. of the Zoolog. Soc. (London, 1876).
(64) Hist. Nat. générale et particulière, vol. 35 (Paris).
(65) I quote here the passage which Bosman has taken from the foregoing work by Buffon: “Les singes que l’on appelle smitten (forgerons) en flamand, sont de couleur fauve, et deviennent extrêmement grands: j’en ai vu un de mes propres yeux qui avait cinq pieds de haut et de bien moins grand que l’homme. Ils sont méchants et très forts; un marchand m’a conté, que dans le voisinage du fort de Wimba, le pays est occupé par un très-grand nombre de ces singes, qui sont de force à attaquer l’homme, ce dont on citait des exemples.” Bosman goes on to speak of another species of ape in the same district, which is as hideous as those of the larger kind (Beschrijving van Guiné (1737), p. 34; Voyage de Guinée, p. 258).
(66) Comp. on this point Huxley’s very lucid remarks in his work on the position of man in nature.
(67) Le Jardin des Plantes, by Bernard, Couailhac, Gervais and Lemaout (Paris, 1842), i. 82.
(68) Ibid., p. 83, together with the illustration.
(69) Copied by Chenu, Encycl. d’Hist. Nat. Quadrumanes (Paris, 1851), plate i. fig. 36. By Gervais, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (Paris, 1854), i. 16, 22. By A. B. Reichenbach, Praktische Naturgesch. des Menschen und der Säugethiere (New edit., Leipzig), plate i. fig. 4. H. G. L. Reichenbach, Die Vollständigste Naturgesch. der Affen (Dresden and Leipzig), plate xxxiv., fig. 466; etc.
(70) J. B. Brehm’s Thierleben (Leipzig, 1876), i. 46, 68.
(71) Hartmann, Der Gorilla, etc. Woodcuts, Nos. vi., vii., viii., xiii.
(72) Beobachtungen an zwei lebenden Chimpanse, by H. Tiedemann, Philadelphia. Nach brieflichen Mittheilungen bearbeitet by L. Bischoff (Bonn, 1879).
(73) Temminck’s Esquisse Zoologique, pt. i., etc.
(74) Vrolik, Recherches d’anatomie comparée sur le Chimpanse (Amsterdam, 1841).
(75) On the muscles and nerves of a Chimpanzee, etc. (Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, series ii. 1871, p. 176).
(76) Brühl, Myologisches über die Extremitäten des Chimpanse (Wiener Medicin. Wochenschrift. Jahrg. 1817).
(77) Ontleedkundige nasporingen over de hersenen van den Chimpanse (Amsterdam, 1849).
(78) Des caractères anatomiques des grands singes pseudo-anthropomorphes, Archives du Muséum, vol. viii. Vergleichung der Anatomie des Gorilla mit derjenigen des Chimpanse: very well illustrated.
(79) Recherches sur l’anatomie du Troglodytes Aubryi (Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. Mémoires, vol. ii.).
(80) Mittheilungen aus dem königl. Zoologischen Museum zu Dresden, No. 2 (Dresden, 1877).
(81) Comp. the works cited in note 54. Also Hartmann, Beiträge zur Zoologischen und Zootomischen Kenntniss der sogenannten anthropomorphen Affen. Archiv. für Anatomie, Physiologie, etc., by Reichert and Du Bois-Reymond. Series for the years 1872–76, with many plates, some of them chromo-lithographs.
(82) Description de l’espèce de singe aussi singulier que très rare, nommé Orang-Outang, de l’isle de Borneo. Apporté vivant dans la ménagerie de M. le Prince d’Orange. Description d’un recueil exquis d’animaux rares, etc. (Amsterdam, 1804). The plates, representing the orang, which accompany this work are not badly done.
(83) Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap. Tweede Deel. (Derde Druk, 1826).
(84) Beschrijving van der groote Borneosche Orang-outang of de Oostindische Pongo. Ibid. Also Briefe des Herrn v. Wurmb und des Herrn Baron v. Wollzogen (Gotha, 1794).
(85) General and particular descriptions of the vertebrated animals; order quadrumana (London, 1831): with coloured plates.
(86) Monographies de Mammalogie, vol. ii.
(87) Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche besittingen (1839–45). Zoologie, p. 1.
(88) Description des mammifères nouveaux ou imparfaitement connus de la collection du Muséum d’histoire naturelle. Nouv. Archives du Muséum, etc., ii. 485.
(89) Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1842), ix. 54.
(90) Calcutta Government Gazette, Jan. 13, 1853. Asiatic Researches, xv. 489, 491.
(91) Wallace’s Malay Archipelago.
(92) Naturgeschichte des Orang-Utan und einiger anderer Affenarten. Herbell (Düsseldorf, 1791).
(93) On the Comparative Osteology of the Orang-utan and Chimpanzee: London and Edinburgh Philosoph. Magazine, vi. 457; x. 259. Trans. of the Zoolog. Soc. of London, i. pt. iv.
(94) Archiv. für Anatomie, Physiologie, etc., 1836, p. 46; 1839, p. 209.
(95) L. s. cit.
(96) Vier Abbildungen des Schädels der Simia Satyrus von verschiedenem Alter zur Aufklärung der Fabel vom Orañ-Utañ (Marburg, 1838).
(97) Note sur les métamorphoses du crâne de l’Orang-Outang, Bulletins de l’Académie de Bruxelles (1838). Annales des Sciences Naturelles (1839), p. 56.
(98) Zur Kenntniss des Orangkopfes und der Orangarten (Wien, 1856).
(99) Die Muskulatur der Extremitäten als Grundlage einer vergleichend-myologischen Untersuchung.
(100) L. s. c., Fig. 42, plate vii.
(101) L. s. c., plate i. p. 30 (left figure).
(102) Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (1876), vol. 15. Brehm’s Thierleben, i. 83.
(103) Copied in Cassell’s Natural History, i. 8 (52), with the erroneous title, “Sick Chimpanzee.”
(104) Naturhistorische Früchte der ersten kais. russischen Erdumsegelung (Petersburg, 1813), p. 130.
(105) Le règne animal (nouv. edit.), i. 88.
(106) Is. Geoff. Saint-Hilaire et F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des mammifères (Paris, 1819–35), plate iii. fig. 4.
(107) Wanderings in New South Wales (London, 1834), vol. ii. chap. viii.
(108) Man and Monkeys (London, 1840), p. 423.
(109) Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., i.
(110) See work cited in note 83.
(111) See work cited in note 63, p. 140.
(112) Hist. Nat. des Singes (Paris, an. ix.), p. 154.
(113) Archives du Muséum d’Hist. Nat., v. 529.
(114) Blyth in Journal of the Asiatic Soc., 1846, xv. 172; Ibid., 1847, xvi. 730.
(115) Proceed. of the Zoolog. Soc. of London, xiv. 11.
(116) Beiträge zur Anatomie des Hylobates leuciscus. From the Proceedings of the Bavarian Academy of Science, 2nd series, vol. x. plate iii.