REFERENCES
In the following pages some of the more important literature is quoted on which are based the statements made in the text of the book:
P. 20. Claims of fundamental racial differences will be found in A. de Gobineau, Essai sur l’inégalité des races; Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; Hans F. K. Günther, Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes; Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Die Grundlagen des XIX Jahrhunderts. The opposite view is held by Th. Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, p. 381; Franz Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man; Friedrich Hertz, Race and Civilization; Ignaz Zollschan, Das Rassenproblem. An attempt at a critical review of the literature is contained in Frank H. Hankins, The Racial Basis of Civilization, and more fully, but with a complete misunderstanding of the meaning of racial and national traits in Théophile Simar, Etude critique sur la formation de la doctrine des races.
Pp. 27, 28. The effect of inbreeding upon the variability of family lines has been discussed by F. Boas in the American Anthropologist N. S. Vol. 18 (1916), pp. 1 et seq., and by Isabel Gordon Carter, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 11, pp. 457 et seq. See also Eugen Fischer, Die Rehobother Bastards.
P. 30. The foreign elements in the Swedish nation have been discussed by Gustav Retzius and Carl M. Fürst in Anthropologia Suecica, p. 18.
P. 32. The reversion to the type of a population has been first discussed by Francis Galton, Natural Inheritance; and later on elaborated by Karl Pearson, Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution, III; Royal Society of London, 1896, A, pp. 253 et seq. The varying regression from the same parental type to distinct populations has been illustrated by F. Boas, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 14, pp. 496 et seq.
P. 35. The changes of stature in Europe are summarized in Rudolf Martin, Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, pp. 224 et seq., 1st edition. Edw. Ph. Mackeprang, De vaernepligtiges legemshojde i Danmark, Meddelelser om Danmarks Antropologi, Vol. 1, pp. 1 et seq. Comparisons of parents and their own children are given in F. Boas, Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants, pp. 28, 30.
P. 36. A discussion of the measures of the hand according to occupation is found in E. Brezina and V. Lebzelter, Ueber die Dimensionen der Hand bei verschiedenen Berufen, Archiv für Hygiene, Vol. 92, 1923; and Zeitschrift für Konstitutionslehre, Vol. 10, pp. 381 et seq.
P. 36. A brief discussion of the effect of the use of the limbs upon the form of the leg bones is found in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Anthropologie und Urgeschichte, Vol. 17 (1885), p. 253; and by L. Manouvrier in Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie, Paris, Series 3, Vol. 10, p. 128.
P. 44. Traits due to domestication have been studied particularly by Eugen Fischer. His results have been briefly summarized in his book, Rasse und Rassenentstehung beim Menschen.
P. 46. A summary of the literature relating to the study of the senses of races is found in Gustav Kafka, Handbuch der vergleichenden Psychologie, Vol. 1, pp. 163 et seq.
P. 46. Differences in basal metabolism were found by Francis G. Benedict, The racial factor in metabolism. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 11, pp. 342 et seq.
P. 47. The margin of safety has been discussed by S. J. Meltzer, Factors of safety in animal structure and animal economy, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 48, pp. 655, et seq.; Science, New Series, Vol. 25, pp. 481 et seq.
P. 54. O. Klineberg, An experimental study of speed and other factors in “racial” differences. Archives of Psychology, No. 93.
P. 54. Paul Roloff has found considerable differences in the ability to define terms, among different social classes of the same district. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie, Vol. 27, pp. 162 et seq.
P. 59. Melville J. Herskovits discusses the mental behavior of a socially uniform group of negroes and mulattoes in The American Negro.
Pp. 60, 61. Studies of human culture without any regard to race are, for instance, Edward B. Tylor, Primitive Culture; Herbert Spencer, Principles of Sociology; F. Ratzel, The History of Mankind. Adolf Bastian’s viewpoint has been analyzed by Th. Achelis, Moderne Völkerkunde, pp. 189 et seq.
P. 64. Romain Rolland speaks of “race antipathy” in his Jean Christophe, 44th edition, Vol. 10, p. 23.
P. 66. The relations between Negroes, Indians, and Whites in Brazil were described to me by Mr. Rüdiger Bilden, those in Santo Domingo by Mr. Manuel Andrade.
P. 68. Local forms in animal life have been described by Friedrich Alverdes, Tiersoziologie, 1925. The social life of insects has been treated by William M. Wheeler, Social Insects, Their Origin and Evolution, 1928.
P. 72. The actual distribution of mixtures of Whites and Negroes has been described by Melville J. Herskovits in the book previously referred to. The United States Census is not a reliable source for the relative number of Mulattoes and full-blood Negroes.
P. 75. Marriage preferences of Negroes and Mulattoes have been discussed by Herskovits in the book just mentioned.
P. 87. Owing to the economic advantages accruing to Indians who speak Spanish, there is a marked tendency in many Mexican villages to discourage the use of the native language. I have heard Indian mothers reprimand their children for speaking Indian.
