The Project Gutenberg eBook of Archeological Investigations
Title: Archeological Investigations
Author: Gerard Fowke
Release date: July 28, 2006 [eBook #18931]
Language: English
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Inconsistent hyphenation matches the original document.
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected in this text.
For a complete list, please see the bottom of this document.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
BULLETIN 76
ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
| I. | CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN THE OZARK REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI |
| II. | CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES |
| III. | EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER BLUFFS IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA |
| IV. | ABORIGINAL HOUSE MOUNDS |
| V. | ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII |
BY
GERARD FOWKE
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1922
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington, D.C., February 17, 1920.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying manuscript, entitled "Archeological Investigations," by Gerard Fowke, and to recommend its publication, subject to your approval, as a bulletin of this bureau.
Very respectfully,
J. Walter Fewkes,
Chief.
Dr. Charles D. Walcott,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
CONTENTS
| I. Cave Explorations in the Ozark Region of Central Missouri | ||
| Page | ||
| Introduction | 13 | |
| The Upper Current River | 18 | |
| Shannon County | 18 | |
| Bat Cave | 18 | |
| Blue Spring, or Fishing Cave | 18 | |
| Welch's Cave | 18 | |
| Big Creek Cave | 18 | |
| Texas County | 19 | |
| Smith Caves | 19 | |
| Saltpeter Cave | 19 | |
| Dent County | 20 | |
| Mammoth Cave | 20 | |
| Guthoerl Cave | 20 | |
| Short Bend Cave | 20 | |
| Money Cave | 21 | |
| Saltpeter Cave | 21 | |
| Watson, Twin, or Onyx Caves | 22 | |
| House mounds | 22 | |
| Phelps County | 22 | |
| Bates Cave | 22 | |
| Another "Bates Cave" | 23 | |
| Renaud Cave | 23 | |
| Marsh Caves | 23 | |
| Wild-hog Cave | 23 | |
| Shelters | 24 | |
| Phelps Cave | 24 | |
| "Key Rocks" | 24 | |
| Jones Cave | 24 | |
| Yancy Mills Cave | 24 | |
| Lane Mound | 24 | |
| Cairns on Lost Hill, at mouth of Gourd Creek | 24 | |
| Exploration of the Gourd Creek Cave | 28 | |
| Onyx Cave | 34 | |
| Goat Bluff Cave | 35 | |
| Cairns at Sugar Tree Camp | 40 | |
| Tick Creek Cave | 41 | |
| Cave in Pool Hollow | 41 | |
| House mounds near Rolla | 41 | |
| House mounds near Dillon | 42 | |
| House mounds near St. James | 42 | |
| Pulaski County | 42 | |
| McWilliams Cave | 42 | |
| Davis Caves | 42 | |
| Berry Cave | 43 | |
| Maxey Cave | 43 | |
| Yoark Cave | 43 | |
| Graves at Laughlin's | 44 | |
| Kerr Cave | 44 | |
| Sell Cave | 45 | |
| Phillips Cave | 51 | |
| Bell's Cave | 51 | |
| Camp-ground Cave | 51 | |
| Bucher Cave | 51 | |
| Graves near McKennan's | 52 | |
| Roubidoux Cave | 52 | |
| Richland Cave | 52 | |
| Rollins Caves | 52 | |
| Mix Cave | 53 | |
| Double Cave | 54 | |
| Railroad Cave | 55 | |
| Bat, or Page, Cave | 55 | |
| Tunnel Cave | 56 | |
| Brooks Cave | 56 | |
| Riddle Cave | 56 | |
| Lane's Cave | 56 | |
| Dry Creek Cave | 56 | |
| House mounds | 56 | |
| Riden's Cave | 57 | |
| Saltpeter Cave | 57 | |
| Miller's Cave | 57 | |
| Ramsey's Cave | 81 | |
| Graham Cave | 83 | |
| Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave | 83 | |
| Woodland Hollow Cave | 84 | |
| Walled graves at Devil's Elbow | 84 | |
| Cairns on Helm's farm | 87 | |
| Ash Cave | 89 | |
| Clemmens Creek Cave | 89 | |
| Camden County | 89 | |
| Along the Niangua River | 89 | |
| A fossil cave | 91 | |
| Miller County | 91 | |
| Wright Cave | 92 | |
| Wilson Cave | 94 | |
| Bagnell Cave | 94 | |
| Bode Cave | 94 | |
| Luckenhoff Cave | 94 | |
| Jurggenmeyer Cave | 94 | |
| Daerhoff Cave | 95 | |
| Cave near mouth of Tavern Creek | 95 | |
| Bat Cave | 95 | |
| Grave at mouth of Saline Creek | 95 | |
| Stark's Cave | 96 | |
| House mounds | 96 | |
| Cairns | 96 | |
| Maries County | 96 | |
| Indian Ford Cave | 96 | |
| Lackaye's Bluff Cave | 97 | |
| Hurricane Bluff Cave | 97 | |
