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Archeological Investigations

Chapter 4: ILLUSTRATIONS
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A series of field reports documents archaeological explorations of caves, rock shelters, cairns, house mounds, and burial features across the Ozark region of central Missouri and several other Midwestern states. Site descriptions note human skeletal remains, flint tools, bone and antler implements, pottery fragments, and features such as saltpeter workings, walled graves, and ash beds, accompanied by drawings and plates. A section surveys bluff-top and riverside mound and cairn sites along the Missouri River in Kansas and Nebraska and another treats aboriginal horse mounds. A final part records island archaeology in Hawaii, describing heiau, sacrifice stones, quarries, and burial places, while the author synthesizes topography, artifacts, and site plans to characterize regional variation.

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Title: Archeological Investigations

Author: Gerard Fowke

Release date: July 28, 2006 [eBook #18931]

Language: English

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
BULLETIN 76


ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS


I. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN THE OZARK REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI
II. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES
III. EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER BLUFFS IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA
IV. ABORIGINAL HOUSE MOUNDS
V. ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII

BY
GERARD FOWKE



WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1922




LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL


Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington, D.C., February 17, 1920.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying manuscript, entitled "Archeological Investigations," by Gerard Fowke, and to recommend its publication, subject to your approval, as a bulletin of this bureau.

Very respectfully,

J. Walter Fewkes,
Chief.       

Dr. Charles D. Walcott,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.







CONTENTS


I. Cave Explorations in the Ozark Region of Central Missouri
    Page
Introduction 13
The Upper Current River 18
Shannon County 18
  Bat Cave 18
  Blue Spring, or Fishing Cave 18
  Welch's Cave 18
  Big Creek Cave 18
Texas County 19
  Smith Caves 19
  Saltpeter Cave 19
Dent County 20
  Mammoth Cave 20
  Guthoerl Cave 20
  Short Bend Cave 20
  Money Cave 21
  Saltpeter Cave 21
  Watson, Twin, or Onyx Caves 22
  House mounds 22
Phelps County 22
  Bates Cave 22
  Another "Bates Cave" 23
  Renaud Cave 23
  Marsh Caves 23
  Wild-hog Cave 23
  Shelters 24
  Phelps Cave 24
  "Key Rocks" 24
  Jones Cave 24
  Yancy Mills Cave 24
  Lane Mound 24
  Cairns on Lost Hill, at mouth of Gourd Creek 24
  Exploration of the Gourd Creek Cave 28
  Onyx Cave 34
  Goat Bluff Cave 35
  Cairns at Sugar Tree Camp 40
  Tick Creek Cave 41
  Cave in Pool Hollow 41
  House mounds near Rolla 41
  House mounds near Dillon 42
  House mounds near St. James 42
Pulaski County 42
  McWilliams Cave 42
  Davis Caves 42
  Berry Cave 43
  Maxey Cave 43
  Yoark Cave 43
  Graves at Laughlin's 44
  Kerr Cave 44
  Sell Cave 45
  Phillips Cave 51
  Bell's Cave 51
  Camp-ground Cave 51
  Bucher Cave 51
  Graves near McKennan's 52
  Roubidoux Cave 52
  Richland Cave 52
  Rollins Caves 52
  Mix Cave 53
  Double Cave 54
  Railroad Cave 55
  Bat, or Page, Cave 55
  Tunnel Cave 56
  Brooks Cave 56
  Riddle Cave 56
  Lane's Cave 56
  Dry Creek Cave 56
  House mounds 56
  Riden's Cave 57
  Saltpeter Cave 57
  Miller's Cave 57
  Ramsey's Cave 81
  Graham Cave 83
  Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave 83
  Woodland Hollow Cave 84
  Walled graves at Devil's Elbow 84
  Cairns on Helm's farm 87
  Ash Cave 89
  Clemmens Creek Cave 89
Camden County 89
  Along the Niangua River 89
  A fossil cave 91
Miller County 91
  Wright Cave 92
  Wilson Cave 94
  Bagnell Cave 94
  Bode Cave 94
  Luckenhoff Cave 94
  Jurggenmeyer Cave 94
  Daerhoff Cave 95
  Cave near mouth of Tavern Creek 95
  Bat Cave 95
  Grave at mouth of Saline Creek 95
  Stark's Cave 96
  House mounds 96
  Cairns 96
Maries County 96
  Indian Ford Cave 96
  Lackaye's Bluff Cave 97
  Hurricane Bluff Cave 97
  Stratman Cave 98
Osage County 98
  River Cave 98
  Rock-shelter 98
  Steuffer Cave 99
  Cairns 99
  House mounds 99
  "Indian Fort" 99
Cole County 100
  Natural Bridge Cave 100
Morgan County 100
  Speers Cave 100
  House mounds 100
II. Cave Explorations in other States
Introduction 101
Indiana 102
  Lawrence County 102
  Martin County 102
  Orange County 106
  Crawford County 107
  Harrison County 111
Illinois 111
  Monroe County 111
Kentucky 112
  Hardin County 112
  Hart County 112
  Edmonson County 115
  Warren County 118
  Barren County 119
  Monroe County 120
  Logan County 122
  Todd County 122
Tennessee 123
  Montgomery County 123
  Sullivan County 124
  Bledsoe County 128
  Sequatchie County 130
  Grundy County 131
  Franklin County 131
  Marion County 132
  Hamilton County 133
Alabama 133
  Lauderdale County 133
  Colbert County 134
  Jackson County 135
  Dekalb County 137
  Marshall County 139
III. Explorations along the Missouri River Bluffs in Kansas and Nebraska
Vicinity of White Cloud, Kansas 151
  Iowa Point 152
  Near the mouth of the Nemaha River 152
Vicinity of Troy, Kansas 153
  Mouth of Mosquito Creek 153
Rulo, Nebraska 154
Near Howe, Nebraska 155
Peru, Nebraska 156
Papillion, Nebraska 156
Vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska 156
  Long's Hill 157
IV. Aboriginal Horse Mounds
New Madrid County 166
St. François County 166
V. Archaeological Work in Hawaii
Introduction 178
Molokai Island 179
  The Rain Heiau 180
  The sacrifice stones 181
Hawaii Island 182
  Kilauea 183
  Waimea 183
  Quarry on Mauna Kea 183
  Kawaihae 183
  East Point district 184
  Napoopoo 184
  Honaunau 184
  Keauhou 185
  Mookini 185
  Laupahoehoe 187
Maui Island 188
  Kaupo, or Mokulau 188
  Wailuku 188
  Waihee 189
  Burial places 190
  In the Iao Valley 191
Kauai Island 191
  Lihue 192
  Wailua 192
  Dune burials 193
  Waimea 194
Conclusions 194
Index 197






