Archæology and the Bible

Plate 1

Fig. 1. Syrian Traders in Egypt, from a Tomb at Beni Hasan.

Fig. 2. Crown of Lower Egypt.

Fig. 3. Crown of Upper Egypt.

Fig. 4. Crown of United Egypt.

Fig. 5. Sphinx and Pyramid of Khafre.

Plate 2

Fig. 6. Pyramids of Khufu and Khafre.

Fig. 7. Step Pyramid of Zoser.

Plate 3

Fig. 8. Body from a Pre-dynastic Tomb.

Fig. 9. Head of the Mummy of Ramses II.

Plate 4

Fig. 10. A Store-Chamber at Pithom (after Naville).

Fig. 11. Ancient and Modern Brick-Making (after Petrie).

Plate 5

Fig. 12. Plan of City and Temple of Leontopolis (after Petrie).

Fig. 13. A Passover-Oven (after Petrie).

Plate 6

Fig. 14. The Rosetta Stone.
By permission of Thomas Nelson & Sons.

Fig. 15. The “Israel” Inscription of Merneptah.

Plate 7

Fig. 16. Mounds of Nuffar (after Clay).

Fig. 17. Excavation at Nuffar (after Clay).

Plate 8

Fig. 18. Gate of Ishtar, Babylon (after Koldeway).

Fig. 19. Phalanx of Soldiers from Eannatum’s “Stele of Vultures.”

Plate 9

Fig. 20. Inscribed Column from Persepolis.

Fig. 21. Silver Vase of Entemena.

Fig. 22. Mound of Birs Nimrûd (after Peters).

Plate 10

Fig. 23. Hittite Gates at Boghaz Koi (after Puchstein).

Fig. 24. Hittite Types from Egyptian Monuments (after Garstang).

Plate 11

Fig. 25. A Hittite King (after Puchstein).

Fig. 26. The Boss of Tarkondemos.

Fig. 27. The Seal of Shema, Servant of Jeroboam.

Plate 12

Fig. 28. Tell el-Hesy after Excavation.

Fig. 29. The Site of the Old Testament Jericho.

Plate 13

Fig. 30. Excavation of Gezer.

Fig. 31. Remains of a Colonnaded Street at Samaria.

Plate 14

Fig. 32. Excavation at Tell Hum.

Fig. 33. Egyptians Attacking a Palestinian City (after Perrot and Chipiez).

Plate 15

Fig. 34. Israelitish Jericho (after Sellin).

Fig. 35. Israelitish Houses at Jericho (after Sellin).

Plate 16

Fig. 36. Philistines from the Palace of Ramses III.

Fig. 37. Canaanitish Fortress at Jericho (after Sellin).

Plate 17

Fig. 38.—Inscribed Disc from Phæstos (one-fourth actual size).

Fig. 39. Gebel Fureidis.

Plate 18

Fig. 40. Bastion for the Protection of an Inserted Tower (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 19

Fig. 42. Walls of Buildings at Samaria (after Reisner).

Fig. 43. Specimens of Stone-Work at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 44. Building-Bricks from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 20

Fig. 46. The Great City Wall at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 21

Fig. 47. Israelitish Houses at Gezer.
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 48. Specimens of Mosaic Floors (after Macalister).
By Permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 22

Fig. 49. A Doorway at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 50. Door-Sockets from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 23

Fig. 51. Supposed House of Hiel, Jericho (after Sellin).

Fig. 52. Foundation of the Palace of Omri, Samaria (after Reisner).

Fig. 53. Hebrew Palace at Megiddo (after Schumacher).

Plate 24

Fig. 55. Stone-Work of the Maccabæan Castle (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 56. A Foundation-Deposit, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 25

Plate 26

Fig. 60. Entrance to the Underground Tunnel at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 61.—The North Gate at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 27

Fig. 62. Plans of the Underground Tunnel at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 28

Fig. 64. One of Solomon’s Pools.

Plate 29

Fig. 65. Post of City Gate, Samaria (after Reisner).

Fig. 66. Part of City Wall and Gate, Samaria (after Reisner).

Plate 30

Fig. 67. Road South of Gerizim.

Fig. 68. Lines of Roman Roads at Tell el-Ful.

Fig. 69. Roman Road North of Amman.

Plate 31

Fig. 70. A Granary at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 71. Some Roman Mile-Stones.

Fig. 72. Plan of a Granary at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 32

Fig. 73. A Hoe (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 74. An Egyptian Reaping (after Wreszinski).

Fig. 75. A Sickle (after Wreszinski).

Fig. 76. Plowshares from Megiddo (after Schumacher).

Plate 33

Fig. 77. Egyptian Plowing (after Wilkinson).

Fig. 78. A Modern Threshing-Floor.

Fig. 79. Egyptians Threshing and Winnowing (after Wilkinson).

Fig. 80. Egyptian Threshing-Sledge (after Wilkinson).

Plate 34

Fig. 81. A Saddle-Quern from Megiddo (after Schumacher).

Fig. 82. A Rotary-Quern (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 83. A Mortar and Pestle (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 84. Two Women Grinding at a Mill (after Schumacher).