| Stratman Cave | 98 | |
| Osage County | 98 | |
| River Cave | 98 | |
| Rock-shelter | 98 | |
| Steuffer Cave | 99 | |
| Cairns | 99 | |
| House mounds | 99 | |
| "Indian Fort" | 99 | |
| Cole County | 100 | |
| Natural Bridge Cave | 100 | |
| Morgan County | 100 | |
| Speers Cave | 100 | |
| House mounds | 100 | |
| II. Cave Explorations in other States | ||
| Introduction | 101 | |
| Indiana | 102 | |
| Lawrence County | 102 | |
| Martin County | 102 | |
| Orange County | 106 | |
| Crawford County | 107 | |
| Harrison County | 111 | |
| Illinois | 111 | |
| Monroe County | 111 | |
| Kentucky | 112 | |
| Hardin County | 112 | |
| Hart County | 112 | |
| Edmonson County | 115 | |
| Warren County | 118 | |
| Barren County | 119 | |
| Monroe County | 120 | |
| Logan County | 122 | |
| Todd County | 122 | |
| Tennessee | 123 | |
| Montgomery County | 123 | |
| Sullivan County | 124 | |
| Bledsoe County | 128 | |
| Sequatchie County | 130 | |
| Grundy County | 131 | |
| Franklin County | 131 | |
| Marion County | 132 | |
| Hamilton County | 133 | |
| Alabama | 133 | |
| Lauderdale County | 133 | |
| Colbert County | 134 | |
| Jackson County | 135 | |
| Dekalb County | 137 | |
| Marshall County | 139 | |
| III. Explorations along the Missouri River Bluffs in Kansas and Nebraska | ||
| Vicinity of White Cloud, Kansas | 151 | |
| Iowa Point | 152 | |
| Near the mouth of the Nemaha River | 152 | |
| Vicinity of Troy, Kansas | 153 | |
| Mouth of Mosquito Creek | 153 | |
| Rulo, Nebraska | 154 | |
| Near Howe, Nebraska | 155 | |
| Peru, Nebraska | 156 | |
| Papillion, Nebraska | 156 | |
| Vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska | 156 | |
| Long's Hill | 157 | |
| IV. Aboriginal Horse Mounds | ||
| New Madrid County | 166 | |
| St. François County | 166 | |
| V. Archaeological Work in Hawaii | ||
| Introduction | 178 | |
| Molokai Island | 179 | |
| The Rain Heiau | 180 | |
| The sacrifice stones | 181 | |
| Hawaii Island | 182 | |
| Kilauea | 183 | |
| Waimea | 183 | |
| Quarry on Mauna Kea | 183 | |
| Kawaihae | 183 | |
| East Point district | 184 | |
| Napoopoo | 184 | |
| Honaunau | 184 | |
| Keauhou | 185 | |
| Mookini | 185 | |
| Laupahoehoe | 187 | |
| Maui Island | 188 | |
| Kaupo, or Mokulau | 188 | |
| Wailuku | 188 | |
| Waihee | 189 | |
| Burial places | 190 | |
| In the Iao Valley | 191 | |
| Kauai Island | 191 | |
| Lihue | 192 | |
| Wailua | 192 | |
| Dune burials | 193 | |
| Waimea | 194 | |
| Conclusions | 194 | |
| Index | 197 | |
ILLUSTRATIONS
| PLATES | ||
| Page | ||
| 1. | a, Cave on Big Piney River, Pulaski County, Mo. b, Cave on Big Piney River, Texas County, Mo. | 12 |
| 2. | a, Bluff at Mouth of Spring Creek, Pulaski County, Mo. b, Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave, Pulaski County, Mo. | 12 |
| 3. | Map of area examined | 18 |
| 4. | Bone and antler implements from Gourd Creek Cave, Phelps County, Mo. | 34 |
| 5. | Shell and flint objects from Gourd Creek Cave | 34 |
| 6. | Skull from Goat Bluff Cave, Phelps County, Mo. | 38 |
| 7. | Skull from Goat Bluff Cave | 38 |
| 8. | Skull from Goat Bluff Cave | 38 |
| 9. | Skull of child from Goat Bluff Cave | 38 |
| 10. | Flints from Goat Bluff Cave | 38 |
| 11. | Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave | 38 |
| 12. | Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave | 38 |
| 13. | a, Cairn 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo. b, Walled grave 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo. | 38 |
| 14. | Cairns on Roubidoux Creek, 6 miles from Waynesville, Mo. | 46 |
| 15. | Flints from Sell Cave, near Waynesville, Mo. | 46 |
| 16. | Objects from Sell Cave. a, Pestles or grinding stones; b, celt, pottery disks, paint stones, and skiver | 46 |
| 17. | Three skulls from Pulaski County, Mo. a, b, Skull from Sell Cave; c, d, skull from Bell's Cave, near Waynesville; e, f, skull from Miller's Cave | 46 |
| 18. | Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner and amount of wear | 48 |
| 19. | Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner and amount of wear | 48 |
| 20. | a, b, Skull from Miller's Cave, Pulaski County, Mo.; c, part of skull of child from Miller's Cave | 68 |
| 21. | Skull of young woman from Miller's Cave | 68 |
