Apes and Monkeys: Their Life and Language

INDEX

“Aaron”
his intelligent expression, 144, 146, 147
his capture, 145
on the journey, 147, 148
his tricks, 148
” one aversion, 148, 149
” sympathy for Moses, 149-152
realization of death, 151, 152
loses his mate, 170
his illness and death, 172-174
“Aaron” with “Elisheba”
acts as a protector, 156
his reliance on human aid, 157, 158-159
driving the cow, 158, 159
we start for Liverpool, 159
the bogie on the steamer, 159
solicitude of the apes, 159-160
their ingenuity, 161
the ape in the mirror, 161-162
Aaron’s jealousy, 162-165
the rivals, 163-165
arrival at Liverpool, 167, 168
Elisheba’s illness, 168
Aaron again becomes nurse, 170
Abstract ideas in simians, Lack of, 20, 36
Affection in animals not mere instinct, 58-59, 173
Age of maturity in apes, 98, 191, 192
Amusement (of captives)
captives should have, 55-56, 283
means of, 20-21, 33, 35, 54-56
Angola, 268
Anthropoid or manlike apes (see also Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Gibbon, Orang, and references under Chimpanzee captives)
the group, 3
superior intelligence, 35, 60
Apes (see also Simians and references under Anthropoid apes)
resemblance to man, 2
described, 3, 92-98, 223 ff.
anthropoid or manlike group, 3
skeleton a duplicate of man’s, 4, 7
superior intelligence of anthropoid, 35, 60
travelers’ stories untrue, 71-72, 235-236, 266 ff.
do not act in concert, 268
Approval, Apes’ love of, 197, 203
Arboreal habit, The, 96-97, 224-225, 245

Baboon, The, 3, 14, 15, 196-197, 224, 266, 277
relative plane, 3, 277
Bailey, Mr. James A., New York City
his valuable apes, 190-191
corroborative testimony, 268
“Banquo,” 28-29
Battel, Henry (1590), 267, 268
Batuna (plant), 77, 245
Bellevue Gardens, Manchester, England (see also Consul II)
Consul II, 193
a pugnacious ape, 198-200
chimpanzee and orang, 200
Borneo, 274
Buffalo (N. Y.) Museum, Specimens in, 104

Cage in the jungle, The
idea first conceived, 60
exceptional opportunities it afforded, 60, 71, 260
its construction, 62-64
its furniture, 64-66
date of occupancy, 71
length of occupancy, 71
my chimpanzee companion, 71
(see also Moses)
the native boy, 71, 120, 121, 125, 148-149
program for the day, 73 ff.
my menu, 73, 77, 79, 84
wild visitors, 75 ff., 186-190, 252-260
the tornado, 79 ff.
Cameroon (valley), 85, 213, 215, 267
Capuchin monkey, The (see also under Monkey), 18-19, 28, 29, 38, 39, 42, 52
Care of simian captives
amusement of, 20-21, 33, 35, 54-56, 283
their short lives, 146, 200, 201
effects of confinement, 231
cannot live in pure air, 280, 281
condition compared to a certain
tropical moss, 279-280
humidity essential, 280-282
diet, 282-283
dust of straw injurious, 283
tobacco fatal to the gorilla, 283-284
Catarrhini, 3
“Caucasian of monkeys, The,” 35
Cebus monkey, The (see also under Monkey)
brown species, 17, 24, 42
experiments with, 17, 18
superior intelligence, 35
white-faced species, 42
Charla (lake), 25
Charleston, S. C., Experiments at, 24 ff.
Cherry, Mr. William S., African traveler, 212
Chicago Gardens, Experiments at, 17, 29
“Chico”
his unusual size, 190
” scream, 241
” fear of an elephant, 268
Chi Loango (river), 211, 218
Chimpanzee, The (see also Kulu-kamba, Ntyigo, and references under Chimpanzee captives)
order of intelligence, 4, 60, 85, 99, 105-106
perception of number, 34
resemblance to man (see also Skeleton), 60-62, 92
in native haunts, 70, 71, 186-190
habitat, 85-87, 280
derivation and meaning of name, 86
two species, 86 ff.
described in detail, 92-98, 188
position in sleep, 96
longevity, 98
age of maturity, 98, 191, 192
breeding season, 98-99
social traits and government, 99-105
reasoning power and mental status, 105, 116, 206
does not bear captivity well, 146
pulmonary trouble common, 146
maladies resemble man’s, 186
seen from the cage, 186-190
climate of America favorable, 200-201
mode of attack, 237
scream and beating sound, 240-242
disposition, 250, 284
Chimpanzees, Speech of
extent of vocabulary, 108, 115, 136
number of words interpreted, 108, 115
pitch of voice, 108, 109, 111, 112, 116
vocal organs, 108-110
phonetic symbols invented by author, 109-113
method of producing sounds, 110-111
character and meaning of sounds, 112-115, 123, 125, 130, 135-137
quality of voice, 113
use of gestures, 114-115
possibility of development, 139
resemblance to human speech, 116
constant meanings of sounds, 136, 137
Chimpanzee captives, Some (see Aaron; Elisheba; Sailor’s pet; Village pet; Gaboon, captives at; Izanga; Chico; Johanna; Consul II; Clever kulu; Five young kulus; Sally)
Cincinnati Zoölogical Garden, Experiments at, 14, 28, 200, 241
Classification of simians, 2-4
Clever kulu, A
her color, 202
facial expression, 203, 206
love of approval, 203, 204
always in mischief, 204
unties complicated knots, 204-206
evidence of reasoning power, 206
Color, Simians’ perception of, 30-32, 35, 36, 139
Concrete ideas, Simians can express only, 36
Congo (river), 66, 85, 191, 209, 211, 212, 216, 218, 241, 267, 268, 270, 272
Constant meanings of sounds in simian speech, 15, 18, 23, 135-137
“Consul II”
his remarkable sagacity, 193
rides a “bike,” 193
smokes a pipe, 193-195
draws with chalk or pencil, 195, 196
distinguishes three letters, 196
love of teasing, 196-197
aversion to being clothed, 197
loves approval, 197
attempts at burglary, 198
his keeper’s zeal, 198
Cranio-facial angles
of man, 8
” apes, 9
” monkeys, 9
” reptiles, 10
Cross, Dr., Liverpool, England
guardian of Aaron and Elisheba, 168, 172
Cruelty
unnecessary in hunting, 146
inherent in natives, 157, 184-185
Crystal Mountains, 211, 214
Cynocephalus, 266