P. 87. The descent of the Swedish nobility has been discussed by P. E. Fahlbeck, Der Adel Schwedens, Jena, 1903.
P. 107. As examples of attempts to correlate bodily form and pathological or psychological conditions I mention George Draper, Human Constitution, and E. Kretschmer, Körperbau und Charakter.
P. 109. For examples of heredity of defective traits see R. L. Dugdale, The Jukes, and A. H. Estabrook, The Jukes in 1915; also H. H. Goddard, The Kallikak Family; A. H. Estabrook and C. B. Davenport, The Nam Family; F. H. Danielson and C. B. Davenport, The Hill Folk.
P. 122. C. Lombroso’s views are set forth in many of his books, for instance, L’uomo delinquente in rapporto all’ antropologia; L’homme criminel.
P. 123. One of the most thorough studies of criminals is that by C. Goring, The English Convict.
P. 128. A discussion of observations in Habit Clinics is given in Blanche C. Weill, The Behavior of Young Children of the Same Family, Cambridge, 1928.
P. 146. In F. Boas, Handbook of American Indian Languages, the forms of primitive languages are discussed. See also Edward Sapir, Language.
P. 150. The significance of the Sun Dance among various tribes has been studied by Leslie Spier, in Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 16, pp. 451 et seq.
P. 151. The stability of ornamental form and the variety of interpretation are illustrated in F. Boas, Primitive Art, pp. 88 et seq. Examples of the varied interpretation of tales have been collected by T. T. Waterman, Journal of American Folk-Lore, Vol. 27, pp. 1 et seq.
P. 152. The theory of survivals has been set forth by Edward B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. 1, pp. 70 et seq.
P. 152. Some of the rules of forbidden and proscribed cousin marriages will be found in Robert H. Lowie, Primitive Society.
P. 163. A remarkable instance illustrating the conservatism of the Eskimo and their Arctic neighbors is contained in a phrase in their folklore. In East Greenland it is told of a man “who was so strong even in death, that he did not lie stretched out, but rested on his muscles (i.e., of the buttocks and shoulders);” Knud Rasmussen, Myter og Sagn, from Grönland, Vol. 1, p. 272 (figure). The Chukchee of eastern Siberia tell of a strong man who had been killed: “He lay there, touching the ground merely with his calves, with his shoulder blades, and with the other fleshy parts of his body.” W. Bogoras, Chukchee Texts, Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. 8, p. 98.
P. 164. Changes of ritual are occurring among the Kwakiutl Indians of Vancouver Island who, during the last seventy or eighty years, have constantly been adding new features and dropping old ones. Changes owing to the premature death of the keeper of a secret ritual must have occurred repeatedly among the Pueblo tribes. The best authenticated case is that of the Pueblo of Cochití where, owing to the death of the chief of ceremonies and rituals during the absence of his successor, the latter had only a fragmentary knowledge of his duties.
P. 164. The best described example of the origin of a mixed religion is that of the Ghost Dance by James Mooney in the 14th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
P. 164. The restriction of inventiveness of the artist has been described in F. Boas, Primitive Art.
P. 166. Maria Montessori, in her Pedagogical Anthropology, has tried to apply anthropometric data to educational problems.
P. 169. The periods of certain physiological stages have been described by F. Boas in Remarks on the Anthropological Study of Children, Transactions of the 15th International Congress of Hygiene and Demography.
P. 171. Observations on variations in development according to social classes are found in many places. See, for instance, references in H. Ploss, Das Weib, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, p. 228; also H. P. Bowditch, The Growth of Children, 8th Annual Report State Bureau of Health of Massachusetts; C. Roberts, A Manual of Anthropometry. See also the selected bibliography in D. A. Prescott, The determination of anatomic age in school children and its relation to mental development.
P. 172. Milo Hellman, Nutrition, Growth and Dentition, Dental Cosmos, January, 1923.
P. 174. The differences in bodily form of boys and girls have been pointed out by me at the place just mentioned and by Ruth O. Sawtell, Sex Differences in Bone Growth of Young Children, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1928.
P. 175. A full treatment of the psychology of childhood in its relation to educational problems is contained in E. L. Thorndike, Educational Psychology.
P. 177. A comparison of Jewish and Northwest European children will be found in F. Boas, The Growth of Children as Influenced by Environmental and Hereditary Conditions, School and Society, Vol. 17, p. 305 et seq.
P. 178. The uncertainty of correlations between height and weight and undernourishment have been set forth by Louis I. Dublin and John C. Gebhart, Do Height and Weight Tables Identify Undernourished Children?, New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor.
P. 182. The correlations between stature attained at a certain age and subsequent growth have been discussed by Clark Wissler, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 5, pp. 81 et seq.
P. 188. See descriptions of the killing of aged persons in Waldemar Bogoras, The Chukchee, Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. 8.
P. 189. The life of the adolescent girl in Samoa has been discussed by Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa.
P. 217. E. Westermarck, The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas; L. T. Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution.
THE END