FOOTNOTES.
2 Vorträge über Viehzucht und Rassenkenntniss, i. 61: Berlin, 1872.
3 Comp. Is. Geoffr. Saint-Hilaire, table v.; also Hartmann, Der Gorilla, p. 14, Anm. 4.
4 Owen, Memoir, etc., plate ii.; Brehm, Thierleben, i. 56.
5 Comp. Hartmann, Der Gorilla, fig. 8. This is undoubtedly one of the most successful illustrations of the chimpanzee, its habits, expression, and disposition.
6 Comp. Hartmann, Der Gorilla, fig. 27, representing the Hamburg animal in middle age. Fig. 6 gives the wild Paulina of the German Loango expedition. The inscription, by an error of the press, states that it is a male, not a female chimpanzee.
7 While writing these words I obtained a dried specimen, Hylobates lenciscus (Kuhl), injected with Wickersheiner’s fluid; a large Hylobates of the same species, preserved in spirits of wine; another Hylobates albimanus (Is. Geoffr. Saint-Hilaire), preserved in the same way; and the skeletons of Hylobates syndactylus (F. Cuvier), and of Hylobates agilis.
8 A very good illustration of this animal may be seen in Ed. Poeppig’s Illustrirter Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, vol. i. fig. 24 (Leipzig, 1847), which is taken from some English source with which I am not acquainted. Another woodcut of this animal is in Bock’s Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo, p. 342: Jena, 1882.
9 A specimen of Hylobates leucogenys (Ogilby) may be seen in the British Museum. Comp. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs, etc.: London, 1870.
10 A good woodcut of Hylobates pileatus (J. E. Gray) appears in Huxley’s work, Man’s Place in Nature.
11 A very good coloured illustration of Hylobates funereus, probably taken from life by Werner, may be seen in Is. Geoff. Saint-Hilaire’s Description des mammifères nouveaux, ou imparfaitement connus de la collection du Muséum d’histoire naturelle. Archives du Muséum, v. 26.
12 The coronal crest has attained to a quite unusual height in the fine specimen of the skull of an aged male gorilla, No. 92, in the Natural History Museum in Paris.
13 Ethnologische Schriften, nach dem Tode des Verfassers gesammelt von dessen Sohne Professor Gustav Retzius, p. 33: Stockholm, 1864.
14 Zur Kenntniss des Orangskopfes, etc., p. 3. Virchow observes (Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, March 18, 1876): “The fact that the gibbon, as well as the orang-utan, is brachycephalous is of great geographical interest.”
15 Monthly report of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin, June 7, 1880.
16 Virchow, Ueber einige Merkmale niederer Menschenrassen am Schädel, p. 41: Berlin, 1875. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xii. 23: 1880. Monatsbericht der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, p. 523: 1880. The os epiptericum may be observed in cranium No. 92 of the Paris collection. It is plainly seen in Fig. 4, p. 127, in Darwinismus und Thierproduction (Munich, 1876), in which I refer to this skull. See also Bischoff, Schädelwerk.
17 This illustration is from Duvernoy’s Des caractères anatomiques des grandes singes pseudo-anthropomorphes, plate ii. It is an excellent illustration of the characteristic spinous processes of the vertebral column, and of the relative position of the limbs.
18 Duvernoy, table vi. fig. B.
19 Brühl, Zur Kenntniss des Orangkopfes, pp. 2, 3.
20 “The Missing Link,” Engineering and Mining Journal, xx. 3: New York.
21 Report of Anthropological Society, Berlin, April 16, 1881.
22 Darwin’s Descent of Man, p. 21.
23 Virchow’s Archiv. für Pathologische Anatomie, liii. 485: 1871.
24 Report of Anthropological Society, Berlin, March 9, 1878.
25 Darwin’s Descent of Man, vol. i. p. 192.
26 Geologische Bilder zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Bewohner, ii. 120: Leipzig, 1851–53.
27 Voyage pittoresque dans le Brésil: Paris, 1839.
28 Anthropogenie, p. 482: Leipzig, 1874.
29 It appears to be very common among Japanese apes (Inuus speciosus).
30 Brühl has noted the intermittent occurrence of a connection between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bone.
31 Archiv. für Anthropologie, p. 121: 1878.
32 Schlocker, Ueber die Anomalien des Pterion. Inaugural dissertation. Dorpat, 1879.
33 Zur Kraniologie der Mongoloiden: Beobachtungen und Messungen, p. 56. Dissertation. Heidelburg, Berlin, 1882.
34 Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie, iv. fig. 305.
35 Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, p. 164: 1872.