“Darwin”
learns Puck’s sound for “food,” 43
Deaf-mutes, Method of teaching applied to simian speech, 110
Death, Apes’ realization of, 151, 152, 170, 259
Deemin, Mr. James, English trader, 223, 261
Descriptions of simians
of monkeys, 3, 224
” chimpanzee, 92-98, 224
” gorilla, 223 ff.
Development of “calf” a means of comparison, 227
Dexterity and ingenuity
of apes, 122, 126, 129, 130, 132, 161, 184, 193-198, 204-206
of monkeys, 56-57
Dialects (see types under Monkeys, Speech of)
Dimension, Simians’ perception of, 30, 36
“Dodo”
Nemo’s apologetic speech, 47
her appeal to her keeper, 48-50
Drake, Mr. J. H., African traveler, 261
Drum, The (see Kanjo)
Du Chaillu, Paul, African traveler, 214, 272, 273

Early reports of apes (see Ford, Savage, Wilson, Walker, Hanno, Battel, Du Chaillu)
“Elisheba” (see also Aaron with Elisheba)
where captured, 154
her shrewish temper, 154-156
her selfishness and perversity, 155-156
her champion and slave, 156, 162-165
a suitor rebuffed, 163-165
submissive only from policy, 166
her illness and death, 168-171
Eloquence of monkeys’ speech, 22, 47-50
Emotions, Simians display human
sympathy, 149-152, 170-171
aversion, 26, 148-149
sorrow, 50, 152, 170
jealousy, 46, 125, 162-165, 186
contempt, 203, 206, 250
affection, 58-59, 134-135, 173, 174
Enjocko, 268
Enumeration (see Number, Perception of)
Esyira (tribe and country), 140, 144, 145, 218, 228, 267, 269
Ethics, Monkeys’ code of, 30
Etymology of native names, 232, 272
Evolution, 36
Expression (see also Facial expression)
defined, 13
speech a means of, 13
animals’ limit of, 13, 23

Facial expression of simians, 1, 16, 46, 47, 126, 146-147, 150, 162, 170, 182, 197, 202-204, 206, 207, 229
Falkenstein, Dr., 267
Ferocity of apes exaggerated, 229, 235-236
Ferran Vaz (lake), 66, 144, 149, 219, 228, 270
Fiote (tribe and language), 86, 267
Five young kulus, 207-210
Food
of chimpanzee, 106-107, 128-129, 132
of gorilla, 245-246
Ford, Dr., African traveler, 214, 217
Form, Simians’ perception of, 30, 139, 196
Fort Gorilla, 71