Plate 35

Fig. 85. An Ancient Olive-Press (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 86. A Modern Olive-Press (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 36

Fig. 87. A Wine Vat (after Macalister).
By Permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 88. An Olive-Press at Work (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 37

Fig. 89. Cows’ Horns from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 90. Animals’ Heads from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 91. A Horse’s Bit from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 92. Drawings of Horses from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 38

Fig. 93. A Clay Bird from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 94. A Cock from Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 95. A Bee-Hive from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 39

Fig. 96. Pre-Semitic Jars (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 97. Pre-Semitic Pottery (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 98. Four Pitchers from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 99. Three Pitchers from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 100. A Jar from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 40

Fig. 101. Jugs from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 102. A Jug from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 103. A Jar from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 41

Fig. 104. Some Fine Pottery from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 105. “Ear” and “Button” Jar-Handles (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 106. A “Pillar” Handle (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 107. A Flat-bottomed Jug (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 42

Fig. 108. A Painted Philistine Vase from Beth-shemesh (after Mackenzie).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 109. War-Scene on Potsherd from Megiddo (after Schumacher).

Fig. 110. Jars of Third Semitic Stratum from Beth-shemesh (after Mackenzie).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 111. Hebrew Pottery from Megiddo (after Schumacher).

Plate 43

Fig. 112. Hebrew Jars and Pitchers from Jericho (after Sellin).

Fig. 113. Hebrew Pitchers and Bowls from Jericho (after Sellin).

Plate 44

Fig. 114. A Funnel from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 115. A Potter’s Seal from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 116. An Inscribed Hebrew Jar-Stamp from the Shephelah (after Bliss and Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 117. Hebrew Pottery from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 45

Fig. 118. A Scarab used as a Jar-Stamp (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 119. A Jar-Handle Stamped with a Scarab (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 120. A Jar with Tapering Base from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 121. Hellenistic Filter from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 122. Hellenistic Pottery from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 46

Fig. 123. Hellenistic Strainer from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 124. Roman Pots from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 125. Hellenistic Jar from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 126. A Lamp of the First Semitic Period, Megiddo (after Schumacher).

Plate 47

Fig. 127. Lamps from the Second Semitic Period, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 128. Lamps from the Israelitish Period, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 129. A Byzantine Lamp from Jericho (after Sellin).

Fig. 130. A Lamp bearing a Christian Legend (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 48

Fig. 131. Hellenistic Lamps from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 132. Hebrew Lamps from Jericho (after Sellin).

Plate 49

Fig. 133. Ovens found at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 134. A Baking-Tray from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 135. Bronze Dishes from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 136. Shell Spoons from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 50

Fig. 137. Silver Dishes from a Philistine Grave at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 138. Glass Ointment Vessels from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 51

Fig. 139. Feeding-Bottles (?). Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 140. Forks from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 141. Philistine Silver Ladle. Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 142. Bronze Needles and Pins from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 52

Fig. 143. Bone Needles from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 144. Modern Woman Spinning.
By permission of Mrs. Grant Williams.

Fig. 145. Spindle Whorls from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 146. A Large Key from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 147. A Smaller Key from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 53

Fig. 148. Lamp Stands from Megiddo (after Schumacher).

Fig. 149. Flint Knives from Jericho (after Sellin).

Plate 54

Fig. 150. Iron Knives from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 151. Bronze Knives from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 55

Fig. 152. A Chisel from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 153. A File from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 154. A Cone of Flint for making Knives, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 155. A Bronze Hammer-Head, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 156. A Fish-Hook, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 157. A Bone Awl-Handle from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 158. Whetstones from Jericho (after Sellin).

Fig. 159. Nails from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 56

Fig. 160. Axe-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 161. Carpenters’ Tools from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 57

Fig. 162. A Scimitar from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 163. Impression of a Basket on Mud, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 164. Flint Arrow-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 165. Bronze Arrow-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 58

Fig. 166. Bronze Swords from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 167. Bronze Spear-Heads, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 59

Fig. 168. A Pipe from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 169. An Egyptian Harp (after Haupt).

Fig. 170. An Assyrian Upright Harp (after Haupt).

Fig. 171. An Assyrian Horizontal Harp (after Haupt).

Fig. 172. A Babylonian Harp (after Haupt).

Fig. 173. Jewish Harps on Coins of Bar Cocheba, 132-135 a. d. (after Madden).

Fig. 174. Assyrian Dulcimer (after Haupt).

Plate 60

Fig. 175. Seals from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 176. A Comb from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 177. Toys from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 178. Styli from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 179. Children’s Rattles from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 61

Fig. 180. A Perfume-Box, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 181. A Necklace from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 182. Bracelets from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 183. Spatulæ from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Fig. 184. Rings from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.

Plate 62

Fig. 185. Supposed Hebrew Measures from Jerusalem (after Germer-Durand).

Plate 63

Fig. 186. A Neseph Weight.

Fig. 187. A Payim Weight belonging to Haverford College.

Fig. 188. A Beqa Weight (after Torrey).

Fig. 189. A “Daric” of Darius (after Benzinger).

Fig. 190. A Tetradrachma of Alexander the Great (after Benzinger).

Fig. 191. A Coin of Ptolemy Lagi (after Benzinger).

Plate 64

Fig. 192. Half-Shekel of Simon the Maccabee (after Benzinger).

Fig. 193. A Coin of John Hyrcanus (after Madden).

Fig. 194. Tetradrachma of Lysimachus.

Fig. 195. A Coin of Augustus.

Fig. 196. A Denarius of Tiberius.

Fig. 197. A Coin of Claudius.

Fig. 198. A Coin of Herod the Great.