ILLUSTRATIONS


PLATES
    Page
1. a, Cave on Big Piney River, Pulaski County, Mo. b, Cave on Big Piney River, Texas County, Mo. 12
2. a, Bluff at Mouth of Spring Creek, Pulaski County, Mo. b, Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave, Pulaski County, Mo. 12
3. Map of area examined 18
4. Bone and antler implements from Gourd Creek Cave, Phelps County, Mo. 34
5. Shell and flint objects from Gourd Creek Cave 34
6. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave, Phelps County, Mo. 38
7. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave 38
8. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave 38
9. Skull of child from Goat Bluff Cave 38
10. Flints from Goat Bluff Cave 38
11. Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave 38
12. Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave 38
13. a, Cairn 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo. b, Walled grave 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo. 38
14. Cairns on Roubidoux Creek, 6 miles from Waynesville, Mo. 46
15. Flints from Sell Cave, near Waynesville, Mo. 46
16. Objects from Sell Cave. a, Pestles or grinding stones; b, celt, pottery disks, paint stones, and skiver 46
17. Three skulls from Pulaski County, Mo. a, b, Skull from Sell Cave; c, d, skull from Bell's Cave, near Waynesville; e, f, skull from Miller's Cave 46
18. Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner and amount of wear 48
19. Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner and amount of wear 48
20. a, b, Skull from Miller's Cave, Pulaski County, Mo.; c, part of skull of child from Miller's Cave 68
21. Skull of young woman from Miller's Cave 68
22. Skull of child from Miller's Cave 72
23. Diseased tibia of adult and diseased bones of child from Miller's Cave 72
24. Skull of child from Miller's Cave 72
25. Cache of flints from ash bed in Miller's Cave 72
26. Flints from Miller's Cave 76
27. Flints from Miller's Cave 76
28. Flints from Miller's Cave 76
29. Axes and pestles from Miller's Cave 76
30. Bone implements from Miller's Cave 78
31. Bone implements from Miller's Cave 78
32. Bone implements from Miller's Cave 78
33. Bone implements from Miller's Cave 78
34. Bone and antler implements from Miller's Cave 78
35. Antler implements from Miller's Cave 78
36. Skivers, showing stages of manufacture, from Miller's Cave 78
37. Shell spoons, pottery disks, and broken spoon made of a deer's skull, from Miller's Cave 78
38. a, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking west; b, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking north; c, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking south 180
39. a, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking south; b, platform in Heiau A, looking southeast; c, paved way in Heiau A, looking southwest 180
40. a, Paved way in Heiau A, looking north; b, fireplace in Heiau A 180
41. a, Heiau B, on Molokai Island, looking northwest; b, Heiau B, showing stone-paved interior, looking northeast 180
42. a, The "Rain Heiau," Molokai Island, looking west; b, The "Rain Heiau," looking south 180
43. a, The "Rain Heiau," looking north; b, The "Rain Heiau," looking southwest 180
44. a, The "Sacrifice Stones," on Molokai Island, looking southwest; b, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking west 180
45. a, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking northwest; b, the "Sacrifice Stones," looking south 180
TEXT FIGURES
1. Outline of Cairn (1), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo. 26
2. Outline of Cairn (2), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo. 26
3. Pipe from Cairn (2) 27
4. Outline of Cairn (3), Lost Hill 28
5. Fragment of glass bottle from Goat Bluff Cave 37
6. Pot from Goat Bluff Cave 39
7. Grooved ax from Goat Bluff Cave 40
8. Perforated object of antler from Sell Cave 48
9. Rubbing or polishing stone from Sell Cave 48
10. Flints from Sell Cave 49
11. Incised figure in sandstone near Miller's Cave 61
12. Incised figures in sandstone near Miller's Cave 61
13. Plan of Miller's Cave 62
14. Clay pipe from Miller's Cave 69
15. Perforated bone object from Miller's Cave 79
16. Adz or gouge of chert from Miller's Cave 79
17. Clay pipe from Miller's Cave 80
18. Columella bead from Cairn (4), Devil's Elbow 87
19. Columella bead from Cairn (5), Devil's Elbow 87
20. Plan of Fossil Cave 92
21. Section of Fossil Cave 92
22. Perforator and knife from Wright Cave 93
23. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 18 feet 144
24. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 20 feet 144
25. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 22 feet 144
26. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 26 feet 145
27. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 28 feet 145
28. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 30 feet 145
29. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 35½ feet 146
30. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 47½ feet 146
31. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 60 feet 146
32. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 70 feet 147
33. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 90 feet 147
34. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 93 feet 148
35. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 175 feet 149
36. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 180 feet 149
37. Plan of House Mound in St. François County, Mo. 168