Gaboon (town and river), 66, 153, 155, 182, 211, 214-217, 268, 272
Gaboon, Some captives at, 182 ff.
their table manners, 182-184
their love of beer, 183-184
their dexterity, 184
maladies resemble man’s, 186
Gibbon, The
order of intelligence, 4
arboreal habit, 96, 276
size and activity, 275-276
skeleton, 276
can stand erect, 276
wonderful leaping power, 276
several known species, 277
vocal qualities, 277
Glave, E. J., African traveler, 241
Goode, Rev. A. C., late missionary at Batanga, 272
Gorilla, The
order of intelligence, 4, 211, 232
resemblance to man, 60
in native haunts, 70, 71
seen from the cage, 71, 77-78, 186, 252-260
his scream and beating sound, 84, 109, 237-242
arboreal habit, 96-97, 224-225, 245
nomadic, 97, 233
habitat, 211 ff., 273, 278-279
early reports of (see references under Early reports)
skeleton, 218-223
described in detail, 223 ff.
cannot walk erect, 225
the “calf” as means of comparison, 227
species, 228, 274
compared with other apes and with man, 228-231
social traits and government, 231 ff.
derivation of name, 232
in council, 234
ferocity exaggerated, 235-236, 262, 273
mode of attack, 236-237
sounds wrongly attributed to, 109, 240-242
method of carrying young, 242, 259
disposition, 242, 250-251, 284
food, 245-246, 282-283
stealthiness, 253, 262
calling sound, 254
difficult to find, 260-263
only one ever brought to America, 263
a wild gorilla takes his own photograph, 264-265
care in captivity, 278 ff.
Great forest, The, 68
Guinea, Gulf of, 85, 266

Habitat
of gorilla, 211 ff., 273, 278-279
of chimpanzee, 85-87, 280
of orang, 274
of gibbon, 276
Handmann, Mr. Otto, German consul at Gaboon, 182
Hanno, 500 B.C., earliest mention of the ape, 266-267
Harris, Captain, African traveler, 217
Harvard Medical School Collection, 6
Hornaday, W. T., authority on orang, 275
Human faculties, embryo of all, exists in simians, 37

Ikomba njina, 232, 234, 235
Inenga (lake), 218
Ingenuity of simians (see Dexterity)
Izanga (lake), 184, 212, 223
an unhappy captive at, 184-185
an act of mercy, 185

“Jack,” 25
“Jennie,” 27
“Johanna”
her value for scientific use, 190, 192
probable age, 191
size, 191
intellectual plane, 192
“Jokes” 24 ff.
his fright, 24
the reconciliation, 26
Journeys in the jungle
to the chimpanzee country, 66
a five days’ journey on foot, 148
to the coast, 153
Jungle, the African
described, 66-70, 153
daily life in, 73 ff.
the quiet hour, 77
a tornado, 79 ff.

Kabinda (town), 191
Kanga ntyigo
etymology of the name, 272
Kanjo, The, 102-104
the drum, 104, 241
Keller, Helen
with Nellie, 52-53
Kisanga (valley and river), 212
Komo (river, also name of gunboat), 153, 213, 217
Kongo, 272
Kulu-kamba (see also under Chimpanzee, and references under Chimpanzee captives)
its habitat, 87
described and compared with ntyigo, 87-91
Moses’ successor, 144
highest type of all apes, 202, 210
name applied to different types, 270

Lamberene (town), 270
Lemur, 2, 224
relative plane, 2, 277
Loango (valley), 192, 211, 267, 269
Longevity of chimpanzee, 98
Lopez, African explorer, 270
Lopez, Cape, 153, 270