36 Die vierte allgemeine Versammlung der deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, p. 49.
37 Die Urbevölkerung Europas, p. 46.
38 Quarterly Journal of Science, January, 1864. Comp, also Fuhlrott, Der fossile Mensch aus dem Neanderthal: Duisburg, 1865.
39 Archiv. für Anthropologie, viii. fig. 63.
40 Zeugnisse, etc., 157.
41 Crania Ethnica, plate xxvi.; Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, series 12, plate viii. fig. 2.
42 Crania Ethnica, plate xxxvi.
43 Ten Kate, loc. cit. pp. 17, 42. Virchow is of opinion that the facts are not sufficiently clear to enable us to judge how far this formation affects men (Monatsbericht der Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin, p. 258: 1881). The detachment of the malar bone from the spheno-maxillary fissure of the orbit has up to this time been too rarely observed in anthropoids to merit serious consideration in this work.
44 Joly, Man before Metals: London.
45 Gaudry, Les enchainements du monde animal, p. 232: Paris, 1878.
46 Hartmann, Der Gorilla, pp. 68, 109.
47 Correspondenzblatt der Deutscher Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 148, with illustration: 1878.
48 Zur Morphologie des Gesichtsschädel, pp. 73, 85, 89: Stuttgart, 1877.
49 Welcker on His und Braune, Archiv. für Anatomie, 1881. Rosenberg, Gegenbaur’s Morphologisches Jahrbuch, i. 172.
50 Beiträge zur Geburtshülfe, p. 161.
51 Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, lxxxv. fig. 1: 1882.
52 Hartmann in Archiv. für Anatomie, etc., by Reichert and Du Bois-Reymond, pp. 639–643: 1876.
53 Wiedersheim, Morphologisches Jahrbuch, ii. 421.
54 Archiv. für Anthropologie, p. 463: 1880.
55 Alttrojanische Gräber und Schädel. Aus der Abhandlungen der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, p. 47: 1882.
56 Sitzungsbericht der Berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft: April 17, 1880.
57 See Spengel’s Caves and Primitive Inhabitants of Europe.
58 Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals, p. 481: London, 1871.
59 An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia, p. 310: London, 1870.
60 On the Anatomy of the Vertebrates, ii. 551. Also see my own works in Archiv. für Anatomie, p. 648: 1876.
61 Studien aus dem Gebiete du Naturwissenschaften, ii. 316: St. Petersburg, 1876.
62 Hartmann in Archiv. für Anatomie, etc., p. 653: 1876.
63 Welcker in His and Braune’s Archiv. Jahrg., i. p. 71.
64 Camper, Œuvres, i. 152; Naturgeschichte des Orang-utan, etc.; Owen, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, i. 365–368; Ibid., v. 15; Welcker in His and Braune’s Archiv. Jahrg., ii. p. 106.
65 Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift, p. 4: 1871.
66 Duchenne’s Mécanisme de la physiognomie humaine. Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions. Gamba’s Lezioni di anatomo-fisiologia applicata alle arti belle.
67 Macalister, in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vii. 342 (1871), asserts that he was unable to distinguish the corrugator from the orbicular muscle, and I have been equally unsuccessful.
68 Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions.
69 Darwin, Expression of the Emotions.
70 Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1879. Revue d’Anthropologie, 1873, 1874.
71 Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1879.
72 Hartmann in Archiv. für Anatomie, by Reichart and Du Bois-Reymond, p. 743 (1875); p. 636 (1876).
73 Halford, Not like man, bimanous and biped, nor yet quadrumanous, but cheiropodus: Melbourne, 1863. Lines of demarcation between Man, the Gorilla, and the Macaca: Melbourne, 1863. I only know these two treatises from Bischoff’s quotation. Anatomie, etc., des Hylobates leuciscus, pp. 23, 24.
74 Ruge also considers this muscle to be part of the extensor longus digitorum.
75 Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Gorilla und Chimpanse, p. 32, plate ii. fig. 3.
76 Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris (1869), pp. 83, 113.
77 As, for example, in Hylobates syndactylus. Comp. Giobel, Odontographia, p. 2: Leipzig, 1855.
78 Ortleetkundige Beschryving van een volvassen Orang Oetan. Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Neederlandsche Bezittingen: Leiden, 1840. Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, iv. pp. 368–371: 1869.
79 Comp. Aeby, Der Bronchialbaum der Säugethiere und des Menschen, p. 7, table v. fig. 11: Leipzig, 1880.
80 The Brain as an Organ of Mind. International Scientific Series.
81 Pansch writes of a gorilla’s brain: “The cerebellum ought, in a horizontal position, to be somewhat overlapped by the cerebrum.” I do not understand what he means by the expression ought.
82 Natural History Review, p. 201: 1861.
83 Sitzung der Mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der königl. bairischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, p. 100: Feb. 4, 1871.
84 Gratiolet, Mém. sur les plis cérébraux de l’homme et des primates.
85 Correspondenzblatt der deutschen Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 133: 1878.
86 Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1877.
87 Ibid., p. 25: 1878.
88 Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 28: 1878.
89 Archiv. für Anthropologie, p. 129: 1867.
90 Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 283: 1877.
91 Correspondenzblatt der deutschen Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 134: 1877. H. Gerhartz, Ueber die Ursachen der Microcephalie. Inaugural dissertation. Bonn, 1874.
92 Anatomische Untersuchung eines Microcephalen Knaben. Reprint of a paper written for the celebration of the three hundredth year of the University of Wurzburg, p. 27.
93 Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 248: 1877.
94 Das peripherische Nerversystem der Wirbelthiere, p. 219: Leipzig, 1878.
95 Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, p. 1: 1877.
96 Die Vollständigste Naturgeschichte der Affen, p. 191: Leipzig and Dresden.
97 See Chenu, Encyclopédie d’Historie Naturelle, Quadrumanes, p. 34.
98 Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the British Museum. Appendix, p. 127: London, 1870.
99 For example, the ears are represented as somewhat too small. Although the growth of hair on the crown of the head makes them look larger, the want of proportion must be admitted. It might easily have been altered, but I preferred to reproduce the original sketch as it stood.
100 Die Säugethiere in Wort und Bild., by C. Vogt and Specht, p. 11: Munich, 1882.
101 Mafoca Betreffendes. Reprinted from the reports of the Gesellschaft für Natur und Heilkunde zu Dresden, Sitzung, xxvii. p. 9: 1876.
102 Thierleben, ii. 80, 81. Illustrirte Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, i. 11: Leipzig, 1880.
103 Der Gorilla, vi. p. 25. The inscription to this fine cut erroneously gives this as a male instead of a female specimen.
104 Series for 1876, plate vii. figs. 2, 4.
105 Livingstone’s Last Journals in Central Africa from 1865 to his death, ii. 52–55: London, 1874.
106 Die Loango Expedition, Abth. iii. p. 248: Leipzig, 1882.
107 Ibid., Abth. ii. p. 150.
108 Die Loango Expedition, Abth. i. p. 123.
109 Die Loango Expedition, p. 103.
110 The account given by H. von Koppenfels, whose early death we must all deplore, is taken from his article in the Gartenlaube (1877, No. 25); from his correspondence with his family, which I have been allowed to see; and from a long paper addressed to Professor Bastian from Adalinalonga, dated March 26, 1874.
111 Illustrirtes Thierleben, i. 17: Hildburghausen, 1864.
112 Schweinfurth, Im Herzen von Afrika, p. 335: New edition, Leipzig, 1878.
113 Duirentuin: Illustrated description of the mammals and birds kept in the Zoological Gardens, Amsterdam. Published in the Dutch language about 1862.
114 Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo, etc., p. 31.
115 This illustration confirms the remark already made, that the posterior of this ape somewhat resembles the rump of a bird in structure.
116 Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen: Leiden, 1840–45.
117 Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo, p. 31.
118 Die Preussiche Expedition nach Ostasien. Zoologische Abtheilung, vol. i. p. 249: Berlin, 1876.
119 Unter der Kannibalen auf Borneo, p. 327.
120 Sir Stamford Raffles saw a perfectly white specimen of this species (Transactions of the Linnæan Society, xiii. 241).
121 G. Broesike, Sitzungtbericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: December 18, 1877.
122 Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, March 18, 1876, p. 93.
123 See also Nissle, Die Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, pp. 56, 57: 1876.
124 Wallace’s Malay Archipelago, vol. i.
125 Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo, p. 31.
126 Enchainements, p. 235.
127 Fraas, Wurtembergische Jahresheft, xxvi. plate iv. fig. 1: 1870.
128 Forsyth, Atti della Societá Italiana di Scienze Naturali, xiv.: 1872.
129 Anthropogenie, p. 482: Leipzig, 1874.
130 We do not here include the leaping and running mice.
131 Reise nach Brasilien, ii. 177: Frankfurt-am-Main, 1821.
132 Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, etc., i. 534: Leipzig, 1867.
133 Les Enchainements du monde animal, p. 240.
134 Die Säugethiere in Wort und Bild, p. 49.
135 Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde, 3rd edit., i. 38: Tübingen, 1882.
136 Darwin’s Descent of Man, 1st edit., vol. ii. p. 385.
137 Darwin’s Descent of Man, i. p. 212.
138 Die Säugethiere in Wort und Bild, p. 67.