| 22. | Skull of child from Miller's Cave | 72 |
| 23. | Diseased tibia of adult and diseased bones of child from Miller's Cave | 72 |
| 24. | Skull of child from Miller's Cave | 72 |
| 25. | Cache of flints from ash bed in Miller's Cave | 72 |
| 26. | Flints from Miller's Cave | 76 |
| 27. | Flints from Miller's Cave | 76 |
| 28. | Flints from Miller's Cave | 76 |
| 29. | Axes and pestles from Miller's Cave | 76 |
| 30. | Bone implements from Miller's Cave | 78 |
| 31. | Bone implements from Miller's Cave | 78 |
| 32. | Bone implements from Miller's Cave | 78 |
| 33. | Bone implements from Miller's Cave | 78 |
| 34. | Bone and antler implements from Miller's Cave | 78 |
| 35. | Antler implements from Miller's Cave | 78 |
| 36. | Skivers, showing stages of manufacture, from Miller's Cave | 78 |
| 37. | Shell spoons, pottery disks, and broken spoon made of a deer's skull, from Miller's Cave | 78 |
| 38. | a, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking west; b, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking north; c, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking south | 180 |
| 39. | a, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking south; b, platform in Heiau A, looking southeast; c, paved way in Heiau A, looking southwest | 180 |
| 40. | a, Paved way in Heiau A, looking north; b, fireplace in Heiau A | 180 |
| 41. | a, Heiau B, on Molokai Island, looking northwest; b, Heiau B, showing stone-paved interior, looking northeast | 180 |
| 42. | a, The "Rain Heiau," Molokai Island, looking west; b, The "Rain Heiau," looking south | 180 |
| 43. | a, The "Rain Heiau," looking north; b, The "Rain Heiau," looking southwest | 180 |
| 44. | a, The "Sacrifice Stones," on Molokai Island, looking southwest; b, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking west | 180 |
| 45. | a, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking northwest; b, the "Sacrifice Stones," looking south | 180 |
| TEXT FIGURES | ||
| 1. | Outline of Cairn (1), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo. | 26 |
| 2. | Outline of Cairn (2), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo. | 26 |
| 3. | Pipe from Cairn (2) | 27 |
| 4. | Outline of Cairn (3), Lost Hill | 28 |
| 5. | Fragment of glass bottle from Goat Bluff Cave | 37 |
| 6. | Pot from Goat Bluff Cave | 39 |
| 7. | Grooved ax from Goat Bluff Cave | 40 |
| 8. | Perforated object of antler from Sell Cave | 48 |
| 9. | Rubbing or polishing stone from Sell Cave | 48 |
| 10. | Flints from Sell Cave | 49 |
| 11. | Incised figure in sandstone near Miller's Cave | 61 |
| 12. | Incised figures in sandstone near Miller's Cave | 61 |
| 13. | Plan of Miller's Cave | 62 |
| 14. | Clay pipe from Miller's Cave | 69 |
| 15. | Perforated bone object from Miller's Cave | 79 |
| 16. | Adz or gouge of chert from Miller's Cave | 79 |
| 17. | Clay pipe from Miller's Cave | 80 |
| 18. | Columella bead from Cairn (4), Devil's Elbow | 87 |
| 19. | Columella bead from Cairn (5), Devil's Elbow | 87 |
| 20. | Plan of Fossil Cave | 92 |
| 21. | Section of Fossil Cave | 92 |
| 22. | Perforator and knife from Wright Cave | 93 |
| 23. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 18 feet | 144 |
| 24. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 20 feet | 144 |
| 25. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 22 feet | 144 |
| 26. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 26 feet | 145 |
| 27. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 28 feet | 145 |
| 28. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 30 feet | 145 |
| 29. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 35½ feet | 146 |
| 30. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 47½ feet | 146 |
| 31. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 60 feet | 146 |
| 32. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 70 feet | 147 |
| 33. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 90 feet | 147 |
| 34. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 93 feet | 148 |
| 35. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 175 feet | 149 |
| 36. | Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 180 feet | 149 |
| 37. | Plan of House Mound in St. François County, Mo. | 168 |