Mafuka, 269, 274
Maladies of simians
pulmonary trouble common, 146
resemble man’s, 186
Malay Peninsula, 276
Mandrill, The, 14
Mayumba (town), 215, 216, 268
M’Bouve, 272
“McGinty”
his jealousy, 45, 46
Meanings of certain sounds in simian speech (see also under Monkeys, Speech of, and Chimpanzees, Speech of)
sound meaning “food,” 19, 28, 29, 43, 112-113
sound meaning “drink,” 19, 28, 29
sound meaning “warning,” 14, 20, 27, 113
sound meaning “alarm,” 24, 27, 113
sound meaning “friendship,” 113
sound meaning “good,” 160, 181
calling sound, 112-113, 136
Mental power and status of simians (see also under Ape, Chimpanzee, Monkey, Gorilla, “Aaron,” “Moses,” etc.)
compared to man, 105
compared to the dog, 116
Menu, My daily, 73, 77, 79, 84
Mesial crest (see Gorilla, Skeleton of)
“Mickie”
the boss of the school, 45-46
his tricks, 46
Middle forest, The, 68
Mirror, Experiments with, 40-41, 161-162
Mode of attack
of chimpanzee, 237
of gorilla, 236-237
Moiro, 217
Monkey, The (see also Simians)
human appearance, 1
relative plane, 2, 277
relationship to man, 2, 277
all simians not monkeys, 2-3
described, 3, 224
old world and new world, 3
cranio-facial angles, 9
Cebus species (see Cebus)
Capuchin species (see Capuchin)
perception of sound, color, form, dimension, quality, number, music, etc., 30-37
code of ethics, 30
Rhesus species (see Rhesus)
difference in traits and tastes, 35
express emotion, 50
affection not mere instinct, 58-59
Monkeys, Laughter of, 38, 54-55
Monkeys, Speech of
study of, 14 ff.
poor success of first efforts, 15
sound meaning “alarm” or “warning,” 14, 20, 24, 27
phonograph first used, 16-18
sounds have constant meanings, 15, 18, 23
number of sounds interpreted, 18
sounds described, 19-20
speech monophrastic and monophonetic, 19, 44
pitch of voice, 20, 28, 50
resemblance to human speech, 20, 22-23
each species has its own speech, 23, 44
sign of surrender, 25 ff.
sound meaning “food,” 19, 28, 29
sound meaning “drink,” 19, 28, 29
musical quality of voices, 19, 25, 45, 47, 50, 53, 57
eloquence, 22, 47-50
types of speech and inflections, 23, 42, 60
“Moses”
my sole companion in the cage, 71
his breakfast, 73
his amusements, 73, 120, 122-124
his siesta, 77, 124
position in sleep, 96
learns a word of human speech, 115-116, 137-138
his capture, 117-118
his moral training, 118, 120-121, 130-132
his tricks, 120-121, 123-124, 131
dexterity and ingenuity, 122, 126, 129-130, 132-133
reading the newspaper, 123
his jealousy and temper, 125, 186
our walks in the jungle, 125
understood rights of possession, 125, 128
preferences in food, 128, 129, 132
meaning of sounds, 123, 125, 135-137
his quick vision, 125
a severe lesson, 131-132
reasoning power, 133
his devotion, 134-135
perception of form, color, music, etc., 139
he signs a legal document, 139-140
last illness, 140-142, 149-151
his chimpanzee nurse, 149-152
his death, 142, 151, 152
his claims to fame, 143
Mpongwe, 86
Music, Simians’ perception of, 35-36

Native explanation of relationships, 269-270
Native reports unreliable, 215, 231
Nazavine (bay), 270
“Nellie”
her love of companionship, 20, 22
warns me of danger, 21 ff.
her perception of sound, 22
with Helen Keller, 52-53
her ingenuity, 56-57
“Nemo”
his diplomacy, 47
his abject apology, 47-48
Nenge Nenge (town), 214
New world monkeys, 3
their superior intelligence, 35
New York Zoölogical Gardens, Experiments at, 45-51
Nguni (river), 154, 211, 213, 218
“Nigger,” 45, 51
Njina, 228, 267, 269, 270
Njole (town), 213
Nkami (tribe, lake, and river), 66, 144, 212, 218, 272
Noogo (river), 144
Nose a distinguishing feature, The, 3
Ntcheego, 268
Ntyigo (see also under Chimpanzee)
its habitat, 87
described, 87-90
compared with kulu-kamba, 90-91
distinguished from ntyii, 228
Ntyii, 223, 228, 267, 269-270
Ntyi-ne-nye-ni (village), 144
Number, Perception of
by simians, 32-34, 36
by birds, 34

Ogowé (river, delta, and basin), 66, 117, 202, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 223, 272
Old world monkeys, 3
Orang, The
order of intelligence, 4
arboreal habit, 97
a captive at Bellevue, 200
compared, 274, 275
Orungu (tribe), 215
“Othello”
place of capture, 221
absence of humor, 244
illness and death, 247-249
with Moses, 249, 250
his speech sounds, 251
Owen, Sir Richard, writer on Africa, 215

Parrot Island, 214
Paternal instinct in animals, 100
“Pedro”
his troubles, 38
appreciation of kindness, 38
recording his sounds, 38, 39
his tale of woe, 39, 41
speech repeated to Puck, 39-41
Philadelphia Museum of Zoölogy, Specimens at, 217
Phonograph as a means of recording speech of monkeys, 15 ff.
first experiments, 16 ff.
behavior of monkeys on hearing, 16-18
speech and reply recorded, 18
Pedro’s speech recorded, 38
experiment with Puck, 39-41
Pitch of voice
in monkeys, 20, 28
in apes, 108, 109, 111-112
Platarrhini, 3
Pongo, 267, 269
Program, A day’s, 73 ff.
“Puck,” his perplexity on hearing phonograph, 39-41

Quality, Simians’ perception of, 30
Quantity, Simians’ perception of, 32

Reasoning power in simians, Evidences of, 16-18, 33-34, 36, 37, 105, 133, 161, 206
Records of speech sounds (see Phonograph)
Rembo (river), 144, 218
Resemblances between simians and man
in body, 1, 2, 4-8, 60, 92, 186, 277
in speech, 20, 22-23, 116
in affections, 58-59, 173, 174
Rhesus monkey, 32
Romanes, Professor
experiments with chimpanzee, 34
experiments with “Sally,” 241

Sacrum (see Skeleton)
Sagittal ridge (see Gorilla, Skeleton of)
Sailor’s pet, A
his suit rejected, 163-165
“Sally,” 241
“Sally Jones,” 244
Savage, Dr., African traveler, 213, 214, 216
Scream of gorilla and chimpanzee, 84, 109, 237-242
Sette Kama (town), 144, 212
Sheldon, Mrs. M. French, African traveler, 25
Sierra Leone, 266
Simians (see Apes, Monkeys, etc.)
wide range of types, 2
different forms described, 3
two grand divisions, how distinguished, 3
Simian speech (see Monkeys, Speech of, and Chimpanzees, Speech of)
Size of apes, 96, 190, 191, 221, 230
Skeleton, The
as basis of comparison, 4
chief point of difference, 4
sacrum, peculiarities of, 4-6, 8
vertebræ, number of, 5-6
causes of difference in sacrum and vertebræ, 6
sternum, differences in, 6, 7
skull, differences in, 8
general comparison, 7-8
of gorilla, 218-223
of gibbon, 276
Smithsonian Institution, Experiments at, 15 ff., 38
Snapshot, A unique, 264-265
Social traits and government
of chimpanzee, 99-105
of gorilla, 231 ff.
Soko, 270
Speech defined, 12
Speech of animals (see also Monkeys, Speech of, and Chimpanzees, Speech of)
author’s interest in, 12
grounds of belief in, 12, 13
vocabularies limited, 13
can express what they conceive, 13, 23
development of interest, 14
Spider-monkey, 38
Stanley Pool, 216
Steckelman, Carl, African explorer, 216
Sternum (see Skeleton)
Stories of travelers and writers often untrue, 71-72, 235-236, 261-263, 267, 268, 273
Strohm, Mr. Adolph, trader at Gaboon, 154, 158
Sumatra, 274

Threadbare story, A, 262, 273
Tornado in the jungle, 79 ff.
Translations of native reports, Literal, 269, 270
Troglodytes, 267
Tyimba (village), 144

Under forest, The, 68
University of Toronto Collection, 249

Village pet, A
the children’s playmate, 175-178
understood names and commands, 179
brought water and wood, 179-180
brought persons named, 180-181
price double that of a slave, 182
Vocabularies of animals (see Speech of Animals; Monkeys, Speech of, and Chimpanzees, Speech of)
Walker, Dr., revises Wilson’s lexicon of native language, 216
Wallace, Mr. Alfred R., authority on orang, 275
Webber, Mr., keeper of ape at Bellevue
his success in training, 198
Wild visitors to the cage, 75 ff., 81-82, 186-190, 252-260
did not usually evince fear, 253
retreated in good order, 253, 255, 258
Moses frightens one away, 254
a gorilla beckons, 255
a narrow escape, 256-258
an exceptional opportunity, 258-259
a brave baby, 260
a gorilla takes his own photograph, 264-265
Wilson, Dr., first missionary at Gaboon
wrote lexicon of native language, 216
Wurmb, Baron, 267

Apes and Monkeys: Their Life and